Software Engineering

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 Software Project Management

 Software Project Management (SPM) is a proper way of

planning and leading software projects.
 It is a part of project management in which software projects
are planned, implemented, monitored, and controlled.
Need for Project management
 Software development is a new stream in business and there
is very little experience in building software products
 Most of the software products are made to fit clients’
requirements.
 The most important is that basic technology changes and
advances so frequently and rapidly that the experience of one
product may not be applied to the other one
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 Management Spectrum
 For properly building a product, there’s a very important
concept that we all should know in software project planning
while developing a product
 There are 4 critical components in software project planning
which are known as the 4P’s namely:
 Product
 Process
 People
 Project

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 People
 The most important component of a product and its successful
implementation is human resources.
 In building a proper product, a well-managed team with clear-
cut roles defined for each person/team will lead to the success of
the product .
 We need to have a good team in order to save our time,
cost, and effort.
 Some assigned roles in software project planning
are project manager, team leaders, stakeholders,
analysts, and other IT professionals.

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 Product
 As the name inferred, this is the deliverable or the result of the
project
 The project manager should clearly define the product scope
to ensure a successful result, control the team members, as well
technical hurdles that he or she may encounter during the
building of a product.
 The product can consist of both tangible or intangible
such as shifting the company to a new place or getting a
new software in a company.

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 Process
 In every planning, a clearly defined process is the key to the
success of any product.
 It regulates how the team will go about its development in the
respective time period.

 The Process has several steps involved like, documentation

phase, implementation phase, deployment phase, and interaction
phase.

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 Project
 It can also be considered as a blueprint of process.
 In this phase, the project manager plays a critical role.
 They are responsible to guide the team members to achieve
the project’s target and objectives, helping & assisting them with
issues, checking on cost and budget, and making sure that the
project stays on track with the given deadlines.

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 W5HH Principle
 Barry Boehm gave a philosophy that prepares easy and
manageable designs or outlines for software projects.
 He also gave a technique to discuss objectives, management,
duties, and technical approach of the project and its necessary
resources.
 Then he named it the W5HH principle when few questions
resulted in project properties, definition, and resultant plan to
make the project successful.

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 W5HH questions
 Why the system is going to be developed?
The purpose of software work. Here Barry questions that
whether the project’s purpose will justify the cost, time spent on
it by people?
 What is activities are needed to be done in this?
In this Barry questions what task is needed to be done for a
project currently.
 When is this done?
Project Scheduling is done by the team after recognizing when
project tasks will be started and when they enter into the final
stage to reach the goal.

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 Cont…..
 Who are the reasons for these activities in this project?
Every member who is part of the software team is responsible for
this. And their roles are defined.
 Where are these authoritatively located?
Not only do software practitioners have roles in this but also
users, customers, stakeholders also have roles and responsibilities
organizationally.
 How is the job technically and managerially finished?
All technical strategies, management rules of the project are
defined after knowing the scope of the project which is being
built.

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 Cont…
 How much part of each resource is required?
This is known by software developers after the estimation of each
resource as per the needs of customers/users.

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 Planning a Software Project
 Once a project is found to be possible computer code, project
managers undertake project design.
 Project designing is undertaken and completed even before any
development activity starts.
 Project designing consists of subsequent essential activities:
Estimating the subsequent attributes of the project:
Project designing consists of subsequent essential
activities:
• Project Size
• Project cost
• Project Duration
• Effort
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 Cont…
The effectiveness of the following design activities
relies on the accuracy of those estimations.
 Planning force and alternative resources.
 Workers organization and staffing plans.
 Risk identification, analysis, and abatement designing
 Miscellaneous arrangements like quality assurance
plans, configuration, management arrangements, etc

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Cont..
Precedence ordering among project planning activities:
 The different project-connected estimates done by a project
manager have already been mentioned
 The below diagram shows the order in which vital project
coming up with activities is also undertaken.
 It may be simply discovered that size estimation is the 1st
activity.
 Miscellaneous arrangements like quality assurance
plans, configuration, management arrangements, etc

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Cont..

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Feasibility and scope

 Feasibility Study in Software Engineering is a study to

evaluate feasibility of proposed project or system.

 Feasibility study is one of stage among important four stages

of Software Project Management Process.

 Feasibility study is carried out based on many purposes to

analyze whether software product will be right in terms of
development, implementation, contribution of project to the
organization etc

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Type of Feasibility study

Technical Feasibility: Technical Feasibility current resources

both hardware software along with required technology are
analyzed/assessed to develop project.

Operational Feasibility: Operational Feasibility degree of

providing service to requirements is analyzed along with how
much easy product will be to operate and maintenance after
deployment.

 Economic Feasibility Economic Feasibility study cost and

benefit of the project is analyzed.

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Cont…
Legal Feasibility: Legal Feasibility study project is analyzed in
legality point of view. This includes analyzing barriers of legal
implementation of project, data protection acts or social media
laws, project certificate, license, copyright etc.

Schedule Feasibility: Schedule Feasibility Study mainly

timelines/deadlines is analyzed for proposed project which
includes how much time teams will take to complete final project
which has a great impact on the organization as purpose of
project may fail if it can’t be completed on time.

 Market Feasibility : Market feasibility refers to evaluating the

market’s willingness and ability to accept the suggested software
system.
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Effort Estimation
There are a number of effort estimation techniques used in
software development, each with its own advantages and
disadvantages

Top-down estimation: This method involves estimating the total

effort required for the project, and then breaking it down into
smaller tasks. This can be a quick and easy way to get an initial
estimate, but it can be less accurate than other methods.

Bottom-up estimation: This method involves estimating the effort

required for each individual task, and then adding those estimates
together. This can be more accurate than top-down estimation, but
it can also be more time-consuming.

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Cont…

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Cont..

Expert Judgment:

Description: Involves experienced individuals providing their judgment based

on their knowledge and experience.
Application: Useful when historical data is scarce or when dealing with new
technologies or unique projects.

Analogous Estimation:
Description: Uses historical data from similar projects as a basis for
estimating the effort of the current project.

Application: Effective when the current project has similarities in scope

and complexity with past projects.

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Cont….

Parametric Estimation:

Description: Uses mathematical models based on historical data and project

parameters (e.g., lines of code, function points, or other metrics).
Application: Provides a more quantitative approach and is useful when
detailed project data is available.

Delphi Technique:
Description: Involves obtaining estimates from a panel of experts
anonymously and iteratively until a consensus is reached.

Application: Useful when there are diverse opinions and it's important to
converge on a single estimate.

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Staffing and Scheduling

Employee Scheduling is the act of creating a future schedule so

that each employee knows the dates and times that they will be
working

Staffing is the process in which you react in real time to

differences between the plan (schedule) and the actual need.

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Quality planning
The role of quality planning is to design a process that will be
able to meet established goals under operating conditions.
Quality planning is a methodology which can be used when a
situation exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:
 A service has never existed before.
 Customer requirements are not known
 The existing service/process performance is not capable of meeting customer
requirements
 The service/process is ad hoc; extremely variable; never been well defined or
worked on before as a whole
 The environment is unstable, characterized by major market, technology or
organizational change
 Performance data does not exist or it would require excessive time/expense to
collect data

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Risk Management : What is Risk ?
 Risk is any potential event that can impact your project,
positively or negatively.
 Risk management is the process of identifying and dealing with
these events before or as they happen.
 Risk can come in many different forms—employee sickness,
inclement weather, unexpected costs, and transportation delays
among them.
Risks commonly affect the following aspects of a project:

 Budget
 Schedule
 Scope

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Cont..
Risks can also have the following characteristics:
 External risk
 Internal risk
 Positive risk (opportunity)

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Risk Management
The risk management process, or lifecycle, is a structured way
of tackling risks that can happen in your project.
The risk management process or lifecycle, generally follows the
following steps:
1. Identification
 The first step to getting a grasp on potential risks is to know
what they are
 you will identify risks that might affect your project by
making a list (or spreadsheet) of risks that might arise.

 You will also want to have stakeholders, team members, and

subject matter experts generate ideas with you

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Cont..
2 . Assessment
 In this stage, you will assign priority to risks by using the
probability and impact of each risk to determine their risk levels.

 This means assigning each risk a high, medium, or low priority

based on the factors you have determined.

 Evaluating your risks gives your team the chance to see

where to focus their energy in mitigating risk.

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Cont…
3. Control
 The process of identifying, addressing, and eliminating
potential problems before they have a negative impact on the
project.
 Risk control measures are actions taken to eliminate, prevent
or reduce the occurrence of a hazard that you have identified.
1. Redesigning the job.
2. Replacing the materials, machinery or process.
3. Organizing your work to reduce exposure to the materials,
machinery or process.
4. Identifying and implementing practical measures needed to
work safely.
5. providing personal protective equipment and making sure
workers wear it.
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Project Monitoring Plan
 A critical component of project management is monitoring,
which entails keeping tabs on a project's development,
performance, and activities throughout its entire lifecycle.

 It assures that the maintain a high level on course and

accomplishes its objectives within the characteristics of the
predefined scope, timeline, and budget.

 Project monitoring in project management enables project

managers and stakeholders to identify and address any deviations
or risks promptly, thereby enhancing project success.

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Importance of Project Monitoring
Early Detection of Issues : Regular monitoring allows project
managers to identify potential issues and risks before they
escalate, enabling timely interventions and preventing costly
delays.
Improved Decision-Making: Another importance of project
monitoring is providing real-time insights into project
performance, allowing project managers to make data-driven
decisions to optimize resources, mitigate risks, and allocate
budgets effectively.
Enhanced Accountability: Monitoring helps establish
accountability among team members by tracking individual and
collective progress. It fosters a culture of responsibility, ensuring
that everyone remains focused on their assigned tasks.
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Cont…
Effective Resource Allocation: By monitoring project activities,
managers can identify resource gaps and reallocate them
accordingly, ensuring that resources are utilized optimally and
productivity is maximized.

Stakeholder Engagement: Monitoring enables project

stakeholders to stay informed about the project's progress, fostering
transparency, and building trust. Regular updates and reports
enhance collaboration and alignment among team members and
stakeholders.

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Project Monitoring Types
Progress Monitoring: This type of monitoring focuses on
tracking the project's progress against the planned schedule,
milestones, and deliverables. It ensures that the project stays on
track and enables timely adjustments if deviations occur.
Quality Monitoring: Quality monitoring involves assessing and
measuring the quality of project deliverables against predefined
standards and benchmarks. It ensures that the project meets the
required quality criteria and facilitates timely corrective actions if
deviations are detected.
Risk Monitoring: Risk monitoring involves identifying, assessing,
and monitoring project risks throughout the project lifecycle. It
helps in proactive risk management by identifying potential risks
and developing mitigation strategies to minimize their impact on
project outcomes.
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Cont…
Cost Monitoring: Cost monitoring involves tracking and
controlling project expenses against the allocated budget. It
helps in preventing cost overruns, ensuring financial stability,
and optimizing resource utilization.
Performance Monitoring: Performance monitoring focuses on
evaluating the performance of project team members, suppliers,
and contractors. It involves tracking individual and collective
performance metrics to ensure alignment with project goals and
objectives.

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Process of project monitoring
Define Monitoring Objectives: Clearly define the objectives and
key performance indicators (KPIs) that will be monitored
throughout the project. These objectives should align with the
project's goals and deliverables.
Obtain Information: relevant data as well as information about
status of the work. activities, performance, Regular status
updates, team gatherings, data collection devices, and project
management software can all help with this.

Examine and assess: and Investigate the data collected to measure

the success of a project the and spot any variations from the
stated aims. Determine what effect these deviations had on the
project's overall success and what needed to be done better.

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Cont…
Take Disciplinary Actions: In order to provide an overview and
assessment, immediately address any issues, risks that have
been found. Project plans must be modified as necessary, and
resources given back.

Monitor Continuously: Continuously monitor the project's

progress, performance, and risks to ensure that it remains on track
and aligned with the defined objectives.

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Steps to Create a Project Monitoring Plan

1. Define Monitoring Scope

2. Identify the important Monitoring Metrics

3. Select Monitoring Tools

4. Establish Reporting Mechanisms

5. Allocate Responsibilities
6. Monitor and Review

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Project scheduling
 Project scheduling is a responsible activity of project manager.

 Project scheduling is a mechanism that is used to

communicate and know about that task are needed and has
to be performed in project.
 Project manager separate total work task in project into
different activities
 Project manager estimate time and resources require to
complete activities and organize them into coherent sequence.

 Effective project scheduling leads to success of a project

reduce cost and increase customer satisfaction

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Scheduling process

 Identify all the functions / modules required t complete the project

 Breakdown large functions into small activities.

 Determine the dependency among various activities.

 Allocate resources to activities.

 Assign people to conduct various activities.

 plan the beginning and ending dates for different activities.

 Create activity network Bar or Gantt Chart.

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