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Unit2 Module1

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Unit2 Module1

Uploaded by

allrounder9264
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1

Unit 2
• Explain and determine moment of inertia,
• angular velocity, angular acceleration,
• angular momentum,
• conservation of angular Momentum and
• radius of gyration,
• couple and torque,
• theorem of parallel and perpendicular axis,
• centripetal and centrifugal forces.
Moment of Inertia
• The moment of inertia is defined as the quantity expressed by the body resisting
angular acceleration, which is the sum of the product of the mass of every particle
with its square of the distance from the axis of rotation.
Or,
• It can be described as a quantity that decides the amount of torque needed for a
specific angular acceleration in a rotational axis.
• The moment of inertia is also known as the angular mass or rotational inertia.
• The SI unit of moment of inertia is kg m2.
• In general form, moment of inertia is expressed as I = m × r2
where, m = mass.
r = Distance from the axis of the rotation.
• Moment of inertia, I = ∑mi ri2. . . . . . . (1)
• Kinetic energy, K = ½ I ω2 . . . . . . . . . (2)
The moment of inertia depends on the following factors:
•The density of the material
•Shape and size of the body
•Axis of rotation (distribution of mass relative to the axis)
Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Rod about a Perpendicular Bisector

Consider a uniform rod of mass M and length L, and the


moment of inertia should be calculated about the
bisector AB. Origin is at 0.
The mass element ‘dm’ considered is between x and x +
dx from the origin.
The MI of the rod can be obtained by integrating this. So we get,
MI about an axis passing through one end of the rod

The derivation is same only the integral limits are


different. The limit of integration will be from 0 to l.
Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Plate about a Line Parallel to an Edge and Passing
through the Centre
The mass element can be taken between x and x + dx from the axis AB.
As the plate is uniform, M/A is constant.
M/A = dm/da
M/[l×b] = dm/dx.b
dm = (M/lb) × b × dx = (M/l) dx
This can be integrated to get the total MI.
Limits: The left end of the rectangular plate is at x = -l/2, and the whole
plate is covered by taking x from x = -l/2 to x = +l/2. which is same as 0
to i/2 and multiplying by 2.

Therefore, the moment of inertia of a rectangular plate about a line parallel to an edge and passing
through the centre (I) = Ml2/12.
Parallel Axis Theorem Formula

The parallel axis theorem states that

The moment of inertia of a body about an axis parallel to the body passing through its centre
is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about the axis passing through the
centre and the product of the mass of the body times the square of the distance of between
the two axes.

Parallel axis theorem statement can be expressed as follows:

I = Ic + Mh2
Where, I is the moment of inertia of the body
Ic is the moment of inertia about the center, M is the mass of the body
h is the distance between the two axes
Perpendicular Axis Theorem
The perpendicular axis theorem states that

For any plane body, the moment of inertia about any of its axes which are perpendicular to the
plane is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia about any two perpendicular axes in the plane
of the body which intersect the first axis in the plane.

If the moment of inertia about two of the axes are known


the moment of inertia about the third axis can be found
using the expression:
• MI of spherical shell
• MI of a sphere
• MI of a cylinder
• MI of a ring
Find the moment of inertia of a disc of mass 3 kg and radius 50 cm about the following
axes.
i. axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the disc,
ii. axis touching the edge and perpendicular to the plane of the disc and
iii. axis passing through the center and lying on the plane of the disc.

Solution
The mass, M = 3 kg, radius R = 50 cm = 50 × 10−2 m =
0.5 m
i. The moment of inertia (I) about an axis passing
through the center and perpendicular to the plane of
the disc is,
ii. The moment of inertia (I) about an
axis touching the edge and
perpendicular to the plane of the disc
by parallel axis theorem is,
(iii) The moment of
inertia (I) about an axis
passing through the
center and axis passing
through the center and

About which of the


above axis it is easier to
rotate the disc?
It is easier to rotate the
disc about an axis about
which the moment of
inertia is the least.
Hence, it is case (iii).
Find the moment of inertia about the geometric center of
the given structure made up of one thin rod connecting
two similar solid spheres as shown in Figure.

