4bstsact ftnalysis

dlTden
Del inihien
non-Yoid Subset T o a uing _called o e
ideal o R k
) T _ i a Suhg20ut R undey addtian
tii) 0ET eR 2 a T

Right TAenl
Colleo an xight
nonNon void Subset T e a 9ting R
ideol R
ITii a SibgxoLu
Suh e R undesu additien
T 4 a1 E

Ideal i allo KnoLon a ToD 8ided TdealL

Commut adive uing then t b d e a s Ahat
IR
Tdeal Riqhd TdEal deal
a X eR

uest ingha ton TmpppesTdeala

i Risellk Lehich Rnotan 0 Unit Tdeal
cii 0Lshich i KnoLon O 3O TAea

Excebt unit dea and 3esuo Tdeal oll Tdeals o R

Qste colled bxDbes Td eol.

Simble Ring
Onnu ina ha impmpe deo Ahen 4
calld Simble
DR
n ing
AingLehich ho no pxnbes idea s called c
 Simple sing
hepRsAnehod the intesecaian e tuoD idend) oa
Agaun 0an ideo s h e Ring

ats deB I and 0s1e han ideols e the ng

then nm he deinikinn s Tdead
IandTo ONe Subasioup e undey addhion CR
S0 TAD alsoStbgamup R beCaudeindeecion
aDSubaoups alo

A0 a oulandiat dement s Tn and i

O9tbitauu lemenct eRthn

&2 0 deaS e neing R

Hese A b alun Ideal sk he ing R

Then TTand T be n Tdenl ok stng Rthen

pynN ha

det

bb 1
 NoLO

eT4T
lLO a t a ) - Cbitba)= (a-b)4 (ab)
Hence

(Rt)

n eR dt0 I+T2

Papm aboye AS) AsLe Tdea s Ahe ina R

Theo ielal hal no nthed eala extept yn and ielk

OR
eld ha no bnpeidealu

EyeaLfeld a imple n9

et f be a beld Since e knao thada and

fas1eimbnpeuXeal So let I an id eal oE
LOe have o hauDHhat eitheyr=YoOY
 Aho lek To
Ab hoo hod Ie E
acfalso

So ae f

A TU an fdea)
9te P e

NoLD0gain
A e
4 ef - XET

fcI
bit TCf

has n aneMideal

Thep R àCommutatie Rng and o ek then bmY

hod Ra- Ho 9eRl i an Tden s R

9A-9l20 Ra
Ra a Aubganub
a b eH Obl eH
 Ae s c R 9La eRa
9(a =(AH)a e Ro
H9A CR

(HDae Ra

i Ro anidea s R
Thees D coreraidetteRing a uni J and

Then ommutoutiye Ring aith unit aield

1 hal no bxDpe Tdea o i i imble Ring

Psot det Ri a Lommutative Ring uith unity and i

has nDpDe fdeal.

louodet 0 ALR theh

Ra Ha 0 0.H R A an ideol oR
but R ha nD xDe IdealSo tha
eithe R o D Ka - R

lo0 0 =a Ro
and oLE D

Rada
 D tho

element o R lasAm sta

So eueL
e R S0 3 yeR t

aeR deR

pOss A invee
Ne nonzeuD elemend s
non
in
R à a eld
Pincibal Tdea Lolea
fn Tdeal s a Ring R i 3aid to be brintihal
i geheuat ed by an elem ent o R I k t å
eneuated by acR +hen e LOMte t a)
Ro-Lalq 9la R

Note IL LSmallest id eal among all the ideali Lontaining

Then.det Rbe a Commutative uing Lth units and

eR th en he ket
Ha LR o a brinihal fd eal
geneyoted by a e C o - Ra

R a ommudative Ring tsithLInity i.e eeR

ae ea eT T a R4
 T b an ideal Bu Th.u
And
AnothR Tden S aGK
AlLo Jet kbe n
HO C

TCK
idenl
T h e &m.oallesf Td en among otl Ahe
Contaning a.
So binhal Tdeal.

PanipalTdea ing-
e eue ideal i a prindbal deal R
Rina Ldhos
called incibalidea Rng

