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Lecture Four by Hussein Faris Esmail

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15 views2 pages

Lecture Four by Hussein Faris Esmail

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husseinalzb715
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture four by Hussein Faris Esmail

IPv6 was a proposal to augment the address space of IPv4 and at the same time redesign the
format of the IP packet and revise some auxiliary protocols such as ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol).
The main changes needed in the new protocol were as follows:
1. Larger address space: An IPv6 address is 128-bits long.
2. Better header format: IPv6 uses a new header format in which options are separated from
the base header.
3. New options: IPv6 has new options to allow for additional functionalities.
4. Allowance for extension: IPv6 is designed to allow the extension of the protocol if
required by new technologies or applications.
5. Support for resource allocation: In IPv6 traffic class and flow label, have been added to
enable the source to request special handling of the packet This mechanism can be used
to support traffic such as real time audio and video.
6. Support for more security: The encryption and authentication options in IPv6 provide
confidentiality and integrity of the packet.
Base Header Fields of IPv6:
1. Version: This 4-bit field defines the version number of the IP, For IPv6 the value is 6.
2. Traffic Class: This 8-bit field is used to distinguish different payloads with different
delivery requirements It replaces the service type field in IPv4.
3. Flow label: The flow label is a 20-bit field that is designed to provide special handling for a
particular flow of data.
4. Payload length: The 2-byte payload length field defines the length of the IP datagram
excluding the base header
5. Next header: The next header is an 8-bit field defining the header that follows the base
header in the datagram.
6. Hop limit: This 8-bit hop limit field serves the same purpose as the TTL field in IPv4.
7. Source address: The source address field is a 16-byte (128-bit) Internet address that
identifies the original source of the datagram.
8. Destination address: The destination address field is a 16-byte (128-bit) Internet address
that usually identifies the final destination of the datagram.

@HSO7l
Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 Headers:

 The header length field is eliminated in IPv6 because the length of the header is fixed in
this version.
 The service type field is eliminated in IPv6 The traffic class and flow label fields together
take over the function of the service type field.
 The total length field is eliminated in IPv6 and replaced by the payload length field.
 The identification, flag, and offset fields are eliminated from the base header in IPv6 They
are included in the fragmentation extension header.
 The TTL field is called hop limit in IPv6.
 The protocol field is replaced by the next header field.
 The header checksum is eliminated because the checksum is provided by upper layer
protocols it is therefore not needed at this level.
 The option fields in IPv4 are implemented as extension headers in IPv6.
There are Three Transition Strategies:

1. Dual stack: It is recommended that all hosts, before migrating completely to version 6
have a dual stack of protocols, in other words, a station must run IPv4 and IPv6
simultaneously until all the Internet uses IPv6.
To determine which version to use when sending a packet to a destination, the source host
queries the DNS If the DNS returns an IPv4 address, the source host sends an IPv4 packet, If
the DNS returns an IPv6 address, the source host sends an IPv6 packet.

2. Tunneling Strategy: Tunneling is a strategy used when two computers using IPv6 want
to communicate with each other and the packet must pass through a region that uses
IPv4. To pass through this region, the packet must have an IPv4 address. So the IPv6
packet is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet when it enters the region, and it leaves its
capsule when it exits the region.
3. Header Translation Strategy: Header translation is necessary when the majority of
the Internet has moved to IPv6 but some systems still use IPv4.
The sender wants to use IPv6, but the receiver does not understand IPv6. Tunneling does not
work in this situation because the packet must be in the IPv4 format to be understood by the
receiver. In this case, the header format must be totally changed through header translation.
The header of the IPv6 packet is converted to an IPv4 header.

@HSO7l

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