TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI

KỸ THUẬT LẬP TRÌNH HỆ CƠ ĐIỆN TỬ

Programming Engineering in Mechatronics

Giảng viên: TS. Nguyễn Thành Hùng

Đơn vị: Bộ môn Cơ điện tử, Viện Cơ khí

Hà Nội, 2018 1
 Chapter IV. Graphical User Interface in C++/CLI

❖ 1. Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 2. The window model and the basic controls
❖ 3. Text and binary files, data streams
❖ 4. The GDI+

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

There are several ways to develop applications for a computer running the
Windows operating system:
• We implement the application with the help of a development kit and it will operate
within this run-time environment. The file cannot be run directly by the operating
system (e.g. MatLab, LabView) because it contains commands for the run-time
environment and not for the CPU of the computer. Sometimes there is a pure run-time
environment also available beside the development kit for the use of the application
developed, or an executable (exe) file is created from our program, which includes the
run-time needed for running the program.
• The development kit prepares a stand-alone executable application file (exe), which
contains the commands written in machine code runnable on the given operating
system and processor (native code). This file is run while developing and testing the
program. Such tools are e.g. Borland Delphi and Microsoft Visual Studio, frequently
used in industry.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

1.1. Compiling and running native code under Windows

1.2. Problems during developing and using programs in native code
1.3. Platform independence
1.4. Running MSIL code
1.5. Integrated development environment
1.6. Controllers, visual programming
1.7. The .NET framework
1.8. C#
1.9. Extension of C++ to CLI
1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI
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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

1.11. The predefined reference class: String

1.12. The System::Convert static class
1.13. The reference class of the array implemented with the CLI
array template
1.14. C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2008
1.15. The Intellisense embedded help
1.16. Setting the type of a CLR program.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.1. Compiling and running native code under Windows

The process of compliation is the following:
• C++ sources are stored in files with the extension .cpp, headers in files with the
extension .h. There can be more than one of them, if the program parts that logically
belong together are placed separately in files, or the program has been developed by
more than one person.
• Preprocessor: resolving #define macros, inserting #include files into the source.
• Preprocessed C source: it contains all the necessary function definitions.
• C compiler: it creates an .OBJ object file from the preprocessed sources.
• OBJ files: they contain machine code parts (making their names public – export) and
external references to parts in other files.
• Linker: after having resolved references in OBJ files and files with the extension .LIB
that contain precompiled functions (e.g. printf()), having cleaned the unnecessary
functions and having specified the entry point (function main()), the runnable file with
the extension .EXE is created, which contains the statements in machine code
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runnable on the given processor.
 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.2. Problems during developing and using programs in native

code

The memory before cleaning The memory after cleaning

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.3. Platform independence

• CPUs made by many manufacturers (Intel, ARM, MIPS, etc.)
• The 32 bits and 64 bits operating system
• Operating system: Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10), Linux, Unix, Mac OS, Android, …

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.4. Running MSIL code

The CIL (Common Intermediate Language) code is transformed into a file with .EXE
extension, where it is runable. But this code is not the native code of the processor, so the
operating system must recognize that one more step is necessary. This step can be done in
two ways, according to the principles used in Java system:
• interpreting and running the statements one by one. This method is called JIT (Just In
Time) execution. Its use is recommended for the step by step running of the source
code and for debug including break points.
• generating native code from all statements at the same time and starting it. This
method is called AOT (Ahead of Time), and it can be created by the Native Image
Generator (NGEN). We use it in the case of well functioning, tested, ready programs
(release).

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.5. Integrated development environment

• The integrated development environment (IDE) includes a text editor, a compiler and a
runner in one program.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.6. Controllers, visual programming

Applications that run on operating systems with a graphical user interface (GUI) consist of
two parts at least:
• The code part that contains the algorithm of the program
• The interface that implements the user interface (UI)
The two parts are logically linked: events (event) happening in the user interface trigger the
run of the defined subprograms of the algorithm part (these subprograms are
called functions in C type languages). Hence these functions are called “event handler
functions”

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.7. The .NET framework

Parts of the framework:
• Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), and its realization the Common Language
Runtime (CLR): the common language compiler and run-time environment.
• Base Class Library: the library of the basic classes.
• WinForms: controls preprepared for the Windows applications, inherited from the
Base Class Library.
• Additional parts: these could be the ASP.NET system that supports application
development on the web, the ADO.NET that allows access to databases and Task
Parallel Library that supports multiprocessor systems.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.8. C#
• The .NET framework and the pure managed code can be programmed with C# easily.
• It is recommended to amateurs and students in higher education (not for
programmers – their universal tools are the languages K&R C and C++).
• The .NET framework contains a command line C# compiler and we can also download
freely the Visual C# Express Edition from Microsoft.
• Their goal with this is to spread C# (and .NET).

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.9. Extension of C++ to CLI

• The C++ compiler developed by Microsoft can be considered as a standard C++ as long
as it is used to compile a native win32 application.
• However, in order to reach CLI new data types and operations were needed.
• The defined language cannot be considered as C++ because the statements and data
types of MC do not fit in C++ standard definition.
• The language was called C++/CLI and it was standardized (ECMA-372).

