CHAPTER WISE

TOPIC WISE
NOTES
CLASS IX
SCIENCE

Include
1. Daily Practice Paper
2. NCERT Solutions
3. NCERT Exemplars
4. Chapter Wise Mind Maps
Commence your study session equipped with our
meticulously crafted chapter-wise and topic-wise notes,
designed to optimize your exam performance, exclusively
provided by Artham Resources.
OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVING
A PERFECT SCORE OF 100/100 IN YOUR
EXAMS

AS PER LATEST CBSE CURRICULUM 2024-25

Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
An atom is a tiny piece of matter that possesses the characteristics of an element. Some atoms exist
independently of one another by producing ions and molecules. Molecules are produced when one
or more atoms establish chemical bonds. It is the element’s smallest component that shows its
qualities. Molecules can be produced through chemical bonding between two
or more atoms.

Atoms and molecules are responsible for forming tiny sand particles,
gargantuan black holes and everything in between. The atom is the most
fundamental unit of matter, making up everything that we see around us.
It is extremely small, measuring in at less than 0.1 to 0.5 nanometres.

Law of Chemical Combination

Chemical Reactions

In a chemical reaction, two or more molecules interact to produce new compounds; they are called
reactants, whereas the newly formed compounds are called products.

In a chemical reaction, a chemical change must occur, which is generally observed with physical
changes like precipitation, heat production, colour change, etc.

Law of Conservation of Mass

According to the law of conservation of mass, matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction. It remains conserved.

The mass of reactants will be equal to the mass of products.

Example:

Law of Constant Proportions

A pure chemical compound containing the same elements combined together in a fixed proportion
by mass is given by the law of definite proportions.
Page 2
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

INTRODUCTION

For e.g., If we take water from a river or from an ocean, both have oxygen and hydrogen in the same
proportion.

The elements are present in chemical compounds in a predetermined mass ratio. The “Law of
Constant Proportions” is this. This “Law of Constant Proportions” is also known as “Proust’s law” or
the “law of defined proportions.” For instance, the oxygen and hydrogen content in pure water is
always 1 : 8.
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY

THE ATOMIC THEORY

Daltons atomic Theory
According to Dalton’s Atomic Theory, atoms, which are indestructible and indivisible building blocks,
make up all substances. Unlike other elements, which have atoms of different sizes and weights, an
element’s atoms have all the same size and mass.

Dalton proposed that the concept of atoms could be used to explain the laws of conservation of
mass and definite proportions. He proposed that atoms, which he described as “solid, massy, hard,
impenetrable, moving particle(s)”, are the smallest, indivisible units of matter.

• The matter is made up of indivisible particles known as atoms.

• The properties of all the atoms of a given element are the same, including mass. This can also
be stated as – all the atoms of an element have identical mass and chemical properties; atoms
of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
• Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed. The formation of new products (compounds) results
from the rearrangement of existing atoms (reactants) in a chemical reaction.
• The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.

Atom
An atom is the defining structure of an element, which cannot be broken by any chemical means.
an atom is the smallest possible amount associated with a chemical element. For example, an atom
of gold can be called as the smallest quantity of gold you can feasibly have. The word ‘small’ literally
points out to nanoscopically tiny! An atom is thousands of times smaller than a human hair.
Page 2
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY

Hence, there is no chance you can see one without the help of a supremely powerful electron
microscope. If you rip apart a variety of things, it would be revealed that all matter present around
us is formed from different types of atoms. For example, living things are usually made from atoms
hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
Atomic Symbol

The atomic symbol has three parts:

• The symbol X: The usual element symbol

• The atomic number A: Equal to the number of protons
• The mass number Z: Equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in an element.

