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Signal Reviewer

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6 views4 pages

Signal Reviewer

rxxrvtvnyvtvhvbyvmuunfrec

Uploaded by

shaken.0427
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal

A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with


time, space or any other dependent or independent variable.

Examples: Speech Signal, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Stock


market index

Basic Agenda of Signal is to convey information

Signal Representation

1. Functional Representation
2. Graphical Representation
3. Tabular Representation
4. Sequence Representation

System
 It is device that performs operation on signals.
 It is device, which manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function and gives new output.

Types of System

 Analog system requires complex hardware and complex circuit


Digital System is cheaper than analog system.

 Digital System, data can be stored easier than analog Analog


System Digital System

Basic of System

 Most information signals are of analog in nature


 Most widely used system are digital systems
 In digital system, we need ADC and DAC
 Digital system performs some operation as per requirement on
digital signal : Amplification, Attenuation, Filtering, and Shifting
 Digital signals can be stored in memory, which increase use of
digital system around globe

Length of a sequence is simply the total number of samples in the


sequence.

 Finite-length sequence: has finite number of samples present


in the sequence.
 Infinite-length sequence: has infinite number of samples
present in the sequence.

Types of Sequence

1. Right Sequence
2. Left Sequence

Classification of Signals
 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
 Deterministic and Random Signals
 Even and Odd Signals
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
 Real and Imaginary Signals

Continuous Time and Discrete Signals

A continuous-time signal is an infinite and uncountable set


of numbers, as are the possible values each number can have.

In a discrete-time signal, the number of elements in the set,


as well as the possible values of each element, is finite, countable,
and can be represented with computer bits, and stored on a digital
storage medium.

Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic signals can be described by a mathematical


expression, lookup table or some well-defined rule. Examples: Sine
wave, cosine wave, square wave, etc.

A signal which cannot be described by any mathematical


expression is called as a random signal. Therefore, it is not
possible to predict the amplitude of such signals at a given instant
of time.

Even and Odd Signals

One of characteristics of signal is symmetry that may be useful for


signal analysis. Even signals are symmetric around vertical axis,
and
Odd signals are symmetric about origin.

Even Signal:
A signal is referred to as an even if it is identical to its time-
reversed counterparts; x(t) = x(-t).
Odd Signal:
A signal is odd if x(t) = -x(-t). An odd signal must be 0 at t=0,
in other words, odd signal passes the origin

NOTE: KASAMA TO SA COMPUTATIONS SA EXAM, PASTE


KO NA LANG UNG LINK NA PWEDE NYONG PAGARALAN
NETO.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bb_z42C-1-
E&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRhG6s3jYIU48CqsT5cyiDTO&index=17

1. f(t) = x2 + 4 EVEN
2. f(t) = sin(4t) ODD
3. f(t) = cos(3t) + t4 EVEN
4. f(t) = t2 + t -5 NEITHER

FOURIER SERIES IN SIGNALS

EXAMPLE:

Solution Given: X(n) = {-2,1,2,0,-1} and x(-n) = {-1,0,2,1,-2}

Solve the even component: Solve the odd component:


½ {-2 + -1} = -1.5 ½ {-2 - -1} = -0.5
½ {1 + 0} = 0.5 ½ {1 - 0} = 0.5
½ {2 + 2} = 2 ½ {2 - 2} = 0
½ {0 + 1} = 0.5 ½ {0 - 1} = -0.5
½ {-1 + -2} = -1.5 ½ {-1 - -2} = 1.5
xe(n) = {-1.5,0.5,2,0.5,-1.5} xo(n) = {0.5,0.5,0,-0.5,0.5}
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

If the transformed signal is same as x(t+nT), then the signal is


periodic.

where T is fundamental period (the smallest period) of signal x(t)


In discrete-time, the periodic signal is;

Each component signal has no relationship with others.


Orthogonal signal is denoted as φ(t).

EXAMPLE:

NOTE: IF NUMBER LANG


PERIODIC, PAG MAY
KASAMANG Π APERIODIC
5/6 –rational (periodic)
2Π/5 → irrational (Aperiodic)

Energy and Power Signals

If the given signal is energy signal, then it cannot be a


power signal
If the given signal is power signal, then it cannot be an
energy signal

Energy Signal: Power Signal:

Almost all non-periodic signals are Almost all periodic signals are
energy signals. power signals

Energy signal exist every a short Power signals exist over an


period of time. They are time infinite time. They are not time
Limited limited

OPERATIONS OF SIGNAL
(PANOODIN NYO NA LANG TO SA YT KASE KASAMA SA
EXAM)

TIME SHIFTING
TIME SCALING
TIME REVERSAL

AMPLITUDE SHIFTING
AMPLITUDE SCALING
AMPLITUDE REVERSAL

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