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI

• In C++ the class on the managed heap is called reference class (ref class).
The reference class behaves differently compared to the C++ class:
• Static samples do not exist, only dynamic ones
• It is not pointer that points to it but handle (handler) and its sign is ^. Handle has
pointer like features, for instance the sign of a reference to a member function is ->.
Correct declaration is String ^text; in this case the text does not have any content yet
given that its default constructor creates an empty, string with length of 0 (“”).
• When creating we do not use the new operator but the gcnew. An
example: text=gcnew String(""); creation of a string with length of 0 with a constructor.
Here we do not have to use the ^ sign, its usage would be wrong.
• Its deletion is not handled by using the delete operator but by giving a value of
handle nullptr. After a while the garbage collector will free up the used space
automatically. An example: text=nullptr; delete can be used as well, it will call the
destructor but the object will stay in the memory.
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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI

The reference class behaves differently compared to the C++ class:
• It can be inherited only publicly and only from one parent (multiple inheritances are
possible only with an interface class).
• There is the option to create an interior pointer to the reference class that is initiated
by the garbage collector. This way, however, we loose the security advantages of the
managed code (e.g preventing memory overrun).
• The reference class – similarly to the native one – can have data members, methods,
constructors (with overloading). We can create properties (property) that contain the
data in themselves (trivial property) or contain functions (scalar property) to reach the
data after checking (e.g. the age cannot be set as to be a negative number). Property
can be virtual as well or multidimensional, in the latest case it will have an index as
well. Big advantage of property is that it does not have parenthesis, compared to a
native C++ function that is used to reach member data. An example: int length=text-
>Length; the Length a read only property gives the number of the characters in the
string.
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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI

The reference class behaves differently compared to the C++ class:
• Beside the destructor that runs when deleting the class (and for this it can be called
deterministic) can contain a finalizer() method which is called by the GC (garbage
collector) when cleaning the object from the memory. We do not know when GC calls
the finalizer that is why we can call it non-deterministic.
• The abstract and the override keywords must be specified in each case when the
parent contains virtual method or property.
• All data and methods will be private if we do not specify any access modifier.
• If the virtual function does not have phrasing, it has to be declared as abstract: virtual
type functionname() abstract; or virtual type functionname() =0; (the =0 is the
standard C++. the abstract is defined as =0). It is mandatory to override it in the child.
If we do not want to override the (not purely) virtual method, then we can create a
new one with the new keyword.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI

The reference class behaves differently compared to the C++ class:
• It can be set at the reference class that no new class could be created from it with
inheritance (with overriding the methods), and it could be only instantiated. In this
case the class is defined as sealed. The compiler contains a lot of predefined classes
that could not be modified e.g. the already mentioned String class.
• We can create an Interface class type for multiple inheritances. Instead of reference
we can write an interface class/struct (their meaning is the same at the interface). The
access to all the members of the interface (data members, methods, events,
properties) is automatically public. Methods and properties cannot be expanded
(mandatorily abstract), while data can only be static. Constructors cannot be defined
either. The interface cannot be instantiated, only ref/value class/struct can be created
from it with inheritance. Another interface can be inherited from an interface. A
derived reference class (ref class) can have any interface as base class. The interface
class is usually used on the top of the class hierarchy, for example the Object class that
is inherited by almost all.
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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI

The reference class behaves differently compared to the C++ class:
• We can use value class to store data. What refers to it is not a handle but it is a static
class type (that is, a simple unspecified variable). It can be derived from an interface
class (or it can be defined locally without inheritance).
• Beside function pointers we can define a delegate also to the methods of a (reference)
class that appears as a procedure that can be used independently. This procedure is
secured, and errors are not faced that cause a mix up of the types and is possible with
pointers of a native code. Delegate is applied by the .NET system to set and call the
event handler methods, that belong to the events of the controls.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.10. Extended data types of C++/CLI

Managed C++ C++/CLI (VS
Operation K&R C C++
(VS 2002) 2005-)
Memory
allocation for
malloc(…),
the object new … _gc new ... gcnew ...
calloc()
(dynamic
variable)
Automatic,
Memory <- similarly as
free(...) delete ... after ...=nullptr
unallocation in 2002
GC::Collect()
_nogc Pointer: Pointer (*): to
Referring to an to native data, native data,
Pointer (*) Pointer (*)
object _gc Pointer: to Handle (^): to
managed data managed data

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.11. The predefined reference class: String

• The System::String class was created on the basis of C++ string type in order to store
text.
• The text is stored with the series of Unicode characters (wchar_t).
• Its default constructor creates a 0 length (“”) text.
• Its other constructors allow that we create it from char*, native string, wchar_t* or
from an array that consists of strings.
• String is a reference class, we create a handle (^) to it and we can reach its properties
and methods with ->. Properties and methods that are often used:
o String->Length length. An example: s=”ittykitty”; int i=s->Length; after the value
of i will be 9
o String[ordinal number] character (0.. as by arrays). An example: value of s[1] will be
the ‘t’ character.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.11. The predefined reference class: String

