SYLLABUS

Semester - I

SOA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW

SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN
(Deemed to be University)
Bhubaneswar (Odisha) INDIA
 SEMESTER - I
SUBJECT: ENGLISH – I
SUBJECT CODE: LE 101

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
This course will focus on enhancement of thoughts ideas and vision for practical application in
student’s professional life. Combined with communication skills, the paper will help in
developing critical and analytical skills among the students.

UNIT – I LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION AND LAW

a) Meaning and communications approaches: Types, Directions and

challenges
b) Barriers to communication
c) Nonverbal communication: Importance, types (Paralanguage, Body
language, proximity etc.)
d) Legal Maxims, Foreign words, Legal terms

UNIT- II LEGAL WRITING AND LANGUAGE

a) Reading comprehension of legal and general text

b) Paragraph writing
c) Précis writing
d) Formal correspondence

UNIT – III GRAMMAR AND USAGE - I (PARTS OF SPEECH)

e) The Sentence, The Noun

f) The Pronoun, The Adjective
g) The Verbs – Finite, Infinite, Auxiliaries; The Adverb
h) The Preposition, The Conjunction, The Interjection

UNIT – IV LITERARY READINGS (GEMS OF MODERN PROSE)

a) Chapter - Mahatma Gandhi

b) Chapter - The Shaping of My Character
c) Chapter – Mission of Education
d) Chapter – My Advice to the Younger Generation

Recommended Books:

• J.S. Singh and Nishi Behl. Legal Language, writing and general English.
• Varinder Kumar, Rajbodh, et.al. Business Communication, Oscar Publication
2010.
• Quick and Easy way of Effective Speaking by Dale Carregie, Delhi: Royal Book
Depot, 2010.
• Geofrey Leech & Jan Svartvik – A communicative grammar of English.
• Wren & Martin – High School English grammar and composition.
• Gems of Modern Prose Edited by Sarat C. Satapathy, Arun Mohanty
• Communication skills; Sanjay Kumar and Pushp Lata, Oxford Publication

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 SEMESTER - I
SUBJECT: LAW OF CONTRACT – I
(GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT)
SUBJECT CODE: LC 102

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the study is to make the students aware of the complexities of business
transactions along with its basic necessities & to have an idea to differentiate between a contract
from an agreement.

UNIT – I FORMATION OF CONTRACT

a) Agreement & Contract-Meaning, Nature, Definitions, Essentials, Proposal –

Essentials, Intention to create legal relationship, Classification, Communication
and Revocation, Difference from Invitation to treat
b) Acceptance-Meaning, Essentials, Effect, Communication and Mode of
communication of acceptance, Revocation, Legality of Standard form of
Contracts.
c) Consideration-Meaning, Essentials, Stranger to consideration and privity of
contract, Inadequacy of consideration
d) Forbearance to sue, composition with creditor, Rule in Pinnel’s case & its
Exceptions, Exceptions to the rule “Agreement without Consideration is void”.

UNIT- II CAPACITY OF THE PARTIES AND FREE CONSENT

a) Capacity of the Parties – Meaning and Essentials, Nature and effect of Minor’s
Agreement & its exceptions
b) Beneficial contracts, Minor’s contract for necessaries, Position of Persons having
Unsound mind and Persons Disqualified by Law
c) Free Consent – Meaning and Nature of Consent and Free Consent, Elements
Vitiating Free Consent, Coercion, Undue influence.
d) Fraud- Elements, Mere silence is no fraud, Effects of fraud, Misrepresentation
and its elements, Mistake- Types, elements

UNIT–III LAWFUL OBJECT AND CONSIDERATION, VOID AGREEMENTS

AND DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT

a) Legality of the Object and Consideration – Meaning, Nature and categories,

public policy and heads of public policy
b) Void Agreements- An agreement without consideration, Agreement in restraint
of Trade, agreement in restraint of legal proceedings, Uncertain agreement,
c) Wagering agreements- Essentials, effects, Contingent Contract- Performance,
essential characteristic, Enforcement of contract contingent.
d) Discharge of contract- Meaning and effects, Discharge by performance- Tender
of performance, Devolution of joint liabilities and rights, Time, Place and Manner
of Performance, Performance of Reciprocal Promises, Appropriation of Payment
of debt.

