CHAPTER 6

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction
So far, we have analyzed relatively simple circuit, with only
one voltage or current source, by applying Kirchhoff's laws in
combination with Ohm's law. The complicated circuit required
to another to be analyzed. In this chapter we introduce three
methods of circuit analysis that aid in analysis of complex
circuits' structures. These methods aid to analyze the circuit
with small numbers of simultaneous equations.

6.2 Source Conversion

The voltage source can be converted to equivalent current
source and vise versa. The voltage source in Circuit shown in
Figure (6.1a) can be converted to current source that shown in
Figure (6.1b).

a a

RS
I RS
E

b b
(a) (b)
Figure (6.1)

152
 The current source current can be calculated as follows:
E
I (6.1)
RS

The current source resistance is the same that of voltage

source, RS.

"Any voltage source with voltage E connected in

series with resistor Rs is equivalent to current source
E
with current of and connected in parallel with the
RS
same resistor Rs also any current source of current I
connected in parallel with resistor Rs can be converted
to voltage source of voltage E  IRS connected in
series with Rs"

Example (6.1)
a) Convert the current source of circuit (6.2) to voltage
source and find the load current IL.
b)
c) Repeat part a assuming ideal current source.

153
 a

I = 9 mA RS 3 kW RL 6 kW

b IL

Figure (6.2)

Solution

(a) The circuit Shown in Figure (6.2) can be redrawn as in

Figure (6.3).

a
RS 3 kW
RL 6 kW
E = 27 V
b IL
Figure (6.3)

E  IRS  9  10 3  3  10 3  27 V

The load current can be calculated using Ohm's law as

follows:
E 27
IL    3 mA
RS  R L (3  6)  10 3

(b) The load current can be calculated using Ohm's law as

follows:
E 27
IL    8.97 mA
RS  R L 3000  10

154
 (c) For Ideal current source, RS = 
I L  I  9 mA

6.3 Current Sources in Parallel

The current sources can be connected in parallel to increase
the overall power of the circuit. When the current sources
connected in parallel, they can replaced by only one current
source. The equivalent current source has current equal to the
algebraic sum of currents of individual current sources. The
resistance of equivalent current source equals to the equivalent
resistance of individual current sources. The current sources
can be connected in series but they must have the same rating
currents. The voltage sources also can be connected in parallel
but they must have the same rating voltages.

Example (6.2)

For the circuit shown in Figure (6.4), find the load current IL.

a
R1 16 W R2 48 W RL 28 W

I1 8 A I2 12 A
b IL

Figure (6.4)

Solution

The equivalent current source has a current of:

I  I 1  I 2  8  12  20 A

155
 The equivalent current source has a resistance of:
R1 R2 16  48
R   12 W
R1  R2 16  48

So that, the circuit Shown in Figure (6.4) can be redrawn as

in Figure (6.5).

a
R 12 W RL 28 W
I 20 A
b IL

Figure (6.5)

The load current can be calculated using current divider rule

as follows:
R 12
IL  I  20 6 A
R  RL 12  28

Example (6.3)

For the circuit shown in Figure (6.6), find the load current IL.

10 V a
R1 6W RL 4W

I1 8 A b IL

Figure (6.6)

Solution

156
 When the current source convert to a voltage source, the
circuit in Figure (6.6) redrawn as in Figure (6.7)
E2
10 V a
R1 6W
RL 4W

48 V b IL
E1
Figure (6.7)

The load current can be calculated using Ohm's law as

follows:
ET E1  E 2 48  10
IL     3 .8 A
RT R1  R L 64

6.4 Branch Current Method

The branch current method used both KVL and KCL to
analyze the circuit. The steps used for this method to solve any
circuit are:
1. Suggest current for all circuit branches.
2. Applying KVL for all independent closed loops.
3. Applying KCL for all main nodes.

c  n 1 (6.2)
Where
c = number of main nodes.
n = number of all circuit nodes.

157
 4. Solve the equations yields from steps 2 and 3 together
to evaluate branch currents.

Example (6.4)

Find the branch currents in the circuit shown in Figure (6.8)

using branch current method.