• String is a reference class, we create a handle (^) to it and we can reach its properties
and methods with ->. Properties and methods that are often used:
o String->Substring(from which ordinal number, how many) copying a part. An example:
the value of s->Substring(1,3) will be ”tty”.
o String->Split(delimiter) : it separates the string with the delimiter to the array of words
that are contained in it. An example: s=”12;34”; t=s->Split(‘;’); after t a 2 element array
that contains strings (the string array has to be declared). The 0. its element is “12”,
and the 1. its elements is “34”.
o in what -> IndexOf(what) search. We get a number, the initiating position of the what
parameter in the original string (starting with 0 as an array index). If the part was not
found, it returns -1. Note that it will not be 0 because 0 is a valid character position. As
an example: with the s is “ittykitty”, the value of s->IndexOf(“ki”) will be 4, but the
value of s->IndexOf(“dog”) will be -1.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.11. The predefined reference class: String

• String is a reference class, we create a handle (^) to it and we can reach its properties
and methods with ->. Properties and methods that are often used:
o Standard operators are defined: ==, !=, +, +=. By native (char*) strings the comparing
operator (==) checks whether the two pointers are equal, and it does not check the
equality of their content. When using String type the == operator checks the equality
of the contents using operator overloading. Similarly, the addition operator means
concatenation. As an example: the value of s+”, hey” will be “ittykitty, hey”.
o String->ToString() exists as well because of inheritance. It does not have any pratical
importance since it returns the original string. On the other hand, there is no method
that converts to a native string (char*). Let us see a function as an example that
performs this conversion:

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.11. The predefined reference class: String

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.12. The System::Convert static class

• The System namespace contains a class called Convert. The Convert class has
numerous overloaded static methods, which help the data conversion tasks.
• For performing the most common text <-> number conversions the
Convert::ToString(NumericType) and the Convert::ToNumericType(String) methods are
defined.

• The Convert class, however, performs the real <-> string conversion according to the
region and language settings (CultureInfo). The CultureInfo can be set for the current
program, if for example we got a text file that contains real numbers in English format.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.12. The System::Convert static class

• The methods of the Convert class can appear also in the methods of the data class. For
example the instance created by the Int32 class has a ToString() method to convert to
a string and a Parse() method to convert from a string. These methods can be
parameterized in several ways. We often use hexadecimal numbers in
computer/hardware related programs.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.13. The reference class of the array implemented with the CLI
array template
• Declaration: cli::array<type, dimension=1>^ arrayname, the dimension is optional; in
this case its value is 1. The ^ is the sign of the ref class, the cli:: is also omissible, if we
use at the beginning of our file the using namespace cli; statement.
• We have to allocate space for the array with the gcnew operator before using – since it
is a reference class when declaring a variable only the handle is created, and it is not
pointing to anywhere. We can make the allocation in the declaration statement as
well: we can list the elements of the array between { } as used in C++.
• Array’s property: Length gives the number of elements of the onedimensional array.
For arrays passed to a function we do not have to pass the size, like in the basic C. The
size can be used in the loop statement, which does not address out from the array:

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.13. The reference class of the array implemented with the CLI
array template
For the basic array algorithms static methods were created, and those are stored in
the System::Array class:
• Clear(array, from where, how many) deletion. The value of the array elements will be
0, false, null, nullptr (depending on the base type of the array),
• Resize(array, new size) in case of resizing (expanding) after the old elements it fills the
array with the values used with Clear().
• Sort(array) sorting the elements of the array. It can be used by default to order
numerical data in ascendant order. We can set keys and a comparing function to sort
any type data.
• CopyTo(target array, starting index) copying elements. Note: the = operator duplicates
the reference only. If an element of the array is changed, this changed element is
reached using the other reference as well. Similarly, the == oparetor that the two
references are the same but it does not compare the elements themselves.
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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.13. The reference class of the array implemented with the CLI
array template

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

• Select Visual C++ CLR and CLR Empty Project and type in WindowsFormApplication
for the project name. The, OK.
• Project->Add New Item... .
Select UI under Visual C++.
Leave the Form name as given by default MyForm.h.
Then, click Add.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

• We need to edit the MyForm.cpp file:

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

The System namespace provides functions to work with UI controls.
• At the right-mouse click on WindowsFormApplication, we get
the Properties window.
Configuration Properties->Linker->System
Select Windows (/SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS) for SubSystem.
Advanced->Entry Point, type in main.
The, hit OK.
• Hit F5, then we will have to run result, the Form.
•

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

• Using the “View/Designer” menuitem, we can select the graphical editor, while with
the “View/Code” menuitem the source program.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

• Selecting the “View/Designer” menuitem we will need the Toolbox where the
additional controls can be found (the toolbox contains additional elements only in
designer state). In case it is not visible we can set it back with the “View/Toolbox”
menuitem.

The Toolbox 34
 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

• After selecting the control and with right mouse click we can achieve the setting in the
window, opened with the “Properties” menuitem. It is important to note that these
settings refer to the currently selected control and the properties windows of the
certain controls differ from each other. On the next figure we select the “Properties”
window of the label1 control: The Properties Window

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ C++/CLI: Practical realization in e.g. in the Visual Studio 2017

• The same window serves for selecting the event handlers. We have to click on the blitz
icon ( ) to define the event handlers. In this case all the reacting options will appear
that are possible for all the events of the given control. In case the right side of the list
is empty then the control will not react to that event.