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UNIT– IV DISCHARGE OF THE CONTRACT, QUASI CONTRACTS AND
REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

a) Impossibility of performance- Nature and definition, Impossibility and

frustration, Grounds of Frustration, Time- when essence of contract and not of
the essence of contract, and its consequences
b) Discharge by Agreement- Novation, Alteration, Rescission, Remission, Accord
and Satisfaction, Consequence of rescission of voidable contract, Discharge by
Breach- Actual Breach, Anticipatory Breach and Consequences.
c) Quasi contract- Meaning, nature, definition, Quasi contractual situations,
Juridical basis of Quasi Contract.
d) Consequences of Breach of Contract- Remedies, Damages – Meaning, Nature,
Kinds, Remoteness and Measurement of Damage, Mitigation of damages,
Liquidated Damages and Penalty.

Recommended Books:

• Avtar Singh- Contract & Specific Relief

• R K Bangia- Contract- I
• S SSrivastava- Law of Contract- I & II
• Mulla- The Indian Contract Act
• S K Kapoor- Contract & Specific Relief Act
• Anson’s Law of Contract,
• Law Of Contracts (1 & 2)by GCV SubbaRao, 12th Edition, 2024
• Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston's Law of Contract, 17th edition, Odford
University Press,

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 SEMESTER-I
SUBJECT: LEGAL METHOD
SUBJECT CODE: LC 103

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

This course focuses on learning law, the fundamentals of law, its utility in administration of
justice, various sources of law, legal systems of the world, the basic features of the Indian
Constitution and significance of legal citations and writing

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO LAW

a) Definition, Functions
b) Nature, Classification of Law
c) Punishments and Remedies in Criminal and Civil wrongs
d) Law, Fact and procedural Justice (Question of Fact and Question of Law)

UNIT- II SOURCES OF LAW

a) Customs-Valid Features, Kinds, Criticism

b) Legislations- Basic Features, Kinds, Primary Rules of Interpretation
c) Precedent-Evolution, Components, Nature and Types
d) Conventions and Treaty Law-Features and Significance

UNIT III LEGAL SYSTEMS

a) Common Law and Civil Law Legal System

b) Islamic Legal System, Canon Law, Ecclesiastical Law, Hybrid system
a) Judicial System in India, Court Structure, Power and Jurisdiction
b) Constitution as the Basic Law, Rule of Law, Separation of Powers, and Its
Supremacy

UNIT IV LEGAL WRITING AND RESEARCH

a) Legal materials- Statutes, Reports, Journals, Manuals, Digests etc.

b) Significance of Citations, Case Law Analysis
c) Legal Maxims and Phrases
d) Broad Nature/Techniques –Quantitative and Qualitative, Doctrinal,
Empirical

Recommended Books:

• Osborn, Percy George (1948) The Law Student’s Pronouncing Dictionary.

London: Sweet & Maxwell Ltd.
• Garner, Bryan A. (2009) Black’s Law Dictionary. London: Sweet &
Maxwell Ltd.
• Woodley, M. (2009) Osborn’s Concise Law Dictionary. London: Sweet &
Maxwell Ltd

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 SEMESTER -I
SUBJECT: LAW OF TORTS–I &
THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
SUBJECT CODE: LC104

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

With the rapid changing social scenario, the in adequacy of law to protect individual
is exposed. This paper will introduce the students the basic concept of Law of Torts,
the defenses available in an action for torts, principle of tortuous liability, the capacity
of parties to sue and be sued and matters connected therewith. In the modern era of
consumer concern of goods and services, the law of torts has a crucial significance.
The course is designed to give knowledge to the students about the law relating to
consumer protection, various legislation and judicial decision & remedies provided to
the people under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN TORT

a) Meaning, Nature and Scope

b) Essential Constituents of Tort
c) Mental Elements in Torts–Intention, Motive, Malice, Negligence and
Recklessness
d) Capacity of Persons in Tortious Act

