What is Respiratory System?

contact, which helps to enhance airflow turbulence

and warm and humidify the air before it reaches the
The respiratory system is a set of organs and tissues
lungs.
involved in the uptake of oxygen from the
atmosphere and the release of carbon dioxide. It is 3. Sinuses - Air spaces behind the forehead and
responsible for gas exchange, also known as nose, known as sinuses, help regulate the
breathing or external respiration. temperature of the air we breathe.
Why do we need oxygen? 4. Pharynx (Throat) - Air then travels from the
nasal cavity and mouth through the pharynx, a
- To help our cells make energy (Creation of
passageway that directs it toward the larynx.
energy).
Epiglottis (pl.: epiglottises or epiglottides), which
Why do we need to release carbon dioxide?
can be seen at the base of the tongue, above the
- We need to release carbon dioxide because larynx (voice box) and the trachea (windpipe) and
it’s a waste product that our body doesn’t in front of the opening to the trachea, which is also
need. Too much carbon dioxide can harm called the glottis is a leaf-shaped flap in
our body. the throat that prevents food and water from
entering the trachea and the lungs. It stays open
Respiratory system is divided into two parts, upper during breathing, allowing air into the larynx.
and lower. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of
Your upper respiratory tract is made up of: food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or
food to go along the esophagus toward the stomach
 Nose and nasal cavity instead.
 Nasal conchae 5. Larynx (Voice Box) - The larynx contains the
 Sinuses vocal cords necessary for making sounds and
speaking. It acts as a gateway to the lower
 Mouth respiratory tract.
 Throat (pharynx) Lower Respiratory Tract
 Voice box (larynx) 6. Trachea (Windpipe) - Air moves from the
The parts of your lower respiratory tract are: larynx into the trachea, a sturdy tube that carries it
to the lungs. The trachea is lined with rings of
 Windpipe (trachea) cartilage to keep it open and ensure that air flows
freely.
 Lungs
7. Bronchi and Bronchioles - The trachea divides
 Bronchial tubes/bronchi
into two main tubes called bronchi, which enter
 Bronchioles each lung. Each bronchus branches into smaller
tubes called bronchioles, which continue to divide
 Air sacs (alveoli)
and become progressively narrower.
 Capillaries
8. Alveoli (Air Sacs) - The bronchioles end in tiny
 Diaphragm air sacs called alveoli. These are the sites of gas
exchange. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
How does respiratory system work?
(tiny blood vessels).
Upper Respiratory Tract
9. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the
- The respiratory system starts with the upper body, connecting the smallest arteries to the
respiratory tract. smallest veins. They deliver oxygen and nutrients to
cells while removing carbon dioxide to be
1. Nasal Cavity - The process begins when you eliminated from the lungs.
inhale air through your nose into the nasal cavity,
the area just behind the nose. Here, cilia (tiny hair- Gas Exchange Process
like structures) trap and filter out dust and foreign
9. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange:
particles. The nasal cavity also helps warm and
Deoxygenated Blood - Blood rich in carbon dioxide
humidify the air.
(a waste product from cellular activities) travels
2. Nasal Conchae - Inside the nasal cavity, there are from the heart to the lungs.
three pairs of curved bones called nasal conchae (or In the Alveoli - In the alveoli, carbon dioxide is
turbinates). These increase the surface area for air to exchanged for oxygen. The deoxygenated blood
releases carbon dioxide into the alveoli and picks up Types
oxygen.
Coronary Circulation, Pulmonary Circulation and
Oxygenated Blood - The oxygenated blood then
Systemic Circulation.
travels back to the heart and is pumped throughout
the body. Main Parts
Maintaining pH Balance Has three main parts: the heart, blood, and blood
vessels.
pH Balance: The exchange of carbon dioxide in the
alveoli helps regulate the pH balance of the blood, TYPES OF CIRCULATION
alongside the kidney’s role in balancing minerals.
Coronary circulation- it is the circulation of blood
The Role of Diaphragm within the heart.
The diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle Pulmonary circulation- it is the flow of blood
situated at the base of the chest, separating the between the heart and lungs.
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. During
inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, Systemic circulation- it is the flow of blood between
which increases the volume of the chest cavity and the heart and the cells of the body.
creates a vacuum effect. This negative pressure 3 MAIN PARTS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
draws air into the lungs. Conversely, during
exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its 1.Heart
dome shape, reducing the chest cavity's volume and 2. Blood
pushing air out of the lungs. This rhythmic
contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm are 3. Blood Vessels
essential for efficient breathing, ensuring that THE HEART
oxygen is brought into the lungs and carbon dioxide
is expelled. It works as a pump to move the blood around the
body.
SUMMARY
It has four chambers—two atria (upper chambers)
 Air Intake: Breathing begins when air and two ventricles (lower chambers).
enters through the nose into the nasal
cavity, where it is filtered and warmed by The right atrium takes in blood carrying carbon
cilia and nasal conchae. The air then passes dioxide.
through the sinuses, pharynx (throat), and Blood is squeezed down into the right ventricle and
larynx (voice box). taken to the lungs, where oxygen replaces carbon
 Air Flow: The air moves down the trachea dioxide.
(windpipe), which divides into the bronchi
that enter each lung. These bronchi further Oxygen-carrying blood from the lungs enters the
branch into smaller tubes called left atrium.
bronchioles.
Blood is pumped into the left ventricle and starts its
 Gas Exchange: In the alveoli (air sacs) at
journey again throughout the body.
the end of the bronchioles, oxygen is
exchanged for carbon dioxide. Capillaries BLOOD
surround the alveoli, facilitating this
It is a special fluid primarily contained within the
exchange.
blood vessels.
 Oxygen Delivery: Oxygenated blood is then
carried back to the heart and pumped It has four main components—red blood cells,
throughout the body. white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
 Diaphragm Role: The diaphragm, a
Red Blood Cells
muscle at the base of the chest, contracts and
flattens to create a vacuum for air intake and carry oxygen, nutrients and wastes
relaxes to push air out of the lungs,
supporting the breathing process. White Blood Cells

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM fight diseases and protect the body from infection

Function Plasma

To transport blood, oxygen and nutrients to the body straw-colored liquid where the other components
float in
Platelets Has three types: arteries, veins and capillaries
gather at the site of injury and help the clotting Serve as channels for the blood
process
DIGESTION AND HUMAN NUTRITION
BLOOD
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
When someone has a blood test, a small amount of
Digestive system is a network of organs that helps
blood is taken and kept in a tube for testing.
the person to digest and absorb nutrition from the
To closely examine it, blood undergoes component food. It includes the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and
separation. One common method involves spinning the biliary system.
it at very high speeds in a centrifuge.
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
Blood is divided into its components, with the
The alimentary canal (GI) is made up the mouth
heaviest parts at the bottom.
(oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
These are tubes or channels that carry blood intestine, large intestine and anus
throughout our body.
BILIARY SYSTEM
There are three types of blood vessels—veins,
The biliary system includes the teeth, tongue,
arteries and capillaries. Each one differs in size and
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
structure.
WHAT DOES THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DO?
BLOOD VESSELS
The digestive system is uniquely constructed to do
Artery
its job of turning our food into the nutrients and
It has the thickest wall of all three, allowing it to energy that we need to survive.
withstand the high pressure created by the heart.
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTION
Carries blood away from the heart
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Capillary
The food is broken down into smaller particles, it
It has the thinnest wall to allow substances such as usually happens in the mouth through the action of
oxygen and sugars to pass through its wall—into or the teeth and togue.
out of the blood.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
Assists in the exchange of substances between the
Food particles are broken down into nutrients and
blood and tissues
other substances that can be absorbed by the body.
Vein This also starts at the mouth and continues in the
stomach and small intestine.
It is less muscular and stretchy than an artery, so
blood moves through it with low pressure. It also WHY IS DIGESTION IMPORTANT?
has a special valve that helps blood go only one
Digestion is important because our body needs
way.
nutrients from the food we eat and the liquids we
Carries blood back towards the heart drink in order to stay healthy and function properly.
The digestive system breaks down and absorbs
A RECAP
nutrients from the food and liquids we consume to
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and use for important things like energy, growth, and
nutrients to the body, while also removing wastes. repairing cells.

Heart PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Muscular organ that has four chambers MOUTH

Pumps blood around the body Digestion begins in the mouth where food is
mechanically digested by chewing or mastication
Blood using the teeth that break down food into smaller
Has four components: plasma, red blood cell, white pieces.
blood cell and platelets As the food is chewed, saliva is released by the
Carries oxygen, nutrients and wastes salivary glands, moistening the food for easy

Blood Vevssels
swallowing. The saliva also helps in the partial The first part of the small intestine. It connects to
break down of the food. the stomach. The duodenum helps to further digest
food coming from the stomach.
ESOPHAGUS
PANCREAS
It is located in the throat near the trachea
(windpipe). The chewed food, which is now called It is an elongated organ behind the stomach. It
bolus, passes through the pharynx and then to the secretes substances that help break down protein
esophagus. and fats in the small intestine. It also produces
insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in the
The smooth muscles of the esophagus contract in a
blood.
rhythmic and wavelike motion. This is called
peristalsis and it pushes the bolus down to the LARGE INTESTINE
stomach.
The water from the undigested food is absorbed.
The churning action of the stomach breaks down the The indigestible food materials is broken down until
bolus into smaller food parts. The bolus is also only the parts not useful to the body are left. These
mixed with acid. Because of this, the bolus changes waste will be expelled from the body in the form of
consistency. It is now called chyme. It is then feces.
pushed into the small intestine.
APPENDIX
STOMACH
It is a small pouch attached to the end of the large
It is a large, pear-shaped organ that can temporarily intestine.
expand to store food. As the bolus enters the organ,
RECTUM
the sphincter muscles at the ends of the stomach
contract to keep it in. A straight 8-inch chamber that connects the large
intestine to the anus. It provides a temporary storage
The churning action of the stomach breaks down the
for the feces before they are exerted.
bolus into smaller food parts. The bolus is also
mixed with acid. Because of this, the bolus changes ANUS
consistency. It is now called chyme. It is then
pushed into the small intestine. Peristalsis of the smooth muscles in the rectum
pushes the feces out of the body through the anus.
SMALL INTESTINE
Conditions and disorders
It is a long coiled tube. Most of the digestion takes
place in the small intestine. It adds substances in the There are temporary conditions and long-term, or
chyme to break it down further. chronic, diseases, and disorders that affect the
digestive system.
It also absorbs the nutrients from the food and
prepares it for circulation throughout the body. Short-term or temporary conditions:

The undigested food particles are not absorbed and  Constipation

passed on to the large intestine.  Diarrhea
 Heartburn
ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS  Hemorrhoids
 Stomach flu (gastroenteritis)
There are also other organs that secrete substances
 Ulcers
in the stomach or small intestine to aid digestion.
 Gallstones
LIVER
Common Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
It is the largest organ in the body and it is located
 GERD (chronic acid reflux)
near the stomach. It produces bile that helps break
 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
down fats. The liver also stores nutrients like
 Lactose intolerance
carbohydrates and release them once needed.
 Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
GALLBLADDER  Cancer
 Crohn’s disease
It is a small sac under the liver where bile is stored.
 Celiac disease
During digestion, the gallbladder releases bile into
the small intestine. CONSTIPATION
DUODENUM It generally happens when you go poop (have a
bowel movement) less frequently than you normally
do. When you’re constipated, your poop is often dry People with lactose intolerance are unable to digest
and hard and it’s difficult and painful for your poop lactose, the sugar primarily found in milk and dairy
to pass. products.
DIARRHEA DIVERTICULOSIS AND DIVERTICULITIS:
It is when you have loose or watery poop. Diarrhea Two conditions that occur in your large intestine
can be caused by many things, including bacteria, (colon). Both share the common feature of
but sometimes the cause is unknown. diverticula, which are pockets or bulges that form in
the wall of your colon.
HEARTBURN
CANCER
Although it has “heart” in it’s name, heartburn is
actually a digestive issue. Heartburn is an Cancer that affects tissues and organs in the
uncomfortable burning feeling in your chest that can digestive system are called gastrointestinal (GI)
move up your neck and throat. It happens when cancers. There are multiple kinds of GI cancers. The
acidic digestive juices from your stomach go back most common digestive system cancers include
up you esophagus. esophageal cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer, colon
and rectal (colorectal) cancer, pancreatic cancer, and
HEMORRHOIDS
liver cancer.
Hemorrhoids are swollen, enlarged veins that form
CROHN’S DISEASE
inside and outside of you anus and rectum. They
can be painful, uncomfortable, and cause rectal It is a lifelong form of inflammatory bowel disease
bleeding. (IBD). The condition irritates the digestive system.
STOMACH FLU (GASTROENTERITIS) CELIAC DISEASE
The stomach flu is an infection of the stomach and It is an autoimmune disorder that can damage your
upper part of the small intestine usually caused by a small intestine. The damage happens when a person
virus. It usually lasts less than a week. Millions of with celiac disease consumes gluten, a protein
people get the stomach flu every year. found in wheat, barley and rye.
ULCERS PROPER CARE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
An ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the DIGESTIVE SYTEM IS VERY IMPORTANT
esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. The most BECAUSE IT PROVIDES NOURISHMENT TO
common causes of ulcers are infection with a ALL BODY PARTS. TO KEEP IT IN HEALTHY
bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and WORKING CONDITION THE FOLLOWING
long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as PRACTICES CAN BE DONE:
ibuprofen.
 Eat food rich in fiber to regulate bowel
GALLSTONES movement. (fruits and green leafy veggies)
 Avoid eating too much spicy and fatty foods.
Gallstones are small pieces of solid material formed
 Eat less sweets in-between meals.
from digestive fluid that form in your gallbladder, a
 Avoid buying uncovered ready-to-eat foods.
small organ under your liver.
 Eat slowly and chew the food well.
GERD (chronic acid reflux)  Avoid swallowing big chunks of food to
prevent blocking the pharynx.
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux diseases, or chronic  Avoid eating to much at a time to prevent
acid reflux) is a condition in which acid-containing indigestion.
contents in your stomach frequently leak back up  Drink plenty of fluids every day.
into your esophagus.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Agenda
IBS is a condition in which your colon muscle
contracts more or less often than normal. People Nervous system
with IBS experience excessive gas, abdominal pain
Main functions of the nervous system
and cramps.
Major components of the nervous system
LACTOSE INROLERANCE
Three main sections of the brain
Nervous system
A complex network of tissues and organs that BRAINSTEM: Regulates many automatic body
control everything from your thoughts and functions.
movements to your heartbeat and breathing. It's
Brain Section
essentially your body's command center.
Frontal Lobe
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM  Motor Control
 Problem Solving
Main Functions of the Nervous System
 Speech Production
SENSORY PERCEPTION: It receives information
Temporal Lobe
from the environment through your senses (sight,
hearing, taste, touch, smell) and interprets it.  Auditory Processing
 Language Comprehension
THOUGHTS AND EMOTION: The brain, a key
 Memory and Information Retrieval
part of the nervous system, is responsible for
thinking, learning, memory, and emotional Occipital Lobe
responses.
 Sight
MOVEMENT: It controls voluntary movements  Visual Reception and Visual Interpretation
(like walking or writing) and involuntary
movements (like your heart beating or your lungs Parietal Lobe
breathing).  Touch Perception
HOMEOSTASIS: The nervous system helps  Body Orientation and Sensory
maintain a stable internal environment, regulating Discrimination
things like body temperature, blood pressure, and SPINAL CORD
hormone levels.
Connects the brain to the rest of the body,
COMMUNICATION: It sends and receives signals transmitting signals between them.
throughout the body, coordinating different
functions and responses. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS The peripheral nervous system is a network of

SYSTEM nerves that runs throughout the head, neck, and
body. It carries messages to and from the central
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2 PARTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
What is the Central Nervous System?
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
The central nervous system is made up of the brain
and spinal cord. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System Controls voluntary movements and sensory

information.
BRAIN
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
It is the control center for the body, responsible for
complex functions like thought, emotion, and Controls involuntary functions like heart rate, blood
movement. pressure, and digestion.

SPINAL CORD NERVES

It connects the brain to the rest of the body, Nerves send electrical signals that help you feel
transmitting signals between them. sensations and move your muscles. They also
control body functions like digesting food and
SPINAL CORD maintaining your heart rate. Nerves are one of the
MAIN SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN foundational parts of your nervous system.

CEREBRUM: It is the source of conscious thoughts Neurons

and actions. Neurons are the main cells in the nervous system.
CEREBELLUM: Your cerebellum maintains your They carry messages throughout the body.
balance and posture. Each neuron has:
Dendrites: Receive messages from other neurons.
Axon: Sends messages to other neurons.
Synapse: Tiny gaps between neurons where
messages are passed.
Neurons Based on Function
Sensory Neurons
These neurons detect stimuli from the environment,
such as light, sound, and touch. They transmit this
information to the central nervous system (CNS).
Motor Neurons
These neurons control the muscles and other organs
of the body. They transmit signals from the CNS to
the muscles, telling them to contract or relax.
There are:
Upper motor neurons
Lower motor neurons
Interneurons
These neurons connect sensory neurons and motor
neurons. They help process information and
coordinate the activity of different parts of the
nervous system.
Glial Cells
Glial cells, also known as helper cells, play a crucial
role in supporting and safeguarding neurons. They
supply nutrients, eliminate waste, and assist in
maintaining the proper function of neurons.
How it Operate?
Electrical Signal: Neurons send messages using
electrical impulses. These travel along the axon to
the synapse.
Chemical Signal: At the synapse, the message is
turned into a chemical signal using
neurotransmitters. These chemicals cross the
synapse and pass the message to the next neuron.