Solution
The structure is made up of three objects; one thin rod and two solid spheres.
The mass of the rod, M = 3 kg and the total length of the rod, ℓ = 80 cm = 0.8 m
The mass of the sphere, M = 5 kg and the radius of the sphere, R = 10 cm = 0.1 m

The moment of inertia of the sphere about geometric center of the structure is,
I sph = I C + Md2
Where, d = 40 cm + 10 cm = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Couple of force and Torque
A couple is a system of forces that has a
consequent (net or total) moment but no
resultant force in mechanics.
A torque is the resulting moment of a couple.

The force that can cause an object to rotate along an axis is measured as torque. In linear
kinematics, force is what drives an object’s acceleration. Similar to this, an angular
acceleration is brought on by torque.

The SI unit of Torque is N-m


(Newton-meter)
Angular Velocity

Angular velocity can be defined as follows:


• Angular velocity is the vector measure of the rotation rate, which refers to how fast an
object rotates or revolves relative to another point.

The angular velocity of an object is the object’s angular displacement with respect to time,
angular velocity is expressed as follows:
Angular Acceleration

It is a quantitative expression of the change in angular velocity per unit time.


In SI units, angular acceleration is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s2)

Where,
•ω = Angular Velocity
•θ = Angle Rotated
•t = Time Taken
Angular Momentum
It is defined as: The property of any rotating object given by moment of inertia times angular
velocity.
The object accelerating around a fixed point. For example, Earth revolving around the sun.
Here the angular momentum is given by:

Extended object: The object, which is rotating about a fixed point. For example, Earth rotates about
its axis. Here the angular momentum is given by:
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Angular momentum is constant or conserved when the net torque is zero

An ice skater is spinning on the tip of her


skate with her arms extended. Her angular
momentum is conserved because the net
torque on her is negligibly small. In the
next image, her rate of spin increases
greatly when she pulls in her arms,
decreasing her moment of inertia. The
work she does to pull in her arms results in
an increase in rotational kinetic energy.
Problem 1: A solid cylinder of mass 200 kg rotates about its axis with an angular speed of 100ms-1. If
the radius of the cylinde
Calculate the angular momentum of a phonograph record (LP) rotating at 331/3 rev/min.
An LP has aradius of 15 cm and a mass of 150 g. A typical phonograph can accelerate an LP
from rest to its final speed in 0.35 s, what average torque would be exerted on the LP?
Radius of Gyration
Radius of gyration of a body about the axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance to
a point which would have a moment of inertia the same as the body's actual distribution
of mass, if the total mass of the body were concentrated there. It is denoted by k.

Radius of Gyration is defined as the radial


distance between the axis of rotation to the
point where whole mass of a body is assumed
to be concentrated.
Consider a body having an n number of particles each having a mass of m. Let the
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation be given by r1, r2, r3,…,rn. We know
that the moment of inertia in terms of radius of gyration is given by the equation (1).
Substituting the values in the equation, we get the moment of inertia of the body as
follows
Centripetal and centrifugal forces

• Centripetal and centrifugal forces are the forces experienced by rotating


objects.
• The centripetal force keeps an object moving in a circle and is always pointed
toward the center of that circle.
• For instance, the gravitational force of the sun is a centripetal force that keeps
the Earth orbiting around it. the sensation you have when riding a merry-go-
round that makes you want to fly outwards.

The centrifugal force is an apparent outward force on an object that is


moving in a circle.
Centripetal Force Centrifugal Force

It is known as a real force that exists and


is externally It is known as a fictitious or pseudo-
applied. Forces like gravitational force.
force, normal force, etc.

It is the force exerted on the object in a It is the force exerted on the object in a
circular motion. The force is acted circular motion. The force is acted away
towards the centre of the circle. from the centre of the circle.

The centripetal force acts in inertial both The centrifugal force acts in a non-inertial
inertial and non-inertial frames. frame. (Rotating frames)

Example: A satellite orbiting around the The man sitting inside the car leans
planet is an example where centripetal outwards while the car moves inwards is
force is used. an example of centrifugal force.
Solution:
The centripetal force can be found by
Total force in this problem is given by friction , where μ is the friction coefficient
and Fn is the normal force. As stated above, the normal force is equal to the force of gravity
so that Fn=mg. Substituting these into our equation for the centripetal force gives us:

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