Here is a concise set of notes covering essential **Linux commands** and their

uses. These commands help with file management, process control, system monitoring,
and more.

---

### **Basic Commands**

1. **`pwd`**
- Prints the current working directory (path).
- Example: `pwd`

2. **`ls`**
- Lists files and directories in the current directory.
- Example: `ls -l` (detailed list), `ls -a` (show hidden files)

3. **`cd`**
- Changes the directory.
- Example: `cd /home/user/`, `cd ..` (move to the parent directory)

4. **`mkdir`**
- Creates a new directory.
- Example: `mkdir new_folder`

5. **`rmdir`**
- Removes an empty directory.
- Example: `rmdir old_folder`

6. **`touch`**
- Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of a file.
- Example: `touch newfile.txt`

7. **`cp`**
- Copies files or directories.
- Example: `cp file1.txt file2.txt` (copy file), `cp -r dir1 dir2` (copy
directory)

8. **`mv`**
- Moves or renames files or directories.
- Example: `mv file1.txt /new_location/` (move file), `mv oldname.txt
newname.txt` (rename)

9. **`rm`**
- Removes files or directories.
- Example: `rm file.txt`, `rm -r folder/` (remove folder and its content)

10. **`cat`**
- Displays the contents of a file.
- Example: `cat file.txt`

11. **`more`** / **`less`**

- Views file content page by page.
- Example: `less file.txt`, `more file.txt`

12. **`head`** / **`tail`**

- Shows the first or last 10 lines of a file.
- Example: `head file.txt`, `tail file.txt`, `tail -f log.txt` (track log file
in real-time)

---
### **File Permissions**
1. **`chmod`**
- Changes file permissions.
- Example: `chmod 755 script.sh` (owner can read, write, execute; others can
read, execute)

2. **`chown`**
- Changes file owner and group.
- Example: `chown user:group file.txt`

---

### **File Searching**

1. **`find`**
- Searches for files in a directory hierarchy.
- Example: `find /home -name "*.txt"` (find `.txt` files)

2. **`locate`**
- Quickly finds files by name (uses a pre-built database).
- Example: `locate file.txt`

3. **`grep`**
- Searches for a pattern in files.
- Example: `grep "pattern" file.txt`, `grep -r "pattern" /path/` (recursive
search)

---

### **Text Processing**

1. **`echo`**
- Displays a line of text.
- Example: `echo "Hello, World!"`

2. **`sort`**
- Sorts lines in text files.
- Example: `sort file.txt`

3. **`uniq`**
- Removes duplicate lines from a sorted file.
- Example: `uniq file.txt`

4. **`wc`**
- Counts words, lines, and characters in a file.
- Example: `wc file.txt`

5. **`cut`**
- Cuts out sections from each line of files.
- Example: `cut -d',' -f1 file.csv` (cut the first field in a comma-separated
file)

6. **`sed`**
- Stream editor used for searching, finding, and replacing.
- Example: `sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt` (replace "old" with "new")

7. **`awk`**
- Pattern scanning and processing language.
- Example: `awk '{print $1, $2}' file.txt` (print the first two columns)
---

### **System Monitoring**

1. **`top`**
- Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.
- Example: `top`

2. **`htop`**
- An improved version of `top`, with better interface.
- Example: `htop`

3. **`ps`**
- Displays information about running processes.
- Example: `ps -ef` (detailed list of all processes)

4. **`df`**
- Shows disk space usage.
- Example: `df -h` (human-readable format)

5. **`du`**
- Estimates file and directory space usage.
- Example: `du -h folder/` (summary in human-readable format)

6. **`free`**
- Displays the amount of free and used memory.
- Example: `free -h` (human-readable format)

7. **`uptime`**
- Shows how long the system has been running and load average.
- Example: `uptime`

---

### **Process Management**

1. **`kill`**
- Sends a signal to a process, usually to terminate it.
- Example: `kill 1234` (terminate process with PID 1234)

2. **`killall`**
- Kills all processes with a specified name.
- Example: `killall firefox`

3. **`bg`** / **`fg`**
- Runs jobs in the background or foreground.
- Example: `bg` (resume job in the background), `fg` (bring job to the
foreground)

4. **`jobs`**
- Lists background jobs.
- Example: `jobs`

---

### **Networking**
1. **`ping`**
- Tests the connectivity to a remote host.
- Example: `ping google.com`

2. **`ifconfig`** / **`ip`**
 - Displays or configures network interfaces.
- Example: `ifconfig`, `ip a` (show all interfaces)

3. **`netstat`** / **`ss`**
- Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics.
- Example: `netstat -tuln`, `ss -tuln` (list listening ports)

4. **`curl`**
- Transfers data from or to a server.
- Example: `curl http://example.com`

5. **`wget`**
- Downloads files from the web.
- Example: `wget http://example.com/file.txt`

---

### **System Management**

1. **`shutdown`**
- Shuts down or reboots the system.
- Example: `shutdown -h now` (shutdown immediately), `shutdown -r now` (reboot)

2. **`reboot`**
- Reboots the system.
- Example: `reboot`

3. **`systemctl`**
- Controls system services.
- Example: `systemctl status apache2` (check status of a service), `systemctl
restart apache2` (restart a service)

4. **`service`**
- Controls system services (older syntax).
- Example: `service apache2 status`

5. **`crontab`**
- Schedules periodic tasks.
- Example: `crontab -e` (edit crontab file), `crontab -l` (list crontab jobs)

---

### **File Compression**

1. **`tar`**
- Archives files and directories.
- Example: `tar -cvf archive.tar folder/` (create tar archive), `tar -xvf
archive.tar` (extract tar archive)

2. **`gzip`** / **`gunzip`**
- Compresses or decompresses files.
- Example: `gzip file.txt`, `gunzip file.txt.gz`

3. **`zip`** / **`unzip`**
- Compresses and extracts files in `.zip` format.
- Example: `zip archive.zip file.txt`, `unzip archive.zip`

---

### **User Management**

1. **`useradd`**
 - Adds a new user.
- Example: `sudo useradd newuser`

2. **`passwd`**
- Changes a user's password.
- Example: `passwd username`

3. **`whoami`**
- Displays the current logged-in username.
- Example: `whoami`

4. **`su`**
- Switches user.
- Example: `su - root` (switch to root user)

5. **`sudo`**
- Executes a command with superuser privileges.
- Example: `sudo apt update`

---

These Linux commands are a great starting point for interacting with the system,
handling files, monitoring performance, and managing resources effectively.