UNIT- II JUSTIFICATIONS OR GENERAL DEFENSE

a) Volentin on fit injuria, Exception to Volenti non fit injuria

b) Act of God, Inevitable Accident, Private Defense,
c) Mistake, Necessity, Act of State
d) Statutory Authority, Judicial, Quasi-Judicial, Parental and Quasi
Parental Authority

UNIT-III VICARIOUS LIABILITY, STRICT AND ABSOLUTE LIABILITY,

a) Vicarious liability – Master and Servant, Employer and

Independent Contractor, Principal and Agent, Company and
Director, Firm and Partner, Guardian and Ward
b) Vicarious liability of the State
c) Rules of Strict Liability and Exception– Rylandv. Fletcher
d) Rules of Absolute Liability – M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, The
Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Case, polluters pay rule

UNIT-IV CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019

a) Silent features and Scope, Object of the Act,

b) Definitions: Consumer, Complaint complainant, defect, Deficiency,
Dispute, Unfair trade practice.
c) Rights and Responsibilities of Consumers, Consumer Protection
Councils

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 d) Consumer Disputes Redressal commission–Establishment, Composition
and Jurisdiction, Procedure of adjudication of Consumer Disputes-
Admission and disposal of grievances.

Recommended Books:

• Salmond & Heuston- On the Law of Torts(2000), Universal, Delhi

• D.D. Basu, The Law of Torts (1982) Kamal, Calcutta.
• Winfield & Jolowizon Tort(1999) Sweet and Maxwell, London
• RatanLal & Dhiraj Lal-The Law of Torts(1997)Universal, Delhi
• R.K. Bangia, Law of Torts
• Winfield, Law of Torts.
• Ramaswamy Iyer, Law of Torts.
• Achuthan Pillai P.S., Law of Torts.
• Vivienne Harpwood, Modern Tort law.
• Winfield & Jolowicz: Tort, XII Edition, Sweet and Maxwell, London-
1994
• Salmond and Heuston: Law of Torts, Indiareprint Universal Books
Traders, New Delhi-1994.
• Ramaswamy Iyer: The Law Torts
• Achutan Pillai: The Law of Torts, Eastern Book Co., Lucknow.
• Durga Das Basu: The Law of Torts, X Edition Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi
• RatnaLal & Dhiraaj Lal: The Law of Torts, Wadhwa & Company,
Nagpur, 1992
• R.K. Bangia: The Law of Torts, Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad,1999
• J.N. Panday: The Law of Torts, Central Law Publications,
Allahabad,1999
• Vivienne Harpwood: The Law of Torts, Cavandish Publishing
Ltd., London, 1993
• Hepple & Mathews: Tort- casesand materials, Butterworth, London, 1980.
• D.N.Saraf, Law of Consumer Protection in India, MN Tripathi, Bombay.
• R.K.Bangia, Consumer Protection Act

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 SEMESTER-I
SUBJECT: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
SUBJECT CODE: LB108

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
To introduce the students to the fundamental concepts of management and equip them to
correlate the same with the practical aspects and to focus on the basic roles, skills and
functions of management, with special attention to managerial responsibility for effective
and efficient achievement of goals.

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

a) Concept, Nature, Process and Significance of Management.

b) Managerial Levels, Skills, Functions and Roles, 14 Principles of
Management.
c) Development of Management Thought- Classical, neo-classical,
Behavioral, Systems approaches.
d) Management vs. Administration, Coordination as essence of
management.

UNIT-II PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

a) Nature, scope, objectives and limitations of planning, Types of plans,

Planning Process.
b) Business forecasting, Decision-making, Management by objective,
Management by Exception.
c) Organisation–Concept, Nature, Process, Significance and Types,
Elements /Principles of organizational structures.
d) Departmentation, Power & Authority, Delegation and
Decentralization.

UNIT-III MOTIVATING AND LEADING

a) Concept, Nature and Importance of Staffing.

b) Motivation- Nature and Importance, Theories of motivation-
Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor’s Theory X and Y.
c) Leadership–Meaning and Significance, Traits of a leader, Leadership
Styles.
d) Theories of Leadership- Trait Theory, Behavioural Theory &
Contingency Theory

UNIT-IV CONTROLLING

a) Nature and Scope of control.

b) Types of Control, Control process.
c) Control techniques – traditional and modern.
d) Effective Control System.

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Recommended Books:

• Stoner, Freeman and GilbertJr.: Management, Prentice Hall of India,

NewDelhi, 2003.
• Gupta, C.B.: Management Concepts and Practices, Sultan Chand and Sons,
New Delhi, 2003.
• Koontz. O Donnel and Weirich (2001)–Management, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
• Chopra, R.K.-Principles & Practices of Management, Sun India
Publication, Latest Edition.
• Tripathi P.C. and Reddy P.N., Principles & Practices of Management, 2nd
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.

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 SEMESTER - I
SUBJECT: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
SUBJECT CODE: LB 109

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

To enable the students to understand the micro and macroeconomic concepts relevant for
business decisions and to help the students to understand the application of economic principles
in business management

UNIT- I INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

a) Nature, Scope, Definitions of Managerial Economics

b) Basic Problems of Economics & Application of Managerial Economics to
Business
c) Micro Vs. Macro Economics, Marginalism, Incrementalism
d) Market Forces and Equilibrium.

UNIT- II CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND DEMAND ANALYSIS

a) Cardinal Utility Approach: Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-

Marginal Utility
b) Ordinal Utility Approach: Indifference Curves, Marginal Rate of
Substitution, Budget Line and Consumer Equilibrium
c) Theory of Demand, Law of Demand, Determinants of Demand, Movement
along vs. Shift in Demand Curve
d) Concept and Measurement of Elasticity of Demand, Price Elasticity of
Demand, Income Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand.

UNIT- III THEORY OF PRODUCTION, COST AND FIRM’S BEHAVIOUR

a) Meaning and concept of Production, Factors of Production and Production

Function, Fixed and Variable Factors, Law of Variable Proportion (Short
Run Production Analysis)
b) Returns to Scale (Long Run Analysis)
c) Concept of Cost, Cost Function, Short Run Cost Function, Long Run Cost
Function, Economics and Diseconomies of Scale
d) Market structures; concepts and characteristics.

UNIT- IV MACRO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

a) Macro-Economic Variables
b) Circular flow of income
c) National Income Concepts, definition and its measurement.
d) Business Cycle Phases, Remedial Measures.

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Recommended Books:

• Dwivedi, D.N. (2003) Managerial Economics, Vikas Publishing House

• Chaturvedi D.D. and S.L.Gupta (2003) Business Economics, Brijwasi
Publishers.
• Dwivedi, D.N. (2005), Macro Economics, Tata MC Graw Hill.
• Mehta, P.L. (2003); Managerial Economics, Sultan Chand & Sons
• Koutsoyiannis, A. (2003) Modern Micro-Economics, Macmillan Press Ltd.
• Salvatore, Dominick, Managerial Economics, Mc Graw- Hill Book Company,
Latest Edition.
• Mishra, S.K. and V.K. Puri (2003) Modern Macro-Economic Theory, Himalya
Publishing House.
• Edward Shapiro (2003); Macro Economic Analysis, Tata Mc. Graw Hill.

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 SEMESTER - I
SUBJECT: BUSINESS MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS
SUBJECT CODE: LB 110

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

To familiarize the students with the use of quantitative techniques in managerial decision
making and to equip the students with the mathematical and statistical techniques and their
application to business problems. The emphasis will be on the concepts and application rather
than derivations

UNIT - I BASIC MATHEMATICS

a. Theory of Sets: Meaning, elements, Meaning, elements, types, presentation

and equality of sets; union, intersection, compliment & difference of sets,
Venn diagrams; Cartesian product of two sets; applications of set theory
b. Matrices: Types, properties, addition, multiplication, transpose and
inverse of matrix; properties of determinants
c. Solution of simultaneous Linear Equations
d. Logarithms and Laws of Logarithms, Characteristics and Mantissa.
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) Geometric Progression (G.P.) and Harmonic
Progression (H.P.) with simple practical applications in real life business
environment

UNIT - II OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS STATISTICS

a. Definition, important and limitations, Functions and scope of statistics,

Types of data, Data collection techniques.
b. Presentation of data- tabulation, Charts and Diagrammatic.
c. Central tendency- mean, median, mode, partition values.
d. Variation – range, Quartile deviation, average deviation, standard deviation.
Lorenz curve, Skewness.