The symbols for representing an atom are generated from the first two letters of the element’s
name. The first letter is always in uppercase (capital letter) while the second letter is written in
lowercase. Here are some examples –
Page 3
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY

Names and Symbols of some elements

Element Symbol
Hydrogen H
Helium He
Lithium Li
Beryllium Be
Boron B
Carbon C
Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
Fluorine F
Sodium Na
Magnesium Mg
Aluminium Al
Phosphorous P
Sulphur S
Potassium K
Calcium Ca

Significance of the Symbols

A symbol gives information on the stoichiometric quantity of the element. e.g., “B” represents one
atom of the element Boron. Likewise, “S” and “Mg” represent one atom of Sulphur and one atom of
Magnesium respectively. As one atom is equal to 6.022 × 10 -23 moles of particles. It can be
interpreted that B has 6.022 × 10-23 moles of particles.

Atomic mass: In a balanced chemical reaction a particular symbol represents the

definite mass of a particular element. Simply writing N means one atom of
nitrogen which has an atomic mass of 14 u.

Compounds: In a complex reaction, it’s tedious to write the full chemical

names of the compound. e.g., Consider the chemical reaction shown below. Is it easy
to write Water (product formed) or simply H2O? With symbols right!

Identity: Every symbol is unique for every unique 118 elements. There should be no
misunderstanding or misinterpretation while assigning or reading the chemical
symbols. Ex- As explained above, “Ca, Cu, C, Cr, Cs, Cl” here even though they have the
same first character, the second character is different. In sequence from left, they stand
for Calcium, Copper, Carbon, Chromium, and Cesium.

Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Unit

Page 4
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY

• Atomic mass is the total of the masses of the electrons, neutrons, and protons in an atom, or
in a group of atoms, the average mass.
• The mass of an atomic particle is called the atomic mass.
• This is commonly expressed as per the international agreement in terms of a unified atomic
mass unit (AMU).
• It can be best defined as 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom in its ground state.

Atomic Mass of an Element

Actual masses of the atoms of the elements are very very small.

For Example: The atom of hydrogen has a mass of 1.6727 × 10-27 kg. It is not convenient to use such
small and complicated figures in our calculation, therefore, it was necessary to define atomic masses
in such a way that we get simple figures for them.

Carbon-12 is that atom of carbon which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus
so that so its mass number is 12.

carbon-12 atom has been assigned an atomic mass of exactly 12 atomic mass
units. This means that a carbon-12 atom has been assigned an atomic mass of
exactly 12u.

Atomic Mass unit = the mass of a carbon – 12 atoms

Mass of an carbon 12 atom
1u =
12
One Atomic Unit is defined as exactly one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

Carbon-12 atom is taken to be the standard. The atomic masses of all other elements
are determined by comparing the mass of their atom with the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

The atomic mass of an element is relative mass of its atom as compared with the mass of a carbon-
12 atom taken as 12 units.

Relative atomic mass of an element

The relative atomic mass of an element is defined as the weight in grams of the number of atoms of
the element contained in 12.00 g of carbon-12. To calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine, the
average mass of one atom of chlorine is found by considering 100 atoms of chlorine.
mass of 1 atom of the element
Relative atomic mass =
1
× mass of 1 atom of 6 C12 isotope
2
Gram Atomic Mass of an Element
Page 5
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY

Gram atomic mass is the periodic table element’s atomic weight in grams. The molar mass of an
element is the mass of one mole in grams. The mass of one mole of an element is defined as its gram
atomic mass.

It is calculated by taking an element’s atomic weight from the periodic table and converting it to
grams. Thus, when the mass of an element is expressed in grams then it is known as gram atomic
mass. For example, the gram atomic mass of helium is 4g. Similarly, sodium (Na) has an atomic
weight of 22.99u and a gram atomic mass of 22.99 grams. So one mole of sodium atoms weighs
22.99g. This implies that the quantity of the element of the given substance when weighs equal to
its gram atomic mass is called one gram atom.

The gram atomic mass of a material is the amount of that substance in grams that is numerically
equivalent to its atomic mass. If we wish to write a substance’s gram atomic mass, we first write its
atomic mass, then subtract the atomic mass unit u and add grams to the numerical value of the
atomic mass. That is,
Number of gram atoms
Mass of the element (in g) =
Atomic mass of the element (in g)
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MOLECULE

MOLECULE
Molecules are made up of one or more atoms that are held together by covalent bonds. Atoms can
be represented as circle shapes with a nucleus in the center, surrounded by one or more
concentric circles representing the shells in which the electrons surrounding the
nucleus of the atom are located, and markings indicating the electron.

