READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 on pages 2 and 3.

Caral: an ancient South American city

Huge earth and rock mounds rise out of the desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru in
South America. These immense mounds appear simply to be part of the geographical
landscape in this arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains.
But looks deceive. These are actually human-made pyramids. Strong evidence indicates they
are the remains of a city known as Caral that flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. If true, it
would be the oldest known urban center in the Americas and among the most ancient in the
world.
Research undertaken by Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady suggests that the 150-acre
complex of pyramids, plazas and residential buildings was a thriving metropolis when
Egypt’s great pyramids were still being built. Though discovered in 1905, for years Caral
attracted little attention, largely because archaeologists believed the structures were fairly
recent. But the monumental scale of the pyramids had long interested Shady, who began
excavations at the site in 1996, about 22 kilometers from the coast and 190 kilometers north
of Peru’s capital city of Lima.
Shady and her crew searched for broken remains of the pots and containers that most such
sites contain. Not finding any only made her more excited: it meant Caral could be what
archaeologists term pre-ceramic. that is, existing before the advent in the area of pot-firing
techniques. Shady’s team undertook the task of excavating Piramide Mayor, the largest of the
pyramids. After carefully clearing away many hundreds of years’ worth of rubble and sand,
they identified staircases, walls covered with remnants of colored plaster, and brickwork. In
the foundations, they found the remains of grass-like reeds woven into bags. The original
workers, she surmised, must have filled these bags with stones from a nearby quarry and laid
them atop one another inside retaining walls, gradually giving rise to the pyramid’s immense
structure. Shady had samples of the reeds subjected to radiocarbon dating and found that the
reeds were 4,600 years old. This evidence indicated that Caral was, in fact, more than 1,000
years older than what had previously been thought to be the oldest urban center in the
Americas.
What amazed archaeologists was not just the age, but the complexity and scope of Caral.
Piramide Mayor alone covers an area nearly the size of four football fields and is 18 meters
tall. A nine-meter-wide staircase rises from a circular plaza at the foot of the pyramid, passing
over three terraced levels until it reaches the top. Thousands of manual laborers would have
been needed to build such a project. not counting the many architects. craftsmen, and
managers. Shady’s team found the remains of a large amphitheater, containing almost 70
musical instruments made of bird and deer bones. Clearly, music played an important role in
Caral’s society Around the perimeter of Caral are a series of smaller mounds and various
buildings. These indicate a hierarchy of living arrangements: large, well-kept rooms atop
pyramids for the elite, ground-level quarters for craftsmen, and shabbier outlying dwellings
for workers.
But why had Caral been built in the first place? Her excavations convinced Shady that Caral
once served as a trade center for the region, which extends from the rainforests of the Amazon
to the high forests of the Andes. Shady found evidence of a rich trading environment,
including seeds of the cocoa bush and necklaces of shells, neither of which was native to the
immediate Caral area. This environment gave rise to people who did not take part in the
production of food, allowing them to become priests and planners, builders and designers
Thus occupational specialization, elemental to an urban society, emerged.
But what sustained such a trading center and drew travelers to it? Was it food? Shady and her
team found the bones of small edible fish, which must have come from the Pacific coast to the
west, in the excavations. But they also found evidence of squash, sweet potatoes and beans
having been grown locally. Shady theorized that Caral’s early farmers diverted the area’s
rivers into canals, which still cross the Supe Valley today, to irrigate their fields. But because
she found no traces of maize, which can be traded or stored and used in times of crop failure,
she concluded that Caral’s trade leverage was not based on stockpiling food supplies.
It was evidence of another crop in the excavations that gave Shady the best clue to Caral’s
success. In nearly every excavated building, her team discovered evidence of cotton – seeds,
fibers and textiles. Her theory fell into place when a large fishing net made of those fibers,
unearthed in an unrelated dig on Peru’s coast, turned out to be as old as Carat. ‘The farmers of
Caral grew the cotton that the fishermen needed to make their nets,’ Shady speculates. ‘And
the fishermen gave them shellfish and dried fish in exchange for these nets.’ In essence, the
people of Caral enabled fishermen to work with larger and more effective nets, which made
the resources of the sea more readily available. and the fishermen probably used dried squash
grown by the Caral people as flotation devices for their nets.
Questions 1 – 6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Caral was built at the same time as the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.
2 The absence of pottery at the archaeological dig gave Shady a significant clue to the
age of the site.
3 The stones used to build Piramide Mayor came from a location far away.
4 The huge and complicated structures of Piramide Mayor suggest that its construction
required an organised team of builders.
5 Archaeological evidence shows that the residents of Caral were highly skilled
musicians
6 The remains of housing areas at Caral suggest that there were no class distinctions
in residential areas.
Questions 7 – 13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Caral as a trading centre