4 kW
4 kW 2 kW
2 kW

24 V 6V

Figure (6.8)

Solution

Applying branch current approach for the circuit

a
4 kW I3
4 kW 2 kW
Loop1 Loop2 2 kW
I1 I2
24 V 6V
E1 E2
Figure (6.9)

Applying KVL for loop1 yields:

E1  4 I 1  2 I 2  E 2  0

158
 24  4 I 1  2 I 2  6  0

 4 I 1  2 I 2  18 (1)

Applying KVL for loop2 yields:

E2  2I 2  4I 3  2I 3  0

6  2I 2  6I 3  0

 2I 2  6I 3  6 (2)

Applying KCL at node a yields:

I1  I 2  I 3  0 (3)

Solving Equation (1), (2) and (3) using Kramer method:

4 2 0
 0 2 6  44
1 1 1

 18 2 0
1  6 2 6  156
0 1 1

 4  18 0
2  0 6 6  84
1 0 1

 4 2  18
3  0 2 6  72
1 1 0

159
 1 156
I1    3.5454 mA
 44
 2  84
I2    1.9091 mA
 44
 3 72
I3    1.6363 mA
 44

Example (6.5)

Find the branch currents in the circuit shown in Figure (6.10)

using branch current method.

20300 V

1W

100 0 V 3W 4W

Figure (6.10)

Solution

Applying branch current approach for the circuit

160
 20300 V

1W I3
I1 I2

100 0 V Loop1 3W Loop2 4W

Figure (6.11)

Applying KVL for loop1 yields:

 100 0  ( j1) I 1  ( j 3) I 2  0

 ( j1) I 1  ( j 3) I 2  0 I 3  100 0 (1)

Applying KVL for loop2 yields:

2030 0  4 I 3  ( j 3) I 2  0

 0 I 1  ( j 3) I 2  4 I 3  2030 0 (2)

Applying KCL at node a yields:

I1  I 2  I 3  0 (3)

Solving Equation (1), (2) and (3) using Kramer method:

j1 j3 0
 0 j 3 4  3  j8  8.54469.44 0
1 1 1

100 0 j3 0
 1  2030 0 j 3 4
1 1 1
 1  -70 + j21.9615  73.364126.58 0

161
 j1 100 0 0
 2  0 2030 0 4
1 0 1
 2  50 - j17.3205  52.915  19.13 0

j1 j 3 100 0
3  0 j 3 2030 0
1 1 0
 3  -20 + j 4.6410  20.53166.94 0

 1 - 70 + j21.9615
I1  
 3  j8
I 1  -0.4700 + j8.5738  8.586693.1375 0 A

 2 50 - j17.3205
I2  
 3  j8
I 2  0.1567 - j6.1913  6.1932 - 88.5506 0 A

 3 - 20 + j 4.6410
I3  
 3  j8
I 3  -0.3133 + j2.3825  2.403097.4917 0 A

6.5 Loop (Mesh) Method

The loop (Mesh) method used KVL to determine a set of

loop currents in the circuit. Once these loop currents are
known, Ohm's law can be used to calculate any voltage drops
in the circuit.

162
 The steps used for this method to solve any circuit are:
1. Suggest loop current for all independent loops. The
number of independent loops can be determined from
the relation:

L  b  n 1 (6.3)
where,
L = number of independent loops.
b = number of branches.
n= number of nodes.
2. Applying KVL for all independent closed loops.
3. Solve the equations yields from step 2 together to
evaluate loop currents.

6.5.1 Circuit Containing Independent Voltage Sources

Firstly we introduce the loop method with independent
voltage source. The following examples illustrate the loop
method with independent voltage sources.

Example (6.6)

Repeat Example (6.4) using loop method.

Solution

Applying loop method for the circuit

163
 a
4 kW I3
4 kW 2 kW
Ia Ib 2 kW
I1 I2
24 V 6V
E1 E2
Figure (6.11)

Applying KVL for loop of Ia yields:

E1  4 I a  2( I a  I b )  E 2  0

6 I a  2 I b  E1  E 2

 6 I a  2 I b  18 (1)

Applying KVL for loop of Ib yields:

E 2  2( I b  I a )  4 I b  2 I b  0

 2 I a  8I b  E 2

 2 I a  8 I b  6 (2)

Solving Equation (1) and (2) using Kramer method:

6 2
  44
2 8

18 2
1   156
6 8

6 18
2   72
2 6

164
 1 156
Ia    3.5455 mA
 44
 2 72
Ib    1.6364 mA
 44
I 1  I a  3.5455 mA

I 3  I b  1.6364 mA

I 2  I b  I a  1.9091 mA

Example (6.7)

Repeat Example (6.5) using loop method.