A molecule is the smallest unit of measurement that a substance can

be divided into while still remaining the same substance. It is made up
of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.

Molecules of Elements
A molecule is a collection of two or more chemically bound atoms, whether they are from the same
element or another.

For example, when two hydrogen (H2) atoms and one oxygen (O2) atom interact, one water molecule
is created.

Atomicity: the number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called its atomicity. For example,
helium is monatomic, and oxygen is diatomic.

Molecule of single Element and their atomicity

Monoatomic: When an element comprises a single atom. Example – all metals.

Diatomic: When an element comprises two atoms. Example – all gases.

Triatomic: When an element comprises of three atoms.

Tetra-atomic: When an element comprises of four atoms.

Poly-atomic: When an element comprises of more than two atoms.

Page 2
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MOLECULE

Here a few examples of atomicity of elements:

Atomicity of some Elements

Name Atomicity Formula
Argon Monoatomic Ar
Helium Monoatomic He
Oxygen Diatomic O2
Hydrogen Diatomic H2
Nitrogen Diatomic N2
Chlorine Diatomic Cl2
Phosphorous Tetra-atomic P4
Sulphur Poly-atomic S8

Molecules of Compounds
Salts and molecular compounds are the two categories into which compounds can be divided.
Covalent bonds hold the atoms together in molecular molecules. Ionic bonds hold it together in salts.
Every compound is composed of one of these two types of bonds.

Actually, a compound is a kind of molecule. The atoms that join together

must be distinct from one another for the substance to qualify as a
compound. O2, for instance, is a molecule, not a compound, due to its
atomic connection with another oxygen atom. NaCl, however, is a
compound since it is made up of two distinct atoms that are chemically
bound together.

Molecular Formula
The molecular formula is the expression of the number of atoms of each element in one molecule
of a compound.

The molecular formula definition is the formula showing the actual number of each atom in a
molecule.

When the molar mass value is known, the Molecular Formula is calculated by the empirical formula.
Page 3
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MOLECULE

molar mass
n=
mass of the empirical formula
The molecular formula is often the same as an empirical formula or an exact multiple of it.

Example 1: Caffeine has the following composition: 49.48% of carbon, 5.19% of hydrogen, 16.48%
of oxygen and 28.85% of nitrogen. The molecular weight is 194.19g/mol. Find out the molecular
and empirical formula.

Solution:

Step 1 Multiply percent composition with the molecular weight.

Carbon – 194.19 × 0.4948 = 96.0852

Hydrogen – 194.19 × 0.0519 = 10.07846

Oxygen – 194.19 × 0.1648 = 32.0025

Nitrogen – 194.19 × 0.2885 = 56.0238

Step 2 Divide each value by the atomic weight.

96.0852
Carbon: = 7.9997
12.011
10.07846
Hydrogen: = 9.998
1.008
32.0025
Oxygen: = 2.000
15.9994
56.0238
Nitrogen: = 3.9997
14.0067
Step 3 Round off the values to closest whole number.

8: Carbon

10: Hydrogen

2: Oxygen

4: Nitrogen

Hence, the molecular formula is C8H10N4O2.

Step 4 Since 2 is the common factor among 8, 10, 4 and 2.

The empirical formula is C4H5N2O.

Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

CHEMICAL FORMULA
Ion
A charged atom or a group of charged atoms is called ions, It may be positively or negatively charged

Positively charged ion is called Cation.

Negatively charged ion is called Anion.

A group of atoms carrying a charge is known as a polyatomic ion.

For example- NH4+, NO3-

How is Ion formed?

We know that atom contains protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons are Positively charged, Electrons are Negatively charged, Neutrons are
Neutral.

In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, So the positive and negative
charges are balanced out, Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Case 1: When an atom loses an electron,

The negative charge reduces. Thus it becomes positively charged - Cation, because;

The number of positively charged protons becomes more than negatively charged electrons.

