Work

Not all forces can cause a specific

object to move, just like when you
push a wall.

2 2
On the other hand,
there are forces that
can be used in moving
objects, just like
pushing a wheelchair.
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 Dot or Scalar Product

● The scalar product consists of two vectors, and ,

and it is written as .

● With this notation, the scalar product can also be called

a dot product.

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 Dot or Scalar Product

● Although and are vectors, the quantity

is scalar.

● The scalar product can also be written and defined as:

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 Dot or Scalar Product

● From the diagram, we

can see that A pertains
to the magnitude
of and B corresponds
to the magnitude of .
is the angle between
the two vectors.

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How would you describe a scalar
quantity?

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 Dot or Scalar Product

● For vectors given by their components:

and , the scalar product could be written as:

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Remember if the θ = 90°, then the cos θ
= 0. Simply speaking, if the two vectors
are perpendicular with each other, their
scalar product is equal to zero.

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 Dot or Scalar Product

● Using the scalar product, you may also find the cosine
and therefore the angle between two vectors using the
following equation:

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Calculate the dot product of and that is shown
in the graph below:

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Calculate the dot product of and that is shown
in the graph below:

The dot product between vectors A and B is equal to

84.69.
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Calculate the scalar product of vector A=
11 and vector B = 15 with an angle
between them of 60.5º.

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Find the scalar product between the and that
is shown in the figure below:

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Find the scalar product between the and that
is shown in the figure below:

The scalar product between vectors A and B is equal to

80.92.
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Find the scalar product between the two
vectors that is shown.

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Using the figure find the following:
a. The x and y-components of
and .
b. The scalar product of the two
vectors, where = 5 and =10.
c. The angle between the two
vectors.

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Using the figure find the following:
a. The x and y-components of
and .
b. The scalar product of the two
vectors, where = 5 and =10.
c. The angle between the two
vectors.
The components of the vectors are Ax= 3.54, Ay = 3.54
Bx = -3.42 By = 9.40, the scalar product is equal to 21.13
and the angle between them is 65 degrees. 18
Using the figure find the following:
a. The x and y components of the two
vectors.
b. The scalar product of the two vectors,
where A=10 and B=20.
c. The angle between the two vectors.

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 Work

● For a constant force (constant magnitude and

direction), work can be calculated as:

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 Work

● In general, we state the equation for work as:

● We can deduce from this that the work done by a force

F is just the dot product between the magnitude of
the force and the displacement of the object.

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 Work

● Work is scalar even if

force and displacement
are both vector
quantities.

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 Work

● This figure shows a

person pulling a box on a
horizontal surface.
● The work done by the
applied force F is given
by:

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What is the importance of dot or
scalar products in learning the
concept of work?

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 SI Unit of Work

● In calculating work, the SI unit that we use is the

joule (J).
1 joule = (1 newton) (1 meter)
or
1 J = 1 Nm

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Does the direction of the force
exerted on the system affect
the value of work?

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 Values of Work

● If force is parallel to the direction of displacement,

then work is positive.

● If force is opposite to the direction of displacement,

then work is negative.

● If force is perpendicular to the direction of the

displacement, then work is zero.

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Jenny and had her groceries done. Inside the store
her cart was full of things that she bought. She needs
to push her cart into the cashier area with a distance
of 4.5 meters so she applied 50 Newtons on her cart
to make it through the cashier. Determine the work
done by the force of Jenny acting on the cart.

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Jenny and had her groceries done. Inside the store
her cart was full of things that she bought. She needs
to push her cart into the cashier area with a distance
of 4.5 meters so she applied 50 Newtons on her cart
to make it through the cashier. Determine the work
done by the force of Jenny acting on the cart.

The work done by the force acting on the system is

225 J.
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A boy is playing with a box. He wants to
pull the box 3.0 meters away from his
position on a horizontal surface. For him
to pull the box he exerted 20 newtons of
force on the box. What is the work done
by the force on the system?

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A force F = 15 N acting on a box 1.5 m along a
horizontal surface. The force acts at a 40.0o angle as
shown in the figure below. Determine the work done
by force F?

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A force F = 15 N acting on a box 1.5 m along a
horizontal surface. The force acts at a 40.0o angle as
shown in the figure below. Determine the work done
by force F?

The work done by the force on the box is 17.24 J.

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Kassandra has a new trolley bag that
she used on her first day of class. She
pulls her bag going to her classroom
with a force of 180 N at an angle of 35°
with a horizontal displacement of 25.0
m. Determine the work done by
Kassandra on her trolley bag.

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Determine the work done by Eric if the luggage bag
with 10 kg is pulled for 45 m vertically with an angle
of 35°.

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Determine the work done by Eric if the luggage bag
with 10 kg is pulled for 45 m vertically with an angle
of 35°.

The work done by the Earth on the luggage bag is

-3,612.46 J.
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Herbert placed a ramp on his stairs
following its 45o angle. He wants to push
a box that is loaded with clothes to
arrange his things in his room. The box
is 15kg and the distance of the stairs up
to his room is 3.5 m. How much work is
done by Herbert to the box?

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 Work Done by a Varying Force

● You can notice that the

shaded part of the graph
pertained to the total
work done by the force.
● Thus, we can say that
work done by a certain
for F is the area under
the force vs. distance
graph.
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 Work Done by a Varying Force

● The work done by a

varying force is
determined graphically,
so to do so we need to
plot the force (F) as a
function of distance (d).

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How can you determine the
work done by a varying force?

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Identify the following. Write the correct answer on the
space before the number.

1. What type of quantity would a dot product result to?

2. It occurs when we exert effort on an object for it to

move.

3. What would be the sign of work if the displacement and

force are of the same direction?
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Modified True or False. Write T if the statement is true.
If false, change the underlined word to make the
statement true.
1. The SI unit for work is equal to 1 Newton-meter.

2. Work is a vector quantity.

3. If the F and d is perpendicular to each other work is

negative.
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● The concept of dot or scalar product is used to
determine the work done by a force on a system.

● Work is positive if the F and d is parallel, negative

if it is opposite in direction, and there is no work if
F and d is perpendicular.

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● Work can be done by:
○ Constant Force
○ Varying Force

● The area under the force vs. distance graph

pertains to the total work done.

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 Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Dot or Scalar
solve for scalar
Product
where products if the
● A is the magnitude magnitude of the two
of vector vectors are given and
● B is the magnitude the angle between
of vector them.
● angle between
the two vectors

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 Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Dot or Scalar
solve for scalar
Product
where products if the x- and
● Ax is x-component of y-component of the
two vectors are given.
● Ay is y-component of

● Bx is x-component of

● By is y-component of

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 Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Work
where solve for work if there
● W is work in joules is an angle between
(J) the force and
● F is force in newtons displacement.
(N)
● d is distance in
meters (m)
● is the angle
between the force
and displacement
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