Pindhal Tdeou Domain-

domain shose ee idea a
An Tnd easnl
incboal deo i mlled painmdbalia en dornain

Theo Eyes ideal T n a Rina z na inapa

Tden
OR
Rino e Tntegest Z,) pincbalidea ping
09 anibaljdea d.orm.aun

de be an id ea bs

pindba Idea
lo T n then3 me and Alao 0
So1 Te Ahen-m e
SD 3 o bosiVe nA eges in T.
bositRve integes in 0n
o ed ta bea e a t
e be1 hen q4 e Z_8
diisiD algosti+hm L o e haye

ohen S

an iden S i aeLQ 7 = 09,EL

No
bC

and 9 an int ege and ue

leas bosi tye
Th not bOSsible Sinc e a
Antege nT
So Oe mul have 0

anu Dh e ideo S alC

Le k
7
_9 1 00 k

T mall eat ideas 7among all h tdeal

CondainMA
a pincibal ideal
Euesy idenl o ( t ) principal îdeal
pincipa
pmncipo idenu Ring
A bincipal ideal domn
Aue The keunel k e a hoMo.m.orphiimf oa Ring R
to a a ing R a r ideal e R
Keuf k 1ERfcX=o'
et Y K
theeloe fcx)=o
o
R

AlodfCy ffy
k
Hente I

K siuhanuh o(R
YeK 9 R

Xe fc)=o

imiloal be have

K an iden A
uea ind all he brindbal tdenb sth SA n
0.2, ,u, 54 tXy
PindpalA Tdeal al-s1asCR

j D,L,23,u,5
2 2u

Iu DU 21
[5 O 5,.2.2,11 L

Pime denl
e Rbo a Commudakive auingAn idenl P saidd
o be m den i abc R S
hen a P o be P

x + a uing

1 60 6 12

9,3 z S.t 9.3 6 L6

bud Medhe3 2

Hence 6J no pameidend
bud abe a1
0b
aea 0b (1.
7 1 a a pime deoa

Matimal Tdea
An idenl M na R 8aid Ao be magimal
RAC o R deo U ok R 8t MC U GRR
hen We houe M=U O U=R

-2 0 2

--2,0 2,U - 4
8,- 0, 48

- 3 0,36
2 - 0 62

[ujcr9] and 61 c31

Hen ce 2 [31 0sOMAimaldenll.

Tne0.fnfdenl S an integal damainz a maximal

deal ik brindpal idea geneuat edl hy pime no

det on ideal s e z d genenad.eolb a bositiye

integep i.e

Evet idlea o 7 u bincihal dealtht

o Lhal iolea
NL Le haveto sho 4hod Sà maxmal
aLd e Tbe anu 0Ahestdeoal olz St

De noNe D&haud thad elAhe

S-T O TE7
&inceTà albo pin.cbal idend since z
pindba ideo damai
So et Tiaenesiated o

SCT
MoLD peS and and ScT
peT So a78t

od p i pime no o 00 haVe ethe

ehen hen 1 - 1 7
AShen =p then 1 - p 1 s TS
SCTCZ

8 maxima

Con eLSIY let s Ö maximal 0e ave 0 8ho

on (ontias we Qupboseho S not boime.

S o 33 mn e7 8t p mnLshen m

et he an ideo aenewoded b m
b e s bes So

b Mm T

beT
SCT
And I+Z m+1)
So 3
SCICZ

max inal
9hich Ú Contsadictin
Hence p pxime,

uotient RingE
e Rbe o ina and I u an ideal R hen

OAto ond
deindt
TO TAb R/

Hence PAú0 Quoient ping

 heo-T an ideal ek a uingR,z th en pmY
hat he &et R/T==+0La eR a uingn
bin.as Com.odition and deined alloud
+a A (I+b) T+ (atb)
L+a) L+b) =T+ (a.h
OheHe

Eran RO) ú an abelian qanup

Clos Ltexobety
et IHa RI J t b e Rr
Lahaue 0b K
THa) CT+b) T+C0th) e R
(abR 2 atb ER

fSso.ciatire LaO=
et Ha I+b_C eRTT
Leheue
L T t a ) CTtb) (IH)
Ilath) (T4C)
+LatCbtc
(1+0) (T:Ch+)

tance dencti OR
o TO R
a R
LIAa) R IA Co) e R
 3t tTAO)OACa]1
ILOt
(-a

(-a)) TAa

LDe hav TAO ) I+0)=I Cat0)

TAO)
TLota)

TADT 0dendiaelemend s
Exbtence inveLLe-

Comm ativelad -
I0a TAb R
LTAn (T4b)= I+a+b)_
TCba)
(TA) (TAa
| 6 i An abelian anup.

closuseE Ab ER 0»b R
ocaiye lad-
TCTAO) TAb)G (AC) t(oblo(TAC
TA(0(h.1]

- 0Aemi amul
Ditmbive La
TA0 lo CIAUb+c)
(a.Cb4c)
Osb+a.)
lah) (I+C0.C

inosuA,

A &ustiend eing

Then-11 R a Ring Reaidue claMel in R he

R Commuutative R L Commutative

Li R ha tlnit R hal Lunirt

t TR Commudotfvehen ab
Osb ba0
NouOet Tt0 Tb T-

then CT+aO (TAb T COab

TCb.0) ah e R
bh.0

D R Cordmud odive

i R ha unit S h o t e -1e R und Y aeR

(T+O Ce)= (0e)

tT+e) Tia)=T (.0= Q

and

ATAO R
T unid R

hen-12 Ejesy uodient Ring suing a

namomoxphi image denl
in Keun humam.opnon
 fR hormb moubhic imog e

and ftRJ CR
R

fLR) RT

lLd&et R a Rin and b e any idcal o R

then R ext
NoLU e deine fR2 R &L ftal TO atR
T oxDYe R ii homo.mnaphic im.age e R
LOe needto h1dtho ipimaxphum
home oo
fos b L hove04h cR a.b eR
fLO+b) T (atb)
(THa) C+L)
lo) fth)

Ca.b)
fto.b)= Lala fb)
nmbmaaphum
NeLOD T+0 ER hen 3 a ER S.
 2 chimnxphim

Bi hom.m.oxphicimage K
aud kesu ) xeR£X)I ER/T
ERI+X

he H
S Hh= hH=H

EveL d e a l k e s L n e hom
homDmbSphium

Fundamentol Thenem G Ring hombmoxphij m

Stotement NR y Homnm.xphicimage e o Ring R

ior00xphic o Ame Quptiend uing heue

( omoaphism

Rng l a homamoaphic.mage Rina & thon

anepinophum R
lono ed k KeLC ÜKesuneh bh
Then an idea So RA exutSt
 Eo th e need to Aho) Ahad thesio xiiAs
an omoxphiam betuOten andS

One- one de KA0 Ktb Rk

ta Eth)
ta-ua) b Lshen oeS
hamom.oxphum
K Ke (f ERt d
Ta-b eK K+Ca-b) =k he
hH Hhen

i
ibmto La S 0eRS0
ho KA0 CRl St
tkAQ) ta
onto

h.omom.ozphum
RLakth Rlk
dCkaa) Cktb) Cath)
(atb)
Lah)
ta th
CRAG A kb
 kaa KAb (tab)

tathb)

an om.aphism
FS

heo An Tden T o a commuta tive Ring twih UhiH

R n Tmieaxal domain abeR&
ime
I abe
Pae et R Commutative Ring sith unity hen a

By Th R commitative an&
hen
ha unt
futt-
het Paimede have o Shod thaB RL i an
integsaldomain fo9 thii Lehaveto &hoLO heRIr asb
Lothoutgeio diisouL 0 0o 0sb-a l

I+0 I+b_e Rr Lshen ab R St

Alou) det

I +(ab) heH

Hh- hH:H 9

nlou r Ab ER 0e hove

0eI D b e T i aime
T+o 0 Jtb = I he H
Hh- hH-H
 Hence (Aa) ( T t h )

R olthout 3eup olivisos

R U nIntega domain

Convesslu
U
et R a n integsal domain
Le have o Shoudthat ipime
AlDO dat a b eR Such hat
a.be
Nou abe T+ (ash)
C+a) CIth = I
Ita 0 IhI Rr u Intearal damairn

So asOb
then eithe a et OSA be
& ime deal

Then-15-fAn ideol Tok o Commtakire Rng R Lth unit

maximal he Quotient Ring R a kteld.
on Ri Commutatlve Ring sith unity re' then
pu Th1 K Commudatie ping uniduunidy Tae
OLStl et maxtima), then Loe nee o hot
sho
thot R aelo
fo hiLOe haveto hDu0 hat eveSNYYn euu
element BRr hab 0uhpi.coulye Rndeule în R.
 t AQ ann-2esLD olemen s

TAO

R let & a ideal genesuadedb .

Sal-as eRy
knouO tho bu Th gum e D 1deals
agh an id eal containing bnth Hhe Adenls
So 1 have S an idèad Condainins L e
T AS CR
T maximal hen 2ith eu

So TS
So e haVR AS=R ieTe
cR

euRaA lemert R e komGaau

ieI e R s.

2 -

rCe-0t

R ommtaiye &o

T Multi plicodive Inuee TAa e RIT

ateld
 et Ri a e l d e non-3eb
Conweulu
Rhak multpicodive nuese
n Rir
element
To pDve Maximal
be an ideal 19 8.t.
A
C CR

T maxima 0e Lo AhoDhatt NER

SoTo ho0

Auch hod a T

So 0 no 2teLD eemendt

R 6aald So 3 Tb eR
S.t tAalG (TAb) LTAe
multiblicative înuesuAR I4
Cash)=Ae
Ce-aah)= I

e-a.b E N cu
LA and oR 0 b eN A a n Tdea

eAohen 0b and Subamulp

Rt)So mUS 6 elose OddiAtn

e C

id en
 CR We Mut have

So aat mal.