Case 2: When atom gains an electron,

The negative charge increases.

Thus, it becomes negatively charged - Anion, because;

The number of negatively charged electrons becomes more than positively charged protons.
Page 2
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

Cation Anion
Positively charged ion is called Cation Negatively charged ion is called anion
It is formed when atom loses electron (and hence It is formed when atom gains electron and
become positively charged) become positively charged
Example - Sodium Ion (Na +) Example - Chloride Ion (Cl -)
Sodium (Na) has 11 protons and 11 electrons. Chlorine (Cl) has 17 protons and 17 electrons.
Overall charge is 0 Overall charge is 0
When sodium loses 1 electron It has 11 protons When chlorine gains 1 electron It has 17
and 10 electrons, Positive charge > Negative protons and 18 electrons, Negative charge >
charge Thus, becomes Cation (Na +) Positive charge Thus, becomes Anion (Cl -)

Ionic Compounds: Chemical Formula

Each constituent element in a chemical formula is identified by its chemical symbol, along with the
relative number of atoms that make up each element. These ratios are used in empirical equations
to start with a key element and then assign atom counts for the remaining elements in the compound
in relation to the key element.

• Ionic compounds are chemical compounds in which ions are held together by specialised
bonds called ionic bonds.
• An Ionic compound always contains an equal amount of positive and negative charge.
Page 3
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

• For example: In calcium chloride, the ionic bond is formed by oppositely charged calcium and
chloride ions.
• The calcium atom loses 2 electrons and attains the electronic configuration of the nearest
noble gas (Ar). By doing so, it gains a net charge of +2.

The two chlorine atoms take one electron each, thus gaining a charge of -1 (each) and attain the
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas (Ar).

Valency

The combining capacity of an atom is known as its valency. The number of bonds that an atom can
form as part of a compound is expressed by the valency of the element.

How is valency used to write the formula of compounds?

What is a chemical formula?

• A chemical formula is a symbolic representation of a chemical compound.

• It tells us about the type and number of atoms present in the compound.
• For example, the chemical formula of salt is NaCl.
Page 4
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

• It tells us that NaCl is composed of one atom of Sodium (Na) and 1 atom of Chlorine (Cl)

Rules to follow while writing a chemical Formula:

• The valences on the ion must balance.

• When a compound contains a metal and nonmetal.
• Name/Symbol of Metal is written first.

Example 1:

We write Calcium Oxide (CaO) and not Oxide Calcium

This is because Calcium (Ca) is a metal and Oxygen (O) is a non metal

Example 2:

We write Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and not Chloride Sodium

Molecular mass

The molecular mass of an element is defined as the sum of all the masses of the elements present
inside the molecule. e.g., the molecular mass of water, in which there are two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom present, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). Also called its molecular weight.

Unit of Molecular Mass

SI unit of Molecular Mass or Molecular Weight is an atomic mass unit which in short is called a.m.u.
It is sometimes represented by u which represents unified mass.

Calculation of Molecular Mass

Molecular mass is predicted by multiplying the number of atoms

with the atomic mass of an element in the molecule and then adding the masses
of all the elements in the molecule.

Make sure to analyse the chemical formula to determine the number of atoms of
each element in the compound.

Multiply the number of atoms present in the compound by the atomic weight of each
element.

Add up all the mass and assign its unit as grams/mole.

Page 5
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

Example 1: Determine the Molar mass of CO2.

Solution:

First Calculate the number of each atom and assign their atomic weight individually.

The number of carbon atoms × its atomic mass: 1 × 12 = 12

The number of oxygen atoms × its atomic mass: 2 × 16 = 32

Then add the values i.e., 12 + 32 = 44

Therefore, the molar mass of CO2 is 44 g/mol.

