5.

5
5
5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method 339

u(x)
In Exercises 89–92, let F(x) = 1a ƒ(t) dt ffor
o tthe
or cified a, u, and
he sspecified
he peci
pe 89. a = 1, u(x) = x2, ƒ( = 21 - x2
ƒ(x)
ƒ. Use a CAS to perform the following steps and
aannd answer the questions 90. a = 0, u(x)
u((x)) = x2, ƒ( = 21 - x2
ƒ(x)
posed.
pose
pose
po sed.
d.
1. a = 0,
91.
91
9 u((x)) = 1 - x,, ƒ(x) = x2 - 2x - 3
0, u(x)
a.
a. Find
Fiindd the
F thhee domain
dom of F.
ain of
omai F.
92. a = 0, u(x) = 1 - x2, ƒ(x) = x2 - 2x - 3
b. Calculate F′(x) and determine its zeros. For what points in its
assuu that ƒ is continuous and u(x) is twice-
In Exercises 93 and 94, assume
domain is F increasing? Decreasing?
diiff
d f erentiable.
differentiable.
c. Calculate F″(x) and dete
determine
erm
rmin
mine its
iinne iit zzero.
ts zeerro IIdentify
o. Iden
Idden
enti
tify
fy thee local extrema u(x)
d
and the points of inflection of F. 93. Calculate ƒ(t) ddtt and check your answer using a CAS.
dxxLa
d. Using the info
information
orm from
maatttiiioon ffrom pparts
rom artss ((a)–(c), a a rrough
a)–(c)), draw oughh hand-
u(x)
sketch of y = F(x) over its domai domain. Then
a n. The aph F(x)
ggraph
hheen grrap F(x) on your d2
94. Calculate ƒ(t) ddt and check your answer using a CAS.
CAS to support your sketch. dx2La

5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus says that a definite integral of a continuous func-
tion can be computed directly if we can find an antiderivative of the function. In Section
4.8 we defined the indefinite integral of the function ƒ with respect to x as the set of all
antiderivatives of ƒ, symbolized by 1 ƒ(x) dx. Since any two antiderivatives of ƒ differ by
a constant, the indefinite integral 1 notation means that for any antiderivative F of ƒ,

ƒ(x) dx = F(x) + C,
L
where C is any arbitrary constant. The connection between antiderivatives and the definite
integral stated in the Fundamental Theorem now explains this notation:

3 F(x) + C4a = c ƒ(x) dx d .

b b
b
ƒ(x) dx = F(b) - F(a) =
La L a

When finding the indefinite integral of a function ƒ, remember that it always includes an
arbitrary constant C.
We must distinguish carefully between definite and indefinite integrals. A definite
b
integral 1a ƒ(x) dx is a number. An indefinite integral 1 ƒ(x) dx is a function plus an arbi-
trary constant C.
So far, we have only been able to find antiderivatives of functions that are clearly rec-
ognizable as derivatives. In this section we begin to develop more general techniques for
finding antiderivatives of functions we can’t easily recognize as a derivative.

Substitution: Running the Chain Rule Backwards

If u is a differentiable function of x and n is any number different from -1, the Chain Rule
tells us that

a b = un .
d un + 1 du
dx n + 1 dx

From another point of view, this same equation says that un + 1 >(n + 1) is one of the anti-
derivatives of the function un(du>dx). Therefore,

du un + 1
un dx = + C. (1)
L dx n + 1

144
340 Chapter 5: Integrals

The integral in Equation (1) is equal to the simpler integral

un + 1
un du = + C,
L n + 1
which suggests that the simpler expression du can be substituted for (du>dx) dx when
computing an integral. Leibniz, one of the founders of calculus, had the insight that indeed
this substitution could be done, leading to the substitution method for computing integrals.
As with differentials, when computing integrals we have
du
du = dx.
dx

EXAMPLE 1 Find the integral (x3 + x)5(3x2 + 1) dx.

L

Solution We set u = x3 + x. Then

du
du = dx = (3x2 + 1) dx,
dx
so that by substitution we have

(x3 + x)5(3x2 + 1) dx = u5 du Let u = x3 + x, du = (3x2 + 1) dx.