UNIT – III INDEX NUMBER & TIME SERIES; CORRELATION AND

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

a) Index Number Definition, uses construction and problems, types weighted

and Un-weighted Index.
b) Time Series Components, Trend analysis, cyclical variations, seasonal
variations, irregular variation.
c) Significance of study of correlation. Types of correlations; Measurement of
correlation (Karl Pearson’s methods, Spearman’s rank correlation).
d) Bivariate regression model & regression equations of Y on X. Difference
between correlation and regression.

UNIT – IV BASIC CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY, SAMPLING &

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

a) Definition, Terminology, Random experiment and Sample space

b) Probability Distribution Binomial, Poisson and Normal

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 c) Sampling and Sampling Distributions, Procedure of Hypothesis Testing;
Type I and Type II errors, One tailed and two tailed tests; Testing of
Hypothesis w.r.t. large samples and small samples.
d) t – test, Z – test, - test

Recommended Books:

• Gupta, S.P. & Gupta M.P. (2013) Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand & Sons, N
Delhi.
• Hooda, R.P., Statistics for Business and Economics, 3rd ed., Macmillan, N. Delhi.
• Levin & Levin Business Statistics.
• Thukral, Business Statistics, Taxamann.
• Das, Statistical Methods, Volume I and II, M.Das & Co.
• Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta, Basic Statistics, World Press.
• Sancheti & Kapoor, Statistics, Theory, Methods & Applications, Sultan Chand.
• Gupta & Gupta, Business Statistics, S. Chand.
• Swain, P. K. & Das K, Business Mathematics, Himalaya Publishing House, First
Edition 2016.

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 SEMESTER – I
SUBJECT: COMPUTER APPLICATION
SUBJECT CODE:

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

This course provides students with the ability to utilize technology to create documents,
manage files, organize office functions and do legal research. Recognition of popular and
specific software is included, as well as the value of technology in the effective and economical
delivery of legal services to clients. This course further seeks to provide not only a foundation
for understanding Computing technology and applications in the context of today’s legal
environment, but also to impart those skills necessary for solving a range of legal information-
based problems.

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

a) Introduction to computers, definition & meaning
b) Characteristics of computers
c) Functions of a computer
d) Basic computer system components
e) How computers represent and store information
f) Introduction to computers, definition & meaning
g) Characteristics of computers
h) Functions of a computer
i) Basic computer system components
j) How computers represent and store information
k) Introduction to computers, definition & meaning
l) Characteristics of computers
m) Functions of a computer
n) Basic computer system components

UNIT- II TYPES AND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

a) Introduction to types and classifications of computers, Classification based

on size & performance
b) Definition of computer generations
c) The various computer generations
d) Significance of studying computer generations
e) Introduction to types and classifications of computers
• Classification based on size & performance
• Classification based on functionality & purpose
• Classification based on processing

UNIT – 3 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS TO LAW

a) Use of computers in the law field

b) Various computing technologies used in law & justice
c) Roles of computers in the law discipline
d) Impacts (positive and negative) of computers in law

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UNIT – 4 UNDERSTANDING SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

a) Definition of computer software

b) Categories and types of computer software: (systems and applications
software)
c) THE INTERNET & WORLD WIDE WEB
• Definition and meaning of the Internet, History and growth of the
Internet & applications
• What is www and what makes the www work?
• Functions of the web & web browser software

Recommended Books:

• Introduction to Computers: By Peter Norton, 6th International Edition

McGraw Hill.
• Using Information Technology; A Practical Introduction to Computer &
• Communications: By Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition-McGraw Hill.
• ICT in Business: By Nyeko and Moya, 2nd Edition.
• Computer Literacy: By John Preston, Robert Ferrett and Shelly Gaskin, 2007.
• Unmasking ICT: By Bazibu, M., Baguma, I., Anjoga, H. (2008, 1st Edition.
• The ABCs of Microsoft Office 97 Professional Edition: By Guy Hart-Davis,
BPB Publications, 1998.
• University Library, the Internet sites and Lecture’s notes and handouts.

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