Name of compounds and their formula making

Formula Unit Mass

The sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound is called its formula unit
mass. The formula unit mass is used in the case of substances that constitute ions. For example, the
formula unit mass of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) can be calculated as: (1 × 23) + (1 × 35.5) = 58.5u

Formula unit mass of ZnO

= 1 × atomic mass of Zn + 1 × atomic mass of O

= 1 × 65 u + 1 × 16 u = 81 u

Formula unit mass of Na2O

Page 6
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

= 2 × atomic mass of Na + 1 × atomic mass of O

= 2 × 23 u + 1 × 16 u = 62 u

Formula unit mass of K2CO3

= 2 × atomic mass of K + 1 × atomic mass of C + 3 × atomic mass of O

= 2 × 39 u + 1 × 12 u + 3 × 16 u

= 78 u + 12 u + 48 u = 138 u

Mole Concept

How do we interpret a chemical equation?

Suppose a chemical equation is: 2C + O2 = 2CO2

We say that two molecules of carbon combine with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules
of carbon dioxide.

We can also say that 24u of Carbon molecules combine with 32u of oxygen molecules to form 56u
of carbon dioxide molecules.

Therefore, we can characterise the quantity of a substance by its mass or by its number of molecules.

A chemical equation directly indicates the number of molecules participating in the reaction. Thus,
it is convenient for us to refer to the number of substances in a chemical reaction as numbers of
molecules or atoms.

Moler Mass & Moles

Molar Mass

A substance is something which has mass and occupies space. The molar
mass/molecular weight is actually the sum of the total mass in grams of the atoms
present to make up a molecule per mole. The unit of molar mass is grams/mole.

mass
Molar mass = = g/mol
mole

The mass of one atom of carbon-12 the atomic mass of carbon-12 is exactly
12 atomic mass units.
Page 7
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

The mass of one mole of carbon-12 atoms is exactly 12 grams; its molar mass is exactly 12 grams per
mole.

Moles

the mole is a fundamental (SI) unit used to measure the amount of substance. This quantity is
sometimes referred to as the chemical amount.

A substance is something that has mass and occupies space. The molar mass/molecular weight is
actually the sum of the total mass in grams of the atoms present to make up a molecule per mole.
The unit of molar mass is grams/mole.
 Atoms and Molecules

DPP-01

[Topic: Atoms, Symbols of elements, Atomic mass, Molecules of elements and compounds, Ions,
Writing chemical formula, Molecular mass, Formula unit mass]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is meant by the term chemical formula?

2. How many atoms are present in a:
(i) H2 S molecule
(ii) PO3−
4 ion?

3. Name the unit in which atomic radius is measured.

4. Define molecular mass.
5. What is the formula unit mass?
6. Name the element used as a standard for atomic mass unit.
7. In what form does oxygen occur in nature?
8. In what form noble gases exist in nature?
9. What is the difference between 2H and H2 ?
10. Calculate formula unit mass of Mg(NO3 )2 . (Mg = 24u, N = 14u, O = 16u)
11. Define the atomic mass unit.
12. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?
13. Define atomicity.
14. How many atoms are present in one molecule of ozone?
15. Give an example of:
(a) Triatomic,
(b) Polyatomic molecules of elements.
16. Define law of constant proportion.
17. What is the ratio between mass of carbon and oxygen in CO2 ? (C = 12𝑢O = 16𝑢)
18. Name the anion and cation present in molecule of magnesium oxide.
19. An element ' X ' has valency 3. Write the formula of its oxide.
20. Write the names of compounds (𝑎)Ag 2 O (b) CuS
21. Write the symbol for following elements ( (𝑎) Iron (𝑏) Potassium
22. Give the difference between a cation and an anion?
 23. Write the names of the following compounds:
(a) Al2 (SO4 )3
(b) NH4 OH
24. Which of the following statements is not true about an atom?
(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently.
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed.
(c) Atoms are always neutral in nature.
(d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch.
25. The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is:
(a) Ni
(b) N2
(c) N +
(d) N
26. The chemical symbol for sodium is:
(a) So
(b) Sd
(c) NA
(d) Na
27. Which of the following represents a correct chemical formula? Name it.
(a) CaCl
(b) BiPO4
(c) NaSO4
(d) NaS
28. The oxide of 'Al' has a chemical formula Al2 O3 . State the valency of Al.
29. What is the formula of ammonium chloride?

