CISC 525

Unit 4- Data Networking,

Internetworking
References,
[1] G. Booker, “Network design intro”, the lecture note of INFO 331 computer networking technology II
Available online - http://cci.drexel.edu/faculty/gbooker/info331/331networkdesign.ppt
[2] W. Ejaz, “Computer communication & Networks”, Lecture note at UET Taxila, available online –
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp
[3] Couloris,Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts & Design Edn. 4 , Pearson Education 2005
Etc.
Topics
▪ Networking Issues for Distributed Systems
▪ Basics of Networking
▪ Internet Protocols
Networking for Distributed Systems
▪ Following the subsequent development of distributed applications
that access the share resources a higher standard of performance is
required for networks underlying distributed applications
Overview
Data Network

WSN WSN

Source : https://cse.sc.edu/~huang48/Research.html
Resilient Network Design

Source : Monica’s lecture note, 2016

Data Networking
• Potential of data networking:
- move bits everywhere, cheaply, and with
desired performance characteristics
• Network provides “connectivity”
 Some basic components of data networking
• Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware…
• hosts
• switches

• Links: coax cable, optical fiber…

• point-to-point

• multiple access …
Why not connect each node with every other
node ?
• Number of computers that can be connected becomes
very limited
• Number of wires coming out of each node becomes
unmanageable
• Amount of physical hardware/devices required becomes
very expensive
• Solution: indirect connectivity using intermediate data
forwarding nodes
Switched Networks
 Switched Networks
◼ A network can be defined recursively as...

• two or more nodes

connected by a link
• white nodes (switches)
implement the network
• colored nodes (hosts)
use the network
 Switched Networks
◼ A network can be defined recursively as...

• two or more networks

connected by one or more
nodes: internetworks
• white nodes (router or
gateway) interconnects
the networks
• a cloud denotes “any type
of independent network”
A Network

A network can be defined recursively as

two or more nodes connected by a physical link

Or
two or more networks connected by one or more nodes
Communication networks

Switched networks
end nodes send to one (or more) end nodes

Circuit switching Packet switching

Dedicated circuit per call Data sent in discrete portions
(telephone, ISDN) (the Internet)
Packet Switching
resource contention:
• each end-end data stream divided
into packets ◼ congestion: packets

• user A, B packets share network queue, wait for link

resources use
• each packet uses full link bandwidth ◼ store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
❑ Node receives complete
packet before forwarding
Bandwidth division into
“pieces”
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
Packet switching
- Why not message switching?-
host 1 node 1 node 2
host 2

propagation delay
host 1 – node1

message
processing & set-
up delay of a
message at node 1

message

time message
Store-and-Forward
Message switching
EXAMPLE
node 1 node 2
host 1 host 2

for simplicity: ignore processing and propagation delays

M=7.5 Mb
transmission delay:
R=1.5 Mbps
M
3 = 15 [s]
R
Store complete message and than forward
Message switching versus packet switching
• Example
host 1 node 1 host 2
node 2
R=1.5 Mbps R=1.5 Mbps R=1.5 Mbps

• For simplicity ignore processing and propagation delays

• Split the message into packets each with1500 bits long
• Store only 1 packet and then forward it

• 1 ms to transmit packet on 1 link

• Pipelining: each link works in parallel

• Delay reduced from 15 s to 5.002 s!!!

Packet switching
Packet Delay??
Packet Switching
router

router

router
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Packet switching allows more users to use network!

• 1 Mb/s link
• each user:
• 100 kb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time

N users
• circuit-switching:
• 10 users 1 Mbps link
• packet switching:
• There are 11 or more
simultaneously active users.
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “winner?”

• Great for bursty data

• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
• Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
• Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
• bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
• still an unsolved problem
Packet switching versus circuit switching
• Advantages of packet switching over circuit switching
• Efficient bandwidth usage
• Simple to implement

• Disadvantages of packet switching over circuit switching

• Excessive congestion: packet delay and high loss
• Protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
• Packet header overhead
Another issue,,,,,,,,
• Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to each other
• Can we now provide host-host connectivity ?
• Nodes must be able to say which host it wants to communicate
with
Addressing and Routing
• Address: byte-string that identifies a node
• usually unique
• Routing: forwarding decisions
• process of determining how to forward messages to
the destination node based on its address
• Types of addresses
• unicast: node-specific
• broadcast: all nodes on the network
• multicast: some subset of nodes on the network
Layering & Protocol Stacks
What is a protocol?
• “In telecommunications, a communication protocol is a system of
rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to
transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity.
These are the rules or standard that defines
the syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and
possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented
by hardware, software, or a combination of both.” by Wikipedia.
• “All communications between devices require that the devices agree
on the format of the data. The set of rules defining a format is called
a protocol. “ by webopeia.
 A set of rules and procedures used for communication
Protocol A specification for communication.
• protocols define format, order of msgs sent and
received among network entities, and actions taken
on msg transmission, receipt

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

time
Hi
TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm

time?

2:00
<file>
Standard
• Essential in creating and maintaining an open and
competitive market for equipment manufacturers
• Guaranteeing national & international interoperability
of data & telecommunication technology & process.
Layered Tasks
An example from the everyday life

Data Communication
between two devices??
Why layered communication?
• To reduce complexity of communication task by splitting it into
several layered small tasks
• Functionality of the layers can be changed as long as the service
provided to the layer above stays unchanged
• makes easier maintenance & updating

• Each layer has its own task

• Each layer has its own protocol
Reference Models

•Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)

reference model
•TCP/IP model
OSI Reference model
• Open System Interconnection
-The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by the identification ISO/IEC 7498-1

• 7 layers

1.Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed

2.Each layer performs a well define function
3.Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally standardized protocols
4.Number of layers – large enough to avoid complexity
Seven layers of the OSI model

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away!

Source : https://computrnetworking.wordpress.com/tag/osi-model/
Source : http://ccna-routingswitching-ciscochamp.netai.net/1_13_Lecture-5-Data-Encapsulation-and-TCP-IP-Model.html
Exchange using OSI Model
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
TCP/IP model?
TCP/IP Vs OSI Model
Four Level of Addresses
Relationship of Layers & Addresses in TCP/IP
Logical Addressing,
Internet Protocol (IP), NAT, CIDR, IPv6
Address Mapping,
Delivery, Forwarding, Routing