Solution

Applying loop method:

20300 V

1W I3
I1 I2

100 0 V Ia 3W Ib 4W

Figure (6.12)

Applying KVL for loop1 yields:

( j1  j 3) I a  ( j 3) I b  100 0

( j 2) I a  ( j 3) I b  100 0 (1)

Applying KVL for loop2 yields:

165
 (4  j 3) I b  ( j 3) I a  2030 0

 ( j 3) I a  (4  j 3) I b  2030 0 (2)

Solving Equation (1) and (2) using Kramer method:

j 2  j3
  3  j8
 j3 4  j3

 10  j3
1   -70 + j21.9615
2030 0 4  j3

j2  10
2   -20 + j4.641
 j 3 2030 0

 1 - 70 + j21.9615
Ia  
 3  j8
I a  -0.4700 + j8.5738  8.586693.1375 0 A

 2 - 20 + j 4.641
Ib  
 3  j8
I b  -0.3133 + j2.3825  2.403097.4917 0 A

I 1  I a  8.586693.1375 0 A

I 3  I b  2.403097.4917 0 A

I 2  I b  I a  6.1932 - 88.5506 0 A

Example (6.8)

166
 Find the branch currents in the circuit shown in Figure (6.12)
using loop current method and determine the power loss in 10
W resistor.

2W
10 V
100 V 12 W

10 W
2W
100 V 6W

2W
Figure (6.12)

Solution

10 V

2W

100 V I2 12 W
I3

10 W
2W

100 V I1 6W

2W
Figure (6.13)

167
The loop equations for circuit of Figure (6.13) are:
10 I 1  2 I 2  6 I 3  100 (1)

 2 I 1  16 I 2  12 I 3  100 (2)

 6 I 1  12 I 2  28 I 3  10 (3)

Solving (1), (2) and (3) using matrix method as follows:

AI  x
 I  A 1 x
where

10  2  6 
A   2 16  12
 
 6  12 28 

100 
x  100 
 
 10

 I1 
I   I 2 
 I 3 

 I  A 1 x 
0.1473 0.0620 0.0581  100  20.3488
 I  0.0620 0.1182 0.0640 100   17.3837 
    
0.0581 0.0640 0.0756    10 11.4535 

I 1  20.3488 A

168
 I 2  17.3837 A

I 3  11 .4535 A

The power loss through 10 W resistor

P10W  I 32  10  1.312 kW

6.5.2 Circuit Containing Independent Current Source in

One Loop
Since the presence of a voltage source simplified the
analysis using loop method, also the presence of current source
simplified the analysis. The following example illustrates this
fact.

Example (6.9)

Find the branch current Ia in the circuit shown in Figure

(6.14) using loop current method.

4A
12 W
Ia

2W 1W
12 W
2A 10 W
5V

Figure (6.14)

Solution

169
 4A
I2 12 W
Ia

2W 1W
12 W
2A 10 W
I1 I3
5V

Figure (6.15)

I1  2 A

I 2  4 A

Applying KVL for loop of I3 yields:

 12 I 1  I 2  23I 3  5
 24  4  23I 3  5
 I 3  1 A

The current Ia can be calculated as follows:

I a  I 3  I 2  1  4  5 A

Example (6.10)

Write down the mesh current equations for the circuit shown
in Figure (6.15). Solve for mesh current and determine the
power loss in 4 W resistor.

170
 4W 3W
4W
I  50 0 A 10 W 2W
E2  10000V

Figure (6.16)

Solution

Convert the current source to voltage source and redraw the

circuit of Figure (6.16).

4W 3W
10 W 4W
2W I2
I1
E  500 0 V E2  10000V

Figure (6.17)

The mesh equations for circuit of Figure (6.17)

(14  j1) I 1  (  j 2) I 2  500 0 (1)

 (  j 2) I 1  ( 4  j 2) I 2  1000 0 (2)

So that:

14 + j1 j2 
A
 j2 4 - j 2

171
 500 0 
x 
 1000 
0

 I1 
I  
I 2 
 I  A 1 x
14 + j1 j2  50 
I  
 j2 4 - j 2   100
 2.2624 + j2.4887 
I   
- 18.5520 - j10.4072 
 I 1  3.363447.7263 0 A

 I 2  21.2718 - 150.7086 0 A

The power loss through 4 W resistor

P10 W  I 12  4  3.3634 2  4  45.2489 W

6.5.3 Circuit Containing Independent Current Source

between Two Loops (Supper Mesh)
The presence of current source between two loops
complicates the analysis using mesh method. The presence of
current source between two loops will be illustrated by the
following examples.

Example (6.11)

Write down the mesh current equations for the circuit shown
in Figure (6.18). Solve for mesh current.

172