Short Answer Type Questions-I

30. Write down the formulae of:
(a) sodium oxide
(b) aluminium chloride
(c) sodium sulphide
(d) magnesium hydroxide
31. (a) Calculate the relative molecular mass of water (H2 O).
(b) Calculate the relative molecular mass of HNO3 .
32. Calculate the formula unit mass of CaCl2 -
33. What is atomicity? Explain with two examples.
34. Calculate relative molecular mass of H2 and NH3 [Atomic mass of H = 1𝑢, N = 14𝑢 ]
35. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
(a) Quicklime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
 (c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate
36. As per law of definite proportions, carbon and oxygen combine in the ratio of 3: 8. Compute the
mass of oxygen that would be required to react completely with 6 g of carbon.
37. Find the formula unit mass of (𝑎)NaHCO3 (𝑏)Na2 CO3
38. Select the element that is (𝑎) ductile, (𝑏) conductor of electricity, (𝑐) a constituent of water, (d)
non-metal, liquid at room temperature.
39. Hydrogen and Oxygen combine in the ratio 1: 8 by mass for water. What mass of oxygen gas
would be required to completely react with 4 g of hydrogen gas?
40. Classify the following compounds as diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic molecule:
HCl, H2 , H2 O, NH3

41. Write the cations and anions present (if any) in the following compounds:
(a) CH3 COONa
(b) NaCl
(c) H2
(d) NH4 NO3
42. Which of the following symbols of elements are incorrect? Give their correct symbols.
(a) Cobalt- CO
(b) Carbon-C
(c) Aluminium - Al
(d) Helium- He
(e) Sodium -So

Short Answer Type Questions-II

43. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formula:
(a) Al2 (SO4 )3
(b) CaCl2
(c) K 2 SO4
(d) KNO3
(e) CaCO3 .
44. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2 O, K 2 CO3 . [Atomic mass of Zn = 65𝑢, O =
16𝑢Na = 23𝑢, K = 39𝑢, C = 12𝑢]
45. What is the difference between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules? Illustrate with the help
of four examples each?
46. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of
boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound by weight.
47. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.0 g oxygen, 11.0 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What mass
of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 50.0 g of oxygen? Which law
of chemical combination will govern your answer?
 48. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.
49. Write the chemical formulae of the following.
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate
50. The percentage of three elements, calcium, carbon and oxygen in a sample is given as Ca =
40%C = 12%O = 48%
If law of constant proportion is true, what weights of these elements will be present in 1.5 g of
another sample of calcium carbonate? [Atomic mass of Ca = 40𝑢, C = 12𝑢, O = 16𝑢 ]
51. How will you prove law of conservation of mass experimentally?
52. (a) When 5 g of calcium is burnt in 25 g of oxygen then 7 g of calcium oxide is produced. What
mass of calcium oxide will be produced when 5 g of calcium is burnt in 20 g of oxygen? Which
law of chemical combination will govern your answer? State the law.
(b) Write the chemical formula of calcium oxide.
53. Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds:
(a) Copper(II) bromide
(b) Aluminium(III) nitrate
(c) Calcium(II) phosphate
(d) Iron(III) sulphide
(e) Mercury(II) chloride
(f) Magnesium(II) acetate
54. Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the following sets of elements:
(a) Calcium and fluorine
(b) Hydrogen and sulphur
(c) Nitrogen and hydrogen
(d) Carbon and chlorine
(e) Sodium and oxygen
(f) Carbon and oxygen
Long Answer Type Questions
55. Calculate the molecular masses of H2 , O2 , Cl2 , CO2 , CH4 , C2 H6 , C2 H4 , NH3 , CH3 OH. [Atomic
Mass of H = 1𝑢, O = 16𝑢, Cl = 35.5𝑢, C = 12𝑢, N = 14𝑢 ]
56. Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the combination of
following ions:
Cu2+ , Na+ , Fe3+ , Cl, SO2− 3−
4 , PO4

57. Define the following terms:

(a) Atom
(b) Molecule
(c) Avogadro's number
(d) Valency
(e) Molar mass
 Atoms and Molecules

DPP-02

[Topic: Dalton Atomic Theory, Laws of Chemical Composition]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?
2. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?
3. What is the full form of IUPAC?
4. Name the scientist who gave the atomic theory of matter.
5. What are building blocks of matter?
6. Name two laws of chemical combination.
7. State the law of conservation of mass.
8. State the law of constant proportions.