The Event handlers

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.15. The Intellisense embedded help

The Intellisense window

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.16. Setting the type of a CLR program

Project properties

Solution Explorer menu 38

 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.16. Setting the type of a CLR program

• "No common Language Runtime Support" – there is no managed code. It is the same if
we create a Win32 console application or a native Win32 project. With this setting it is
not capable of compiling the parts of the .NET system (handles, garbage collector,
reference classes, assemblies).
• "Common Language Runtime Support" – there is native and managed code compiling
as well. With this setting we can create mixed mode programs, that is, if we started to
develop our program with the default window settings and we would like to use native
code data and functions, then we have to set the drop down menu to this item.
• "Pure MSIL Common Language Runtime Support" – purely managed code compiling.
The default setting of programs created from the “Windows Form Application”. This is
the only possible setting of C# compiler. Note: this code type can contain native code
data that we can reach through managed code programs.

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 Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 1.16. Setting the type of a CLR program

• "Safe MSIL Common Language Runtime Support" – it is similar to the previous
one but it cannot contain native code data either and it allows the security
check of the CRL code with a tool created for this purpose (peverify.exe)
• "Common Language Runtime Support, Old Syntax" – this also creates a mixed code
program but with Visual Studio 2002 syntax. (_gc new instead of gcnew). This setting
was kept to ensure compatibility with older versions, however, it is not recommended
to be used.

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 Chapter IV. Graphical User Interface in C++/CLI

❖ 1. Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 2. The window model and the basic controls
❖ 3. Text and binary files, data streams
❖ 4. The GDI+

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

2.1. The Form basic controller

2.2. Often used properties of the Form control
2.3. Events of the Form control
2.4. Updating the status of controls
2.5. Basic controls: Label control
2.6. Basic controls: TextBox control
2.7. Basic controls: Button control
2.8. Controls used for logical values: CheckBox
2.9. Controls used for logical values: RadioButton
2.10. Container object control: GroupBox
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 2. The window model and the basic controls

2.11. Controls inputting discrete values: HscrollBar and VscrollBar

2.12. Control inputting integer numbers: NumericUpDown
2.13. Controls with the ability to choose from several objects:
ListBox and ComboBox
2.14. Control showing the status of progressing: ProgressBar
2.15. Control with the ability to visualize PixelGrapic images:
PictureBox
2.16. Menu bar at the top of our window: MenuStrip control
2.17. The ContextMenuStrip control which is invisible in basic
mode
2.18. The menu bar of the toolkit: the control ToolStrip
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 2. The window model and the basic controls

2.19. The status bar appearing at the bottom of the window, the
StatusStrip control
2.20. Dialog windows helping file usage: OpenFileDialog,
SaveFileDialog and FolderBrowserDialog
2.21. The predefined message window: MessageBox
2.22. Control used for timing: Timer
2.23. SerialPort

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.1. The Form basic controller

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.2. Often used properties of the Form control

• Text – title of the form. This property can be found at each control that contains text
(as well).
• Size – the size of the form, by default in pixels. It contains the Width and Height
properties that are directly accessible. Also the visible controls have these properties.
• BackColor – color of the background. By default it has the same color as the
background of the controls defined in the system
(System::Drawing::SystemColors::Control). This property will be important if we would
like to delete the graphics on the form because deletion means filling with a color.
• ControlBox – the system menu of the window (minimalizer, maximalizer buttons and
windows menu on the left side). It can be enabled (by default) and disabled.
• FormBorderStyle – We can set here whether our window can be resized or it should
have a fix size or whether it had a frame or not.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.2. Often used properties of the Form control

• Locked – we can prohibit resizing and movement of the window with the help of this.
• AutoSize – the window is able to change its size aligning to its content
• StartPosition – when starting the program where should the form appear on the
Windows desktop. Its application: if we use a multiscreen environment, then we can
set the x,y coordinates of the second screen, our program will be lunched there then.
It is useful to set this property in a conditional statement because in case the program
is lunched in one screen only the form will not be visible.
• WindowState – we can set here whether our program would be a window (Normal),
whether it would run full screen (Maximized) or whether it would run in the
background (Minimized). Of course, like any of the other properties, it is reachable
during run-time as well, that is, if the program lunched in the small window would like
to maximalize itself (for example because it would like to show many things) then we
have an option for this setting as well: this-
>WindowState=FormWindowState::Maximized;

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• Load – a program part that appears when starting the program before displaying it.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• In case we find in this function that running of the program does not make sense (we
would process a file but we could not find it, we would like to communicate with a
hardware but we could not find it, we would like to use the Internet but we do not
have connection etc.) then after displaying a window of an error message we can
leave the program. Here comes a hardware example:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• Resize – An event handler that runs when resizing our form (minimalizing,
maximalizing, setting it to its normal size could be also considered here). It runs when
loading the program, this way the increase of the form size from the previous example
could have been mentioned here as well, and in this case the form could not be
resized to smaller in order to ensure the visibility of our controls. In case we have a
graphic which size depens on the window size, then we can resize it here.
• Paint – the form has to be repainted.
• MouseClick, MouseDoubleClick – we click once or we double click on the Form with
the mouse. In case we have other controls on the form then this event runs if we do
not click on neither of the controls just on the empty area. In one of the arguments of
the event handler we got the handle to the reference class