Items discovered at Caral but not naturally occurring in the area
• the 7 …………… of a certain plant
• 8 ……………. used to make jewellery
• the remains of certain food such as 9 ……………
Clues to farming around Carat
• 10 …………… still in existence today indicate water diverted from rivers
• no evidence that 11 …………… was grown
Evidence of relationship with fishing communities
• the excavation findings and fishing nets found on the coast suggest Caral farmers
traded 12 …………..
• dried squash may have been used to aid 13 …………… of fishing nets
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on pages 7 and 8.
It was that summer, scientists now realise, when global warming at last made itself
unmistakably felt. People in the Northern Hemisphere knew that summer 2003 was
remarkable. Britain had record high temperatures; Europe had out-of-control forest fires, great
rivers drying to a trickle and thousands of heat-related deaths. But how remarkable that
summer was is only now becoming clear.
June, July and August were the warmest three months recorded in western and central Europe.
And they were the warmest by a very long way. Like Britain, Portugal, Germany and
Switzerland had record national highs. Over a great rectangular block stretching from west of
Paris to northern Italy, taking in Switzerland and southern Germany, the average temperature
for the summer months was 3.78 °C higher than the long-term norm, says the University of
East Anglia’s Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, one of the world’s leading
institutions for monitoring and analysing temperature records That might not seem a lot until
you are aware of the usual pattern. But then you realise it is enormous. There is nothing like
this in previous data. It is considered so exceptional that Professor Phil Jones, the unit’s
director, says openly - in a way that few scientists have done - that 2003’s extreme
temperatures may be directly attributed to global warming caused by human actions, rather
than natural climate variations.
Meteorologists have hitherto contented themselves with the formula that recent high
temperatures are ‘consistent with predictions' of climate change. For the great block of the
map in question, the unit has reliable temperature records dating back to 1781. Using as a
baseline the average summer temperature between 1961 and 1990, departures from the
temperature norm, ‘anomalies’, can easily be plotted.
Over the past 200 years, there have been at least half a dozen excess temperature anomalies
approaching, or even exceeding, 2 °C. But there has been nothing remotely like that year,
when the anomaly was nearly 4 °C. ‘That is quite remarkable,’ Professor Jones says. ‘It’s very
unusual in a statistical sense. If this series had a normal statistical distribution you wouldn't
get this number. The return period (i.e. how often it could be expected to recur) would be
something like one in 1,000 years. If we look at an excess above the average of nearly 4 °C,
then perhaps nearly 3 °C of that is natural variability, because we’ve seen that in past
summers. But the final degree of it is likely to be due to global warming, caused by human
action.’
That year's summer had in a sense been one that climate scientists had long been anticipating
Until then, the warming had been manifesting itself mainly in winters that were less cold
rather than in summers that were much hotter. Last week, the UN predicted that winters were
warming so quickly that some of Europe's lower-level ski resorts will die out.
But sooner or later the unprecedented hot summer was bound to come - and that year it did
Over a large swathe of the western part of the European continent, records were broken in all
three months It wasn't only monthly averages, but daily extremes and the lengths of spells
above thresholds National records were set in at least four countries.
One of the most dramatic features of the summer was the hot nights, especially in the first half
of August The high night-time temperatures were related to the 15,000 extra deaths in France
during August, compared with previous years They gradually increased during the first 12
days of the month, peaking at about 2,000 a day on August 12 and 13 and severely
overloading the medical services Then they dropped dramatically after August 14 when
minimum temperatures fell by about 5 °C The elderly were most affected - their death rate
rose 70 per cent.
For Britain, the year as a whole is likely to be the warmest recorded But despite the
temperature record on August 10, the summer itself - defined as the June, July and August
period - comes behind 1976 and 1995, when there were longer periods of intense heat At the
moment, the year is likely to be the third-hottest in the global temperature record (which goes
back to 1856), behind 1998 and 2002. But when the records for October, November and
December are collated, it might move into second place. The ten hottest years in the record
have occurred since 1990.
Professor Jones is in no doubt about the astonishing nature of that year’s European summer.
‘The temperatures recorded that year were out of all proportion to the previous record,’ he
says. ‘It was the warmest summer in the last 500 years and probably way beyond that. It was
enormously exceptional.’
His colleagues at the Tyndall Centre are planning a study of it. ‘It was a summer that had not
been experienced before, either in terms of the temperature extremes that were reached, or the
range and diversity of the effects of the extreme heat,’ says the centre's executive director,
Professor Mike Hulme. ‘It will certainly have left its mark on a number of countries as to how
they think and plan for climate change, much as the 2000 floods revolutionised the way the
Government is thinking about flooding in the UK The 2003 heatwave will have similar
repercussions across Europe.'
Questions 14 – 19
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
14 In 2003, the average temperature for June to August in parts of Europe was almost
4 °C higher than usual.
15 According to Phil Jones, the impact people have on the planet was one reason for
2003’s record summer.
16 Temperatures are recorded twice daily in major cities.
17 Professor Phil Jones believes that the exceptional summer temperatures are within
normal variation.
18 Before 2003, global warming generally caused milder winter months, not warmer
summers.
19 New ski resorts are being built at higher altitudes in some countries.

Questions 20 and 21
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS from the passage for
each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
20 In Britain, which TWO years had hotter summers than the one under discussion?
21 Apart from the extreme summer of 2003, what other natural event has affected the
way Britain is planning for the future?
Questions 22 – 25
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.
The three warmest years since global temperature records began in 22 ……………….. have
been 1998, 2002 and 2003. It is significant that the warmest ten years have all been after
23 ………………. . Recorded temperatures in Europe in summer 2003 were the highest for at
least 24 ……………….. years and had serious consequences. For example, in August alone,
thousands of people died in 25 ……………… .

Question 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 2?
A The Causes of Global Warming
B The Effects of Extreme Heat
C The History of Temperature Recording
D The Year of European Heat
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passages 3 on pages 8 and 9.

The art of deception

Do tiny changes of facial expression show whether someone is telling lies?
Forty years ago, the research psychologist Dr Paul Ekman was addressing a group of young
psychiatrists in training when he was asked a question, the answer to which has kept him busy
ever since. Suppose, the group wanted to know, a particular patient swears they are telling the
truth. They look and sound sincere. So here is the question: is there any way you can be sure
they are telling the truth? Ekman did not know the answer then, but wanted to find out.
As part of his research, he had already filmed a series of 12-minute interviews with
psychiatric patients. In a subsequent conversation, one of the patients told hint that she had
lies to him. So Ekman sat and looked at the film but saw nothing noteworthy. Then he slowed
it down and looked again. Then he slowed it even further. And suddenly, there, across just
two frames of the film, he saw it: an intense expression of extreme anguish. It lasted less than
a 15th of a second, but once he had spotted the first expression, he soon found three more
examples in that same interview. He termed his discovery ‘micro-expressions’ : very rapid,
intense demonstrations of emotion that the subject intended to be concealed.
Over the course of the next four decades, Ekman successfully demonstrated a proposition first
suggested by Charles Darwin: that the ways in which we express rage, disgust, contempt, fear,
surprise, happiness and sadness are universal. The facial muscles triggered by those seven
basic emotions are, he has shown, essentially standard, regardless of language and culture,
from the US to Japan, and Brazil to Papua New Guinea. What is more, expressions of
emotion are impossible to suppress and, particularly when we are lying, micro-expressions of
powerfully felt emotions will inevitably flit across our faces before we get the chance to stop
them.
Fortunately for liars, most people will fail to spot these fleeting signals of inner torment. Of
the l5,000 Ekman has tested, only 50 people, whom he calls ‘naturals’, have been able to do
it. But given a little more training, Ekman says, almost anyone can develop the skill. He
should know: since these tests were completed in the mid-1980s and the first publication of
his research, he has been called in by the FBI and CIA (among countless more law-
enforcement and other agencies around the world), not just to solve cases, but to teach them
how to use his technique for themselves. He has held workshops for defence and prosecution
lawyers, health professionals, even jealous spouses, all of them wanting to know exactly when
someone is not being 100 per cent candid.
Most recently, Ekman’s research has resulted in a new television series about the exploits of
the fictional Dr Cal Lightman, a scientist who studies involuntary body language to discover
not only if you are lying, but why you might have been motivated to do so. According to the
publicity blurb, Lightman is a ‘human lie detector’, even more accurate than a polygraph test.
Ekman concedes he was sceptical when the producer first approached him with the idea of
turning his life's work into a TV series, and initially would have stopped the project if he
could. In particular, he was fearful that the show would exaggerate the effectiveness of his
techniques and create the quite inaccurate impression among audiences that criminals could
no longer hope to get away with lying. In the worst can scenario, he was concerned about
unfair convictions: that one day someone nut properly trained in his techniques might be
sitting on a jury and wrongly find someone guilty of I crime simply on the basis of a
television programme.
In the end though, he was won over because the series is unusual in several respects. It is the
first time, as far as Ekman is aware, than commercial TV drama has been based on the work
of just one scientist. That scientist is also deeply involved in the project, talking through plot
ideas and checking five successive drafts of each script to ensure details arc correct. He was
also impressed with the producer’s manifestly serious and well-intentioned reasons for
making the programme. Now that the first series has been completed, he believes probably
80-90 per cent of the show is based on fact, and that's good enough for what is, after all, a
drama, not a documentary.
Ekman, incidentally, professes to have been a terrible liar ever since he was a small boy and
observes that the ability to detect a lie and the ability to lie successfully arc completely
unrelated. He has been asked by people running for high office if he could teach them to
become ‘more credible’ with the public, but has always refused to use his skills in that way on
ethical grounds. He also insists that there are various kinds of lies. A 'true' lie can be identified
by having two essential characteristics: there must be a deliberate intent to mislead and there
must be no notification that this is what is occurring. This means that an actor or a poker
player isn't a true liar. They're supposed to be deceiving you, it's part of the game, and the
same is true of flattery. lie prefers to focus on the kinds of lies where the liar would be in
grave trouble if they were found out, and where the target would feel properly aggrieved if
they knew.
Questions 27 – 31
Choose the coned letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxers 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 According to the writer, Ekman became interested in lying after a question from his
A peers.
B patients.
C students.
D teachers.
28 The writer refers to the 12-minute interviews in order to
A illustrate how frequently patients lie.
B describe the origins of Ekman's theories.
C compare Ekman's research to previous studies.
D show how patients' behaviour is affected by filming.
29 What is the writers point in the third paragraph?
A Micro-expressions are common to all people.
B Recent research has refuted an old idea.
C With practice we can learn to control our micro-expressions.
D Human society is too complex to allow for generalisations.
30 What are we told about Ekman's conclusions from his tests?
A It's natural for people to lie.
B Few untrained people can detect lying.
C Most liars suffer from periods of depression.
D All of his subjects were trained to identify micro-expressions.
31 What point does the writer make about Ekman's techniques in the fourth paragraph?
A They take decades to teach.
B They have been in great demand.
C They have aroused the suspicions of some agencies.
D They can be used by a limited range of occupations.
Questions 32 – 36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

The television series based on Ekman's work

A new TV series based on Ekman's work features a hero named Lightman, who detects lies.
Initially, Ekman was unenthusiastic about the TV project, because he feared the possibility of
encouraging viewers' 32 ……………. . For example, he was worried that one day the
programme could result in 33 …………….. not being carried out. Ultimately though, he has
given the show his blessing because he is not aware of any other comparable programme
based on a single person's 34 …………….. . The 35 ………………. of the show's producer
have been another pleasant surprise and, considering the genre of the programme, Ekman is
happy with the show's overall 36 ……………… .

A consequences B crimes C false beliefs

D motives E justice F accuracy
G acting H research I ratings

Questions 37 – 40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
37 Ekman regrets the lies he told as a child.
38 People who are good at lying tend to be good at detecting lies.
39 Ekman has worked with poker players to help them lie more convincingly.
40 Ekman is more interested in the types of lies with serious consequences.