Exercise

Chapter 3. Instruction Set Architecture

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 RARS 1.6 Introduction

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 RARS 1.6 Introduction

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 Hello World 1
.text #Code segment to store instructions
addi t1, zero, 2 # t1 = 2
addi t2, zero, 3 # t2 = 3
add t0, t1, t2 # t0 = t1 + t2

Code segment address: 0x00400000

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 Directives
❑ Instruct assembler to allocate program objects.
❑ Program structure
.text: store objects in the code segment (instructions)
.data: store objects in data segment (static variables)

❑ Variable declaration (allocation)

.byte/.half/.word: store listed values as bytes/halfs/words
.ascii/.asciz: string and null-terminated string
.space: reserved specified number of bytes

❑ List of directives: see RARS 1.6 Help

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 Hello World 2

.data #Data segment to store variables

X: .word 100
Y: .word 200
.text #Code segment to store instructions
la t0, X
lw t1, 0(t0) #t1 <- X
la t0, Y
lw t2, 0(t0) #t2 <- Y
add t0, t1, t2 #t0 <- X + Y

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 Hello World 1

Code segment address: 0x00400000

X and Y
Data segment address: 0x10010000

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 Exercise
❑ Draw the map of this data segment
.data
arr16: .space 16
arr: .byte 'a','b','c'
st1: .asciz "abcd"
X1: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
st2: .ascii "efgh"
X2: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
st3: .asciz "1234"
X3: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
st4: .asciz "5678"
X4: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
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 ❑ Data segment map

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 Exercise 1
❑ 1.1: Write the RISC-V assembly code equivalent to the
following C statement.
f = g + (h − 5);
❑ Assume that the variables f, g, and h, have already been
placed/allocated in registers x5, x6, and x7 respectively.
❑ Note: a minimal number of RISC-V instructions should be
used.
❑ 1.2: Write a complete assembly program that
l Declares integer variables f, g, h.
l Initialize values for f, g, h.
l Calculate and do the assignment: f = g + (h – 5)

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 .data
f:.word 0
g:.word 100
h:.word 300
.text
la x8, h
lw x7, 0(x8) #load h to x7
la x8, g
lw x6, 0(x8) #load g to x6
addi x7, x7, -5
add x5, x6, x7 #calculate
la x8, f
sw x5, 0(x8) #store to f

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 Exercise 2
❑ 2.1 Write the RISC-V assembly code equivalent to the
below C statement.
B[8] = A[i-j];
❑ Assume that the variables i, and j are allocated in
registers x28, and x29 respectively. A and B are two
integer array, with the base address of A and B are in
registers x10 and x11 respectively.
❑ 2.2 Write the complete program in RARS 1.6 that
l Declares two integer arrays A and B with at least 20 elements
for each array.
l Do the operation B[8] = A[i-j]; with i and j in x28 and x29.

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 .data
A:.space 100 #25x4-byte integers each
B:.space 100

.text
la a0, A
la a1, B
li t0, 100
sw t0, 0(a0) #initialize A[0]=100
sub t3, t3, t4 #i-j, now i and j are both 0
slli t4, t3, 2 #offset of A[i-j]
add a0, a0, t4 #a0 hold addr A[i-j]
lw a0, 0(a0) #load A[i-j]
sw a0, 32(a1) #store to B[8]

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 Exercise 3
❑ Reverse-compile the following RISC-V assembly code to
the equivalent C code. Assume that the variables f, g, h,
i, and j are allocated at registers x5, x6, x7, x28, and x29,
respectively, and the base address of the arrays A and B
are in registers x10 and x11.

slli x30, x5, 2

add x30, x10, x30
slli x31, x6, 2
add x31, x11, x31
lw x5, 0(x30)
addi x12, x30, 8
lw x30, 0(x12)
add x30, x30, x5
lw x30, 0(x31)

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 Exercise 7
❑ Find the format and the machine code of the following
instruction:
sw x5, 32(x30)

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 RISC-V system services (syscall)
❑ Basic input/output services provided by RISC-V system.
l Print string, print character, print integer/floating point to output
console.
l Read string, char, int, float/double from input console.
l Other function: random, dialog,…

❑ Usage:
l Step 1. Load the service number in register a7.
l Step 2. Load argument values, if any, in a0, a1, a2, a3, fa0, ... as
specified.
l Step 3. Issue the ECALL instruction.
l Step 4. Retrieve return values, if any, from result registers as
specified

❑ List of system services: see RARS 1.6 Help

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 System service: print integer
❑ Input params:
l a7 = 1
l a0 = [integer value to print].

❑ Example:
li a7, 1
li a0, 0x307
ecall

❑ Result:

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 System service: print string
❑ Input params:
l a7 = 4
l a0 = address of the string to print

❑ Example:
.data
message: .asciz "Khoa \nKy thuat May tinh"
.text
li a7, 4
la a0, message
ecall

❑ Result

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 System service: read integer
❑ Input params
l a7 = 5

❑ Return
l a0 = integer value read

❑ Example:
li a7, 5
ecall

❑ Result: try run the above code on RARS 1.6

l The ecall instruction activates the input caret at the in/out
console waiting for user input.
l User types in an integer and press Enter → the integer is loaded
to a0.

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 Hello World 3
❑ Write a program
- Print “Hello!” to console
- Wait for user to press any key
- Print “Have a good day!”

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 #simple syscall example for input/output
.data
#this is where we declare variables
hello: .asciz "Hello!\n"
goodday: .asciz "Have a good day!\n"
.text
main:
#this is where our code goes
#print hello string
li a7, 4
la a0, hello
ecall
#wait for user to press on keyboard
li a7, 12
ecall
#then say good day
li a7, 4
la a0, goodday
ecall
endmain:
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 Exercise
❑ Write a program to:
l Input an integer X from console
l Output to screen the appropriate string:
- “odd” if X is an odd number
- “even” if X is an even number

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 Exercise
❑ 1. Write a subprogram/function to:
l Get an integer X as input argument
l Output the absolute value of X

❑ 2. Use the above function to write a program that reads

an input integer from input console, then calculate and
display the absolute value of that integer.
❑ 3. Modify the above program so that it repeats the above
process continuously until it reads the value 0 from input
console.

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 .text
main:
li a7, 5 # read an int to a0
ecall
beq a0, zero, exit # exit if input = 0
jal abs # call abs procedure
li a7, 1 # print return value
ecall
j main
exit: li a7, 10 # terminate, WHY is this necessary?
ecall # see system service 10
end_main:

abs: bge a0, zero, done # if a0>=0 done

sub a0, zero, a0 # else negate a0
done:
jr ra
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 Exercise
❑ Write a program to read a positive value n from console,
then calculate and print the sum of all numbers from 1 to
n.
❑ Implement the function of calculate sum as a procedure
with below parameters:
l a7: n (upper boundary)
l a0: return value of (1+2+..+n)

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 Exercise
❑ Develop a simple implementation of the strlen() function
size_t strlen(const char *str)
❑ Write a program to input a string (max of 255 chars),
then print out its length

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