L L
u6
= + C Integrate with respect to u.
6
(x3 + x)6
= + C Substitute x3 + x for u.
6

EXAMPLE 2 Find 22x + 1 dx.

L
Solution The integral does not fit the formula

un du,
L
with u = 2x + 1 and n = 1>2, because
du
du = dx = 2 dx
dx
is not precisely dx. The constant factor 2 is missing from the integral. However, we can
introduce this factor after the integral sign if we compensate for it by a factor of 1>2 in
front of the integral sign. So we write

22x + 1 # 2 dx
1
22x + 1 dx =
L 2L (+)+* ()*
u du

1
= u1>2 du Let u = 2x + 1, du = 2 dx.
2L
1 u3>2
= + C Integrate with respect to u.
2 3>2
1
= (2x + 1)3>2 + C Substitute 2x + 1 for u.
3
The substitutions in Examples 1 and 2 are instances of the following general rule.

145
 5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method 341

THEOREM 6—The Substitution Rule If u = g(x) is a differentiable func-

tion whose range is an interval I, and ƒ is continuous on I, then

ƒ(g(x))g′(x) dx = ƒ(u) du.

L L

Proof By the Chain Rule, F(g(x)) is an antiderivative of ƒ(g(x)) # g′(x) whenever F is

an antiderivative of ƒ:

F(g(x)) = F′(g(x)) # g′(x)

d
Chain Rule
dx
= ƒ(g(x)) # g′(x). F′ = ƒ

If we make the substitution u = g(x), then

d
ƒ(g(x))g′(x) dx = F(g(x)) dx
L L dx
= F(g(x)) + C Theorem 8 in Chapter 4

= F(u) + C u = g(x)

= F′(u) du Theorem 8 in Chapter 4

L

= ƒ(u) du. F′ = ƒ
L

The use of the variable u in the Substitution Rule is traditional (sometimes it is referred
to as u-substitution), but any letter can be used, such as y, t, u and so forth. The rule pro-
vides a method for evaluating an integral of the form 1 ƒ(g(x))g′(x) dx given that the condi-
tions of Theorem 6 are satisfied. The primary challenge is deciding what expression involv-
ing x you want to substitute for in the integrand. Our examples to follow give helpful ideas.

The Substitution Method to evaluate 1ƒ(g(x)) g′(x) dx

1. Substitute u = g(x) and du = (du/dx) dx = g′(x) dx to obtain 1 ƒ(u) du.
2. Integrate with respect to u.
3. Replace u by g(x).

EXAMPLE 3 Find sec2 (5x + 1) # 5 dx

L

Solution We substitute u = 5x + 1 and du = 5 dx. Then,

sec2 (5x + 1) # 5 dx = sec2 u du Let u = 5x + 1, du = 5 dx.

L L
d
= tan u + C du
tan u = sec2 u

= tan (5x + 1) + C. Substitute 5x + 1 for u.

EXAMPLE 4 Find cos (7u + 3) du.

L

146
342 Chapter 5: Integrals

Solution We let u = 7u + 3 so that du = 7 du. The constant factor 7 is missing from

the du term in the integral. We can compensate for it by multiplying and dividing by 7,
using the same procedure as in Example 2. Then,

cos (7u + 3) # 7 du
1
cos (7u + 3) du = Place factor 1>7 in front of integral.
L 7L

1
= cos u du Let u = 7u + 3, du = 7 du.
7L

1
= sin u + C Integrate.
7
1
= sin (7u + 3) + C. Substitute 7u + 3 for u.
7

There is another approach to this problem. With u = 7u + 3 and du = 7 du as

before, we solve for du to obtain du = (1>7) du. Then the integral becomes

cos u #
1
cos (7u + 3) du = du Let u = 7u + 3, du = 7 du, and du = (1>7) du.
L L 7

1
= sin u + C Integrate.
7
1
= sin (7u + 3) + C. Substitute 7u + 3 for u.
7

We can verify this solution by differentiating and checking that we obtain the original
function cos (7u + 3).

EXAMPLE 5 Sometimes we observe that a power of x appears in the integrand that is

one less than the power of x appearing in the argument of a function we want to integrate.
This observation immediately suggests we try a substitution for the higher power of x.
This situation occurs in the following integration.

x2ex dx = ex # x2 dx
3 3

L L

= eu # 1
du
Let u = x3, du = 3x2 dx,
(1>3) du = x2 dx.
L 3

1
= eu du
3L

1 u
HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY = e + C Integrate with respect to u.
3
George David Birkhoff
(1884–1944) 1 x3
= e + C Replace u by x3.
3

It may happen that an extra factor of x appears in the integrand when we try a substi-
tution u = g(x). In that case, it may be possible to solve the equation u = g(x) for x in
terms of u. Replacing the extra factor of x with that expression may then allow for an inte-
gral we can evaluate. Here’s an example of this situation.

147
 5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method 343

EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate x 22x + 1 dx.

L

Solution Our previous integration in Example 2 suggests the substitution u = 2x + 1

with du = 2 dx. Then,

1
22x + 1 dx = 2u du.
2

However, in this case the integrand contains an extra factor of x multiplying the term
12x + 1. To adjust for this, we solve the substitution equation u = 2x + 1 to obtain
x = (u - 1)>2, and find that

(u - 1) # 2u du.
1 1
x 22x + 1 dx =
2 2

The integration now becomes

1 1
x 22x + 1 dx = (u - 1) 2u du = (u - 1)u1>2 du Substitute.
L 4L 4L

1
= ( u3>2 - u1>2 ) du Multiply terms.
4L

a u - u b + C
1 2 5>2 2 3>2
= Integrate.
4 5 3

1 1
= (2x + 1)5>2 - (2x + 1)3>2 + C. Replace u by 2x + 1.
10 6

EXAMPLE 7 Sometimes we can use trigonometric identities to transform integrals

we do not know how to evaluate into ones we can evaluate using the Substitution Rule.

1 - cos 2x 1 - cos 2x
(a) sin2 x dx = dx sin2 x =
L L 2 2

1
= (1 - cos 2x) dx
2L

1 1 sin 2x x sin 2x
= x - + C = - + C
2 2 2 2 4

1 + cos 2x x sin 2x 1 + cos 2x

(b) cos2 x dx = dx = + + C cos2 x =
L L 2 2 4 2

sin x -du u = cos x, du = - sin x dx

(c) tan x du = cos x dx = u
L L L

= -ln 0 u 0 + C = -ln 0 cos x 0 + C

+ C = ln 0 sec x 0 + C
1
0 cos x 0
= ln Reciprocal Rule

148
344 Chapter 5: Integrals

EXAMPLE 8 An integrand may require some algebraic manipulation before the sub-
stitution method can be applied. This example gives two integrals obtained by multiplying
the integrand by an algebraic form equal to 1, leading to an appropriate substitution.
dx ex dx
(a) -x = Multiply by (ex >ex) = 1.
Le + e
x
Le + 1
2x

du Let u = ex, u2 = e2x,

=
L + 1
2 du = ex dx.
u
= tan-1u + C Integrate with respect to u.

= tan-1(ex) + C Replace u by ex.

sec x #
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
(b) sec x dx = (sec x)(1) dx = dx is equal to 1.
L L L sec x + tan x sec x + tan x

sec2 x + sec x tan x

= dx
L sec x + tan x
du u = tan x + sec x,
= u du = (sec2 + sec x tan x) dx
L
= ln 0 u 0 + C = ln 0 sec x + tan x 0 + C.

The integrals of cot x and csc x are found in a way similar to those used for finding the
integrals of tan x and sec x in Examples 7c and 8b (see Exercises 71 and 72). We summa-
rize the results for these four basic trigonometric integrals here.

Integrals of the tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions

tan x dx = ln 0 sec x 0 + C sec x dx = ln 0 sec x + tan x 0 + C

L L

cot x dx = ln 0 sin x 0 + C csc x dx = -ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + C

L L

Trying Different Substitutions

The success of the substitution method depends on finding a substitution that changes an
integral we cannot evaluate directly into one that we can. Finding the right substitution
gets easier with practice and experience. If the first substitution fails, try another substitu-
tion, possibly coupled with other algebraic or trigonometric simplifications to the inte-
grand. Several of these more complicated substitutions are studied in Chapter 8.

2z dz
EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate 3
.
L 2z2 + 1

Solution We can use the substitution method of integration as an exploratory tool:

Substitute for the most troublesome part of the integrand and see how things work out.
For the integral here, we might try u = z2 + 1 or we might even press our luck and take
u to be the entire cube root. Here is what happens in each case, and both substitutions
are successful.

149
 5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method 345

Method 1: Substitute u = z2 + 1.

2z dz du Let u = z2 + 1,
3
= du = 2z dz.
L 2z + 1 L
2 1>3
u

= u-1>3 du In the form 1 un du

L
u2>3
= + C Integrate.
2>3
3 2>3
= u + C
2
3 2
= (z + 1)2>3 + C Replace u by z2 + 1.
2
3 2
Method 2: Substitute u = 2z + 1 instead.
3 2
2z dz 3u2 du Let u = 2z + 1,
3 2
= u u = z + 1, 3u2 du = 2z dz.
3 2
L 2z + 1 L

= 3 u du
L

= 3#
u2
+ C Integrate.
2
3 2
= ( z + 1 ) 2>3 + C Replace u by (z2 + 1)1>3.
2

Exercises 5.5
Evaluating Indefinite Integrals 9r 2 dr
11. , u = 1 - r3
Evaluate the indefinite integrals in Exercises 1–16 by using the given L 21 - r 3
substitutions to reduce the integrals to standard form.
12. 12(y4 + 4y2 + 1)2(y3 + 2y) dy, u = y4 + 4y2 + 1
1. 2(2x + 4)5 dx, u = 2x + 4 L
L
13. 1x sin2 (x3>2 - 1) dx, u = x3>2 - 1
2. 7 27x - 1 dx, u = 7x - 1 L
L
cos2 a x b dx, u = - x
1 1 1
14.
3. 2x(x2 + 5)-4 dx, u = x2 + 5 L x 2

L
4x3 15. csc2 2u cot 2u du
4. dx, u = x4 + 1 L
L (x + 1)
4 2
a. Using u = cot 2u b. Using u = csc 2u
5. (3x + 2)(3x + 4x) dx, u = 3x + 4x
2 4 2 dx
16.
L L 25x + 8
11 + 2x 21>3 a. Using u = 5x + 8 b. Using u = 25x + 8
6. dx, u = 1 + 2x
L 2x Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 17–66.

sin 3x dx, u = 3x x sin (2x2) dx, u = 2x2 1

7. 8. 17. 23 - 2s ds 18. ds
L L L L 25s + 4

9. sec 2t tan 2t dt, u = 2t 19. 4

u2 1 - u 2 du 20. 3y 27 - 3y2 dy
L L L

a1 - cos b sin dt, u = 1 - cos

t 2 t t 1
L 2x 1 1 + 2x 22
10. 21. dx 22. 2sin x cos3 x dx
L 2 2 2 L

150
 8
Techniques of
Integration
OVERVIEW The Fundamental Theorem tells us how to evaluate a definite integral once
we have an antiderivative for the integrand function. However, finding antiderivatives (or
indefinite integrals) is not as straightforward as finding derivatives. We need to develop
some techniques to help us. Nevertheless, we note that it is not always possible to find an
antiderivative expressed in terms of elementary functions.
In this chapter we study a number of important techniques which apply to finding
integrals for specialized classes of functions such as trigonometric functions, products of
certain functions, and rational functions. Since we cannot always find an antiderivative,
we also develop some numerical methods for calculating definite integrals. Finally, we
extend the idea of the definite integral to improper integrals, and we apply them to finding
probabilities.

8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas

Table 8.1 summarizes the forms of indefinite integrals for many of the functions we have
studied so far, and the substitution method helps us use the table to evaluate more compli-
cated functions involving these basic ones. In this section we combine the Substitution
Rules (studied in Chapter 5) with algebraic methods and trigonometric identities to help us
use Table 8.1. A more extensive Table of Integrals is given at the back of the book, and we
discuss its use in Section 8.6.
Sometimes we have to rewrite an integral to match it to a standard form in Table 8.1.
We have used this procedure before, but here is another example.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the integral

5
2x - 3
dx.
L3 2x2 - 3x + 1

Solution We rewrite the integral and apply the Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals
presented in Section 5.6, to find
5 11
2x - 3 du u = x2 - 3x + 1, du = (2x - 3) dx;
dx =
L3 2x2 - 3x + 1 L1 2u u = 1 when x = 3, u = 11 when x = 5
11
= u - 1>2 du
L1