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• MouseDown, MouseUp – we clicked or released one of the mouse buttons on the
Form.The Button propety of the MouseEventArgs contains which button was clicked or
released. The next program part saves the coordinates of the clicks into a file, this way
for example we can create a very basic drawing program:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• MouseMove: - the function running when moving the mouse. It works independently
from the buttons of the mouse. In case our mouse is moved over the form, its
coordinates can be read. The next program part displays these coordinates in the title
of the window (that is, in the Text property), of course after the needed conversions:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• FormClosing – our program got a Terminate() Windows message for some reason. The
source of the message could be anything: the program itself with Application::Exit(),
the user with clicking on the “close window”, or the user with the Alt+F4 key
combination, we are before stopping the operating system etc. When this function
runs the Form is closed, its window disappears, resources used by it will be
unallocated. In case our program decides that this is not possible yet, the program
stop can be avoided by setting the Cancel member of the event’s parameter to true,
and the program will run further. The operating system however, if we would like to
prevent it from stopping, it will close our program after a while. In the next example
the program let itself to be closed only after a question appearing in a dialog window:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.3. Events of the Form control

• FormClosed – our program is already in the last step of closure process, the window
do not exist anymore. There is no way back from here, this is the last event.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.4. Updating the status of controls

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.5. Basic controls: Label control

• The simplest control is the Label which displays text. It’s String ^ type property
called Text includes the text to be displayed.

❖ 2.6. Basic controls: TextBox control

• TextBox control can be used for entering text (String^) (in case we need to enter
numbers, we use the same control, but in this case the processing starts with a
conversion). The Text property contains the text, which can be rewritten from the
program and the user can also change it while the program is running.
• TextBox has a default event as well: it is TextChanged, which runs after each and every
change (per character).

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.6. Basic controls: TextBox control

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.7. Basic controls: Button control

• Button control denotes a command button that “sags” when clicking on it. We use
command button(s) if the number of currently selectable functions are low.

❖ 2.8. Controls used for logical values: CheckBox

• Text property of the CheckBox control is the text (String^ type), written next to it. Its
bool type property is the Checked, which is true in case it is checked. CheckedState
property can take up three values: apart from ‘on’ and ‘off’ it has a third, middle value
as well, which can be set up only from the program, when it is running, however it is
considered to be checked. In case there are more CheckBoxes in a Form, these are
independent of each other: we can set any of them checked or unchecked. Its
event: CheckedChanged occurs when the value of the Checked property changes.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.8. Controls used for logical values: CheckBox

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.9. Controls used for logical values: RadioButton

• RadioButton is a circular option button. It is similar to the CheckBox, but within one
container object (such as Form: we put other objects in it) only one of them can be
checked at the same time. It was named after the old radio containing waveband
switch: when one of the buttons was pressed, all the others were deactivated. When
one of the buttons is marked/activated by the circle (either by the program: Checked =
true, or by the user clicking on it), the previous button (and all the others) becomes
deactivated (its Checked property changes to false).

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.10. Container object control: GroupBox

• GroupBox is a rectangular frame with text (Text, String^ type) on its top left line. We
placed controls in it, which are framed. On the one hand, it is aesthetic, as the logically
related controls appear within one frame, on the other hand it is useful for
RadioButton type controls. Furthermore, controls appearing here can be moved and
removed with a single command by customizing the appropriate property of
GroupBox.

Part of the program’s window

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.11. Controls inputting discrete values: HscrollBar and

VscrollBar
• The two controls that are called scrollbars differ only in direction. They do not have
labels. In case we would like to indicate their end positions or their current status, we
can do this by using separate label controls. The current value, where the scrollbar is
standing, is the integer numerical value found in Value property. This value is located
between the values of Minimum and Maximum properties. The scrollbar can be set to
the Minimum property, this is its left/upper end position. However, for its right/lower
end position we have a formula, which includes the quick-change unit of the scrollbar,
called LargeChange property (the value changes this much, when we click on the
empty space with the mouse): Value_max=1+Maximum-LargeChange. LargeChange
and SmallChange are property values set by us. When moving the scrollbar a Change
event is running with the updated value.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.11. Controls inputting discrete values: HscrollBar and

VscrollBar

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.12. Control inputting integer numbers: NumericUpDown

• With the help of NumericUpDown control we can enter an integer number. It will
appear in Value property, between the Minimum and Maximum values. The user can
increase and decrease the Value by 1, when clicking on the up and down arrows. All
the integer numbers between the Minimum and Maximum values appear among the
values to choose from. Event: ValueChanged is running after every change.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.13. Controls with the ability to choose from several objects:

ListBox and ComboBox
• ListBox control offers an arbitrary list to be uploaded, from which the user can choose.
Beyond the list, ComboBox contains a TextBox as well, which can get the selected item
as well and the user is also free to type a string. This is the Text property of ComboBox.
The control’s list property is called Items, which can be upgraded by using Add()
method and can be read indexed. SelectedIndex points the current item. Whenever
selection changes, SelectedIndexChanged event is running. ComboBox control is used
by several controls implementing more complex functions: for example
OpenFileDialog.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.14. Control showing the status of progressing: ProgressBar

• With the help of ProgressBar we can give information about the status of the process,
how much is still left, the program has not frozen, it is working. We have to know in
advance when the process will be ready, when it should reach the maximum. The
control’s properties are similar to HScrollBar, however the values cannot be modified
with the help of the mouse. Certain Windows versions animate the control even if it
shows a constant value. Practically, this control used to be placed in the StatusStrip in
the bottom left corner of our window. When clicking on it, its Click event is running,
however, it is something we normally do not deal with.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.15. Control with the ability to visualize PixelGrapic images:

PictureBox
• This control has the ability to visualize an image. Its Image property contains the
reference of the Bitmap to be visualized. Height and Width properties show its size,
while Left and Top properties give its distance from the left side and top of the
window measured in pixels. It is practical to have the size of the PictureBox exactly the
same as the size of the Bitmap to be visualized (which can be loaded from almost all
kinds of image files) in order to avoid resizing.
• The SizeMode property contains the info about what to do if you need to resize the
image: in case of Normal value, there is no resizing, the image is placed to the left top
corner. If Bitmap is larger, the extra part will not be displayed. In case
of StretchImage value, Bitmap is resized to be as large as the PictureBox. In case
of AutoSize option, the size of the PictureBox is resized according to the size of the
Bitmap. In the program below we display a temperature map (found in idokep.hu) in
the PictureBox control. SizeMode property is preset in the Designer, the size
parameters of the images are shown in the label:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.15. Control with the ability to visualize PixelGrapic images:

PictureBox

Normal size picturebox on the form Stretched size picturebox on the form 68
 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.15. Control with the ability to visualize PixelGrapic images:

PictureBox

Automatic sized picturebox on the form 69

 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.16. Menu bar at the top of our window: MenuStrip control

• In case our program implements so many functions that we would require a large
number of command buttons in order to start them, it is practical to group functions
hierarchically and settle them into a menu.

Menustrip Menuitem on the menustrip The Help menu

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.16. Menu bar at the top of our window: MenuStrip control

The submenu

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.17. The ContextMenuStrip control which is invisible in basic

mode
• The main menu of the MenuStrip control is always visible. The ContextMenuStrip can
only be seen while designing, during running it is only visible if it is visualized from the
program. It is recommended to use it with the local menu appearing at the mouse
cursor after clicking the right mouse button. We create the items of the menu in
Designer, we write the Click event hanler of the menu items in the editor then in the
MouseDown or MouseClick event handler of the Form (they have a coordinate
parameter) we visualize the ContextMenu.

The contextmenu

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.17. The ContextMenuStrip control which is invisible in basic

mode
• The event control Form_MouseClick looks like this:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.18. The menu bar of the toolkit: the control ToolStrip

• The toolkit contains graphical command buttons next to each other. The Image
property of the buttons contains the visualized image. Since they are command
buttons, they run the Click event when clicking on them. The figure below shows the
elements of the toolstrip, with the button contatining the image at the top, which will
bear a name starting with toolStripButton:

Toolkit on toolstrip 74
 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.19. The status bar appearing at the bottom of the window,

the StatusStrip control
• A status bar visualises status information, therefore it is useful to create a label and a
progressbar for it. The name of the label placed over it starts with toolStripLabel, that
of the progressbar will start with toolStripProgressBar. It is not clicked in general, so
Click event handlers are not written for it.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.20. Dialog windows helping file usage: OpenFileDialog,

SaveFileDialog and FolderBrowserDialog

• Almost all computer programs in which modifications carried out can be saved contain
the Open file and Save file functions. Selecting a file to be saved or to be opened is
done with the same window type in each software because the developers of .NET
created a uniform control for these windows.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.21. The predefined message window: MessageBox

• A MessageBox is a dialog window containing a message and is provided by the
Windows. In a message box, the user can choose one of the command buttons.
• MessageBox::Show() can be called with one string argument: in that case, it will not
have a header, and will have only the "OK” button.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.22. Control used for timing: Timer

• The Timer control makes it possible to run a code portion at given time intervals. It
should be put under the form in the Designer, because it is not visible during
execution.
• Its property named Interval contains the interval in milliseconds, and if the Enabled
property is set to false, the timer can be disabled. If it is enabled and Interval contains
a useful value (>=20 ms), the Timer executes its default event handler, the Tick.
Progammers have to make sure that the code portion finish before the next event is
occured (that is when time is out). The following code portion sets up the timer1 to
run in every second:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.22. Control used for timing: Timer

• The programmed timer of the next code prints out the current time in seconds into
the title of the form:

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.23. SerialPort
• The SerialPort control makes possible the communication between a serial port of rs-
232 standard and the peripherial devices connected to it (modem, SOC,
microcontroller, Bluetooth device). The port has to be parameterized then opened.
Then, textual information (Write, WriteLine, Read, ReadLine) and binary data
(WriteByte, ReadByte) can be sent and received. It also has an event handler function:
if data arrive, the DataReceived event is run. The following code portion checks all
available serial ports, and searches the hardware named "iCorset" by sending a "?"
character. If it is not found, it exits with an error message. In the case of virtual serial
ports (USBs), the value of the BaudRate parameter can be anything.

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 2. The window model and the basic controls

❖ 2.23. SerialPort

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 Chapter IV. Graphical User Interface in C++/CLI

❖ 1. Specialties of CLI, standard C++ and C++/CLI

❖ 2. The window model and the basic controls
❖ 3. Text and binary files, data streams
❖ 4. The GDI+

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

3.1. Preparing to handling files

3.2. Methods of the File static class
3.3. The FileStream reference class
3.4. The BinaryReader reference class
3.5. The BinaryWriter reference class
3.6. Processing text files: the StreamReader and StreamWriter
reference classes
3.7. The MemoryStream reference class

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.1. Preparing to handling files

• Contrary to graphics or to controls, file handling namespace is not inserted in the form
when a new project is created. This is the task of programmers to insert it at the
beginning of the form1.h, where the other namespaces are:

Another thing to do is to decide what the file to be handled contains and what we would
like to do with it:
• Only deleting, renaming, copying it or checking whether it exists.
• We would like to handle it by bytes (as a block containing bytes) if we are brave
enough: virus detection, character encoding etc.
• It is a binary file with fixed-length record structure.
• If it is a text file with variable-length lines (Strings), and the lines end with line feed.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.1. Preparing to handling files

The file name can be given in two ways:
• The file name is given in the code, therefore it is hard coded. If the file is only for the
usage of programmer and it is always the same file, than this is a simple and rapid way
of providing the name of the file.
• Users can select the file by using OpenFileDialog or SaveFileDialog (see
section Section 2.20, “Dialog windows helping file usage: OpenFileDialog,
SaveFileDialog and FolderBrowserDialog”). In this case, the name of the file is stored in
the FileName property of these dialog boxes.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.2. Methods of the File static class

• bool File::Exists(String^ filename) It examines the existence of the file given in
filename, if it exists, the output is true if not, it is false. By using it we can avoid some
errors: opening a non-existing file, overwriting an important data file by mistake.
• void File::Delete(String^ filename) It deletes the file given in filename. As opposed to
current operating systems, deletion does not mean moving to a recycle bin but a real
deletion.
• void File::Move(String^ oldname, String^ newname) It renames the disk file named
oldname to newname. If there are different paths in the filenames, the file moves into
the other directory.
• void File::Copy(String^ sourcefile, String^ targetfile) This method is similar to Move,
except that the source file does not disappear but the file is duplicated. A new file is
created on the disk, with the content of the source file.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.2. Methods of the File static class

FileStream^ File::Open(String^ filename, FileMode mode) Opening the given file. The
FileStream^ does not get its value with gcnew but with this method. It does not have to be
used for text files but for all the other files (containing bytes or binary files containing
records) opening should be used. The values of mode:
• FileMode::Append we go to the end of the text file and switch to write mode. If the
file does not exist, a new file is created.
• FileMode::Create this mode creates a new file. If the file already exists, it is
overwritten. In the directory of the path, the current user should have a right for
writing.
• FileMode::CreateNew this mode also creates a new file but if the file already exists, we
get an exception.
• FileMode::Open opening an existing file for reading/writing. This mode is generally
used after creating the file, e.g. after using the FileOpenDialog.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.2. Methods of the File static class

FileStream^ File::Open(String^ filename, FileMode mode) Opening the given file. The
FileStream^ does not get its value with gcnew but with this method. It does not have to be
used for text files but for all the other files (containing bytes or binary files containing
records) opening should be used. The values of mode:
• FileMode::OpenOrCreate we open an existing file, if it does not exist, a file with the
given name is created.
• FileMode::Truncate we open an existing file and delete its content. The length of the
file will be 0 byte.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.3. The FileStream reference class

If files are processed by bytes or they are binary, we need to create a FileStream^ object for
the file. The class instance of FileStream is not created by gcnew but by File::Open(), so the
physical disk file and FileStream are assigned to each other. With the help of FileStream the
actual file pointer is accessable, and it can be moved. The measure unit of the position and
the movement is byte; its data type is 64 bit integer so that it should manage files bigger
than 2GB. Its most frequently used properties and methods:
• Length: read-only property, the actual size of the file in bytes.
• Name: the name of the disk file that we opened.
• Position: writable/readable property, the current file position in bytes. The next
writing operation will write into this position, the next reading will read from here.
• Seek(how much, with regard to what) method for movng the file pointer. With regard
to the Position property, it can be given how we understand movement: from the
beginning of the file (SeekOrigin::Begin), from the current position
(SeekOrigin::Current), from the end of the file (SeekOrigin::End). This operation must
be used also when we attach BinaryReader or BinaryWriter to FileStream since they do
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not have a Seek() method.
 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.3. The FileStream reference class