Short Answer Type Questions

9. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products were
2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations
are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water.
10. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1: 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen
gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
11. Write the main postulates of Dalton's atomic theory.
 Atoms and Molecules

DPP-03

[Topic: Mole Concept]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. How many atoms are there in 1 gram of hydrogen?

2. What is meant by Avagadro's constant?

Short Answer Type Questions-I

3. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 grams, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of carbon?
[Atomic mass of C = 12𝑢 ]
4. What is the mass of:
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules? [Atomic mass of O = 16u, H = 1𝑢 ]
5. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8 ) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
[Atomic mass of S = 32𝑢 ]
6. (a) Calculate the number of moles in 34 g of NH3 [ N = 14𝑢, H = 1𝑢]
(b) Calculate number of molecule in 8 g dioxygen gas [O = 16𝑢]
7. Calculate mass of 1 molecule of oxygen gas.
8. The mass of single atom of an element is 2.65 × 10−23 g. Calculate its atomic mass.
9. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water?
(i) 2 moles of H2 O
(ii) 20 moles of water
(iii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
(iv) 1.2044 × 1025 molecules of water
(a) (i)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
10. Which of the following would weigh the highest?
(a) 0.2 mole of sucrose (C12 H22 O11 )
(b) 2 moles of CO2
(c) 2 moles of CaCO3
(d) 10 moles of H2 O
11. Which of the following has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 18 g of H2 O
(b) 18 g of O2
(c) 18 g of CO2
(d) 18 g of CH4
 12. Which of the following contains maximum number of molecules?
(a) 1 g of CO2
(b) lg of N2
(c) lg of H2
(d) 1 g of CH4

Short Answer Type Questions-II

13. Calculate the number of moles for the following:
(i) 52 g of He (finding mole from mass)
(ii) 12.044 × 1023 number of He atoms (finding mole from number of particles).
[Atomic mass of He = 4𝑢 ]
14. Calculate the mass of the following:
(i) 0.5 mole of N2 gas (mass from mole of molecule)
(ii) 0.5 mole of N atoms (mass from mole of atom)
(iii) 3.011 × 1023 number of N atoms (mass from number)
(iv) 6.022 × 1023 number of N2 molecules (mass from number)
[Atomic mass of N = 14𝑢 ]
15. Calculate the number of particles in each of the following:
(i) 46 g of Na atoms (number of atoms from mass)
(ii) 8 g of O2 molecules (number of molecules from mass)
(iii) 0.1 mole of carbon atoms (number from given moles)
[Atomic mass of Na = 23𝑢, 0 = 16𝑢, C = 12𝑢 ]
16. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100grams of iron (given, atomic
mass of Na = 23𝑢, Fe = 56𝑢 ?
17. What is the mass of:
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms
(b) 4 mole of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27 )
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2 SO3 )
[Atomic mass of N = 14𝑢, Al = 27𝑢, Na = 23𝑢, S = 32𝑢, O = 16𝑢 ]
18. Convert into moles.
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide. [Atomic Mass of O = 16𝑢, H = 1𝑢, C = 12𝑢 ]
19. Calculate number of molecules of phosphorus (P4 ) present in 248 g of solid phosphorus. [Given
atomic mass: P = 31𝑢, NΛ = 6.022 × 1023 per mole]
20. The atomic mass of calcium is 40𝑢. What will be the total number of calcium atoms in 0.4𝑢 of
calcium?
21. 3.42 g of sucrose (C12 H22 O11 ) is dissolved in 18 g of H2 O in a beaker. Calculate the total
number of oxygen atoms in the solution.
22. Compute the difference in masses of 103 mole each of Mg atoms and Mg 2+ ions (Mass of
electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg )
 23. