FOR CLASS – IX
Published by:
SINDHI KITAB GHAR, KARACHI
Patron-in-Chief
Coordinator
Naresh Kumar Shivani
Hameed Printing Press, Karachi.
This book consists of 8 chapters which have been thoroughly revised and re-written
to meet the requirement of the curriculum. Special emphasis has also been paid to the
applied aspect including the impact of Chemistry on daily life. Attention has also been
focused on the different branches of Chemistry. Being a part of modern world, the
aspects and problems of country are also discussed.
related products
things.
compared with 1/12th mass of one atom of carbon (C-12)
Molecular ions: when a molecule loses or gains electrons the species formed called
molecular ions. Molecular ions also possess positive or negative charge like any ion. If it
has negative charge known as anionic molecular ion, if they have positive charge known
-
as cationic CH , So42 etc.
particles
Given
Given Mass
are
Given
Given
temperature, 1 atm pressure and occupied
volume
e present in
It is the action of supplying or
Fig 2.13 Rutherford Atomic Model
continuously
electrons are revolving around the
back
oɤ
(P = mc)
oɤ oɤ
P
4 N Shell
3 M Shell
2 L Shell
1
K Shell
Positively
charged
Nucleus
K
L
M
N
Name of
S.
Radioactive Fields Uses
No
Isotopes
(1) Phosphorous -32 Radiotherapy Treatment of skin cancer
or strontium -90
(2) Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy Treatment of body cancer due to
more penetrating power.
(3) Iodine isotopes Radiotherapy Detestations of thyroid glands in he
neck.
(4) Technetium Radiotherapy To monitor the bone growth in
fracture healing.
(5) Gamma ray of Medical instrumentation To sterilization of medical
cobalt – 60 instruments and dressings from
harmful bacteria.
(6) Americium -241 Safety measures & Used in back scatter gauges, smoke
industries detectors fill height detectors and
measuring ash content of coal.
(7) Gold -198 and Sewage & liquid waste Tracing factory waste causing ocean
Technetium - 99 movement for water pollution
pollution Tracing sand movement in rivers and
oceans.
(8) Uranium -235 Power Generation Conversion of water energy from
steam to generate electricity.
(9) Plutonium -238 Medicine Used to stimulate a regular heart
beat in heart pace maker.
(10) Carbon -14 Archaeology and Geology Used to estimate the age of fossils.
In 1864 British chemist Newland put forwarded Law of Octaves and arranged the elements in order
of increasing atomic masses. According to him if elements are arranged in increasing order of their
masses then eighth element has similar properties as of first element in a group. For example:
In the periodic table, that atomic radius increases from top to bottom within a group
due to increase in number of shells. However, as the atomic number increases from
left to right, the atomic radius decrease. This gradual decrease in the radius is due to
increase in the positive charge on the nucleus. As the positive nuclear charge
increases, the negatively charged electrons in the shells are pulled closer to the
nucleus. Thus, the size of the outermost shell becomes gradually smaller. This effect is
quite remarkable in the elements of longer periods in which " d " and " f " sub shells are
involved. For example, the gradual decrease in the size of Lanthanides is significant
and called Lanthanide Contraction.
Increase in number of shells reduce the electrostatic force between electrons of valence
shell and nucleus.
-48 -6.8
aquire
electronegativity
Ionic
to from a homogenous mixture. Gases are rapidly
diffusible and rate of diffusion depend upon
the molecular mass of the gases. Lighter gases
Hg
When
has
Initial State :
Final State :
The fr eezing point depends upon the
temperature and intermolecular forces. In
comparison molecules with stronger
intermolecular forces are pulled together to
form a solid at higher temperature. Due to this
they show high freezing point. Molecules with
lower intermolecular forces solidify on more
lower temperature.
diffuses rapidly than bigger one. For example diffusion of methanol of (CH3OH) is
higher than ethanol (C2H5OH).
understand
and come close to each other. They can gather into one drop.
Both a & b None of these
of container on cooling.
Molarity
volume
(NaCl)
(50 cm³).
for solid & liquid solutes. Solubility is increased
277.7g/L
540.2g/L
Will solute dissolve in solvent and to be
form a solution?
Solutes cannot easily Solutes can be Solutes can not be
be separated separated easily separated easily
1.6M 1.7M
Increase in oxidation number of a substance Decreases in oxidation number of a substance
of redox reaction
diagram
Z = Electrochemical Equivalent
for 1 second.
recycle
graphite
similar
in KJ / mole
882.8
882.8
be
Fluorine is more reactive, therefore it can replace other halogens.