Its most frequently used properties and methods:
• int ReadByte(), WriteByte(unsigned char) methods for reading and writing data of one
byte. Reading and writing happens in the current position. At the level of the
operating system, file reading is carried out into a byte array; these functions are
realized as reading an array with one element.
• int Read(array<unsigned char>, offset, count): a method for reading bytes into a byte
array. The bytes will be placed from the array’s element with the index offset and the
count is maximum number of bytes to read. Its return value is: how many bytes could
be read.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.3. The FileStream reference class

Its most frequently used properties and methods:
• Write(array<unsigned char>,offset, count): a method for writing a block of bytes from
a byte array. Writing begins at at the element with the index offset and it writes
maximum count elements.
• Flush(void): clears buffers for this stream and causes any buffered data to be written
to the file.
• Close(): closing FileStream. Files should be closed after use in order to avoid data loss
and running out of resources.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.4. The BinaryReader reference class

• If we want to read non-byte type binary data from a file, we use BinaryReader. In the
BinaryReader ‘s constructor we give the opened FileStream handle as an argument.
BinaryReader is created with a regular gcnew operator. It is important to note that
BinaryReader is not able to open the disk file and to assign it to a FileStream.
BinaryReader contains methods for the basic data types: ReadBool(), ReadChar(),
ReadDouble(), ReadInt16(), ReadInt32(), ReadInt64(), ReadUInt16(), ReadString(),
ReadSingle() etc. The file pointer is incremented with the length of the read data.
BinaryReader also should be closed after use with the method Close() before closing
the FileStream.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.5. The BinaryWriter reference class

• If we want to write binary data into FileStream, we use BinaryWriter. It is created
similarly to BinaryReader, with the operator gcnew. The difference is
that Reader contained methods with a given return data type but Writer contains a
method with a given parameter and without a return value, with a number of
overloaded versions. The name of the method is Write and it can be used with several
data types: from Bool to cli::Array^ in the order of complexity. The overview of binary
file processing can be seen below:

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.5. The BinaryWriter reference class

Binary file processing 94

 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.6. Processing text files: the StreamReader and StreamWriter

reference classes
• Text files are composed of variable-length lines that are legible for human beings as
well. In these files, characters are stored in ASCII, Unicode, UTF-8 etc. encoding, one
line of a text file corresponds to the data type String^ of the compiler. Lines end with
CR/LF (two characters) under DOS/Windows-based systems. Because of variable-
length lines, text files can only be processed sequentially: reading the 10th line can be
done by reading the first 9 lines and finally the requested 10th line. When the file is
opened, it cannot be calculated at which byte the 10th line starts in the file, only after
all preceding lines have been read.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.6. Processing text files: the StreamReader and StreamWriter

reference classes
• Text files have an important role in realizing communication between different
computer programs. Since they can be read for example in NotePad, humans can also
modify their content. Text files are used, among other things, to save databases (in
that case, a text file is called dump and it contains SQL statements that create the
saved database on an empty system), to communicate with Excel (comma or tabulator
separated files with CSV extension) and even e-mails are transferred as text files
between incoming and outgoing e-mail servers. Measuring devices also create text
files containing the measurement results. In these files, each line contains one
measurement data in order that these data could be processed or visualized with any
software (even with Excel) by a user carrying out the measurement.

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.6. Processing text files: the StreamReader and StreamWriter

reference classes
• Text files can be processed by reference variables of type StreamReader and
StreamWriter classes. For that purpose, the gcnew operator should be used, and the
name of the file should be specified in its constructor. A FileStream is not needed to be
defined because StreamReader and StreamWriter use exclusively disk files; therefore
they can create for themselves their own FileStream (BaseStream) with which
programmers do not have to deal. The most frequently used method of StreamReader
is ReadLine(), which reads the next line of the text file and its most frequently used
property is EndOfStream, which becomes true accessing the end of the file. Attention:
EndOfStream shows the state of the latest reading operation, ReadLine() returns a
zero-length string at the end of the file, and the value of EndOfStream will be true.
Thus, the ordinary pre-test loops can be used (while (! StreamReader->EndOfStream)
…). One only has to examine if the length of the currently read line is greater than 0.
The most frequently used method of StreamWriter is WriteLine(String), which writes
the string passed as a parameter and `the newline character in the text file.
Write(String) is the same but it does not write the newline character. The newline
character(s) (CR,LF,CR/LF) can be set by the NewLine property.
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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.6. Processing text files: the StreamReader and StreamWriter

reference classes

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.6. Processing text files: the StreamReader and StreamWriter

reference classes

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 3. Text and binary files, data streams

❖ 3.7. The MemoryStream reference class

• One can also create sequential files, composed of bytes that are not stored on a disk
but in the memory. A great advantage of streams created in the memory is the speed
(a memory is at least two times faster than a storage device), its disadvantage is its
smaller size and that its content is lost if the program is exited. MemoryStream has the
same methods as FileStream: it reads/writes a byte or an array of bytes. It can be
created by the gcnew operator. The maximal size of a MemoryStream can be set in the
parameter of the constructor. If no parameter is given, MemoryStream will allocate
memory dynamically for writing. Using that class has two advantages as compared to
arrays: on one hand, automatic allocation and on the other hand, a MemoryStream
can easily be transformed into a FileStream if memory runs out by using File::Open()
instead of gcnew.

100