= 2 2u d = 21 211 - 1 2 ≈ 4.63.
11
Table 8.1, Formula 2
1

456

151
 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 457

ABLE 8.1 Basic integration formulas

. k dx = kx + C (any number k) 12. tan x dx = ln 0 sec x 0 + C

L L

. xn dx =
xn + 1
+ C (n ≠ -1) 13. cot x dx = ln 0 sin x 0 + C
L n + 1 L

sec x dx = ln 0 sec x + tan x 0 + C

x = ln 0 x 0 + C
dx 14.
.
L L

. ex dx = ex + C 15. csc x dx = -ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + C

L L
ax 16. sinh x dx = cosh x + C
. ax dx = + C (a 7 0, a ≠ 1)
L ln a L

17. cosh x dx = sinh x + C

. sin x dx = -cos x + C L
L
= sin - 1 a a b + C
dx x
18.
. cos x dx = sin x + C L 2a - x 2
2
L
aab + C
dx 1 -1 x
19. = a tan
. sec2 x dx = tan x + C La + x
2 2
L
= a sec - 1 ` a ` + C
dx 1 x
20.
. csc2 x dx = -cot x + C L x 2x - a
2 2
L
= sinh - 1 a a b + C
dx x
21. (a 7 0)
. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C L 2a2 + x2
L
= cosh - 1 a a b + C
dx x
22. (x 7 a 7 0)
. csc x cot x dx = -csc x + C L 2x - a 2
2
L

EXAMPLE 2 Complete the square to evaluate

dx
.
L 28x - x2

Solution We complete the square to simplify the denominator:

8x - x2 = -(x2 - 8x) = -(x2 - 8x + 16 - 16)
= -(x2 - 8x + 16) + 16 = 16 - (x - 4)2.
Then
dx dx
=
L 28x - x 2
L 216 - (x - 4)2
du a = 4, u = (x - 4),
=
L 2a2 - u2 du = dx

= sin - 1 a a b + C
u
Table 8.1, Formula 18

= sin - 1 a b + C.
x - 4
4

152
458 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate the integral

(cos x sin 2x + sin x cos 2x) dx.

L

Solution Here we can replace the integrand with an equivalent trigonometric expression
using the Sine Addition Formula to obtain a simple substitution:

(cos x sin 2x + sin x cos 2x) dx = (sin (x + 2x)) dx

L L

= sin 3x dx
L
1
= sin u du u = 3x, du = 3 dx
L3
1
= - cos 3x + C. Table 8.1, Formula 6
3

In Section 5.5 we found the indefinite integral of the secant function by multiplying it
by a fractional form identically equal to one, and then integrating the equivalent result. We
can use that same procedure in other instances as well, which we illustrate next.

p>4
dx
EXAMPLE 4 Find .
L0 1 - sin x

Solution We multiply the numerator and denominator of the integrand by 1 + sin x,

which is simply a multiplication by a form of the number one. This procedure transforms
the integral into one we can evaluate:
p>4 p>4
dx
=
1 # 1 + sin x dx
L0 1 - sin x L0 1 - sin x 1 + sin x
p>4
1 + sin x
= dx
L0 1 - sin2 x
p>4
1 + sin x
= dx
L0 cos2 x
p>4
Use Table 8.1,
= (sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx Formulas 8 and 10
L0

= 1 1 + 22 - (0 + 1) 2 = 22.
p>4
= c tan x + sec x d
0

EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate
3x2 - 7x
dx.
L 3x + 2
x - 3
Solution The integrand is an improper fraction since the degree of the numerator is
3x + 2) 3x2 - 7x greater than the degree of the denominator. To integrate it, we perform long division to
3x2 + 2x obtain a quotient plus a remainder that is a proper fraction:
-9x
-9x - 6 3x2 - 7x 6
= x - 3 + .
+ 6 3x + 2 3x + 2

153
 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 459

Therefore,

dx = ax - 3 + b dx = - 3x + 2 ln 0 3x + 2 0 + C.
3x2 - 7x 6 x2
L 3x + 2 L 3x + 2 2

Reducing an improper fraction by long division (Example 5) does not always lead to
an expression we can integrate directly. We see what to do about that in Section 8.5.

EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate
3x + 2
dx.
L 21 - x2
Solution We first separate the integrand to get
3x + 2 x dx dx
dx = 3 + 2 .
L 21 - x2 L 21 - x2 L 21 - x2
In the first of these new integrals, we substitute
1
u = 1 - x2, du = -2x dx, so x dx = - du.
2
Then we obtain
x dx (-1>2) du 3
3 = 3 = - u - 1>2 du
L 21 - x 2
L 2u 2L

= - #
3 u1>2
+ C1 = -3 21 - x2 + C1.
2 1>2
The second of the new integrals is a standard form,
dx
2 = 2 sin - 1 x + C2. Table 8.1, Formula 18
L 21 - x2
Combining these results and renaming C1 + C2 as C gives
3x + 2
dx = -3 21 - x2 + 2 sin - 1 x + C.
L 21 - x2

The question of what to substitute for in an integrand is not always quite so clear.
Sometimes we simply proceed by trial-and-error, and if nothing works out, we then try
another method altogether. The next several sections of the text present some of these new
methods, but substitution works in the next example.

EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate
dx
L 1 1 + 2x 23
.

Solution We might try substituting for the term 2x, but we quickly realize the deriva-
tive factor 1> 2x is missing from the integrand, so this substitution will not help. The
other possibility is to substitute for 1 1 + 2x 2, and it turns out this works:
1
dx 2(u - 1) du u = 1 + 2x, du = dx;

L 1 1 + 2x 2
= 2 2x
3
L u3 dx = 2 2x du = 2(u - 1) du

a - 3 b du
2 2
= 2
L u u

154
460 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

2 1
= - + + C
u u2
1 - 2u
= + C
u2
1 - 21 1 + 2x 2
1 1 + 2x 22
= + C

1 + 2 2x
11 + 2x 22
= C - .

When evaluating definite integrals, a property of the integrand may help us in calcu-
lating the result.
p>2
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate x3 cos x dx.
L- p>2

Solution No substitution or algebraic manipulation is clearly helpful here. But we

observe that the interval of integration is the symmetric interval 3 -p>2, p>24 . Moreover,
the factor x3 is an odd function, and cos x is an even function, so their product is odd.
Therefore,
p>2
x3 cos x dx = 0. Theorem 8, Section 5.6
L- p>2

Exercises 8.1
Assorted Integrations ln y 22y dy
The integrals in Exercises 1–40 are in no particular order. Evaluate 17. dy 18.
L y + 4y ln y
2
L 2 2y
each integral using any algebraic method or trigonometric identity
you think is appropriate, and then use a substitution to reduce it to a du dt
19. 20.
standard form. L sec u + tan u L t 23 + t 2
1
16x x2 4t 3 - t 2 + 16t x + 2 2x - 1
1. dx 2. dx 21. dt 22. dx
L0 8x + 2 Lx + 1
2 2
L t2 + 4 L 2x 2x - 1
p>3
dx p>2
3. (sec x - tan x)2 dx 4. 2 23. 21 - cos u du 24. (sec t + cot t)2 dt
L Lp>4 cos x tan x
L0 L
1 - x dx dy 6 dy
5. dx 6. 25. 26.
L 21 - x2 L x - 2x L 2e2y - 1 L 2y (1 + y)
e - cot z
3
2ln z 2 dx dx
7. dz 8. dz 27. 28.
L 16z
2
L sin z L x 21 - 4 ln2 x L (x - 2) 2x2 - 4x + 3
2
dz 8 dx
9. 10. (csc x - sec x)(sin x + cos x) dx
L e + e-z
z
L1 x 2
- 2x + 2 29.
L
0 3
4x2 - 7
3 sinh a
4 dx x
11. 12. dx 30. + ln 5b dx
L- 1 1 + (2x + 1) L- 1 2x + 3
2
L 2
3 1
dt 2x3
13. 14. csc t sin 3t dt 31. dx 32. 21 + x2 sin x dx
L 1 - sec t L L22 x - 1
2
L- 1
p>4 0
1 + sin u du 1 + y
ez + e dz
z
15. du 16. 33. dy 34.
L0 cos2 u L 22u - u 2 L- 1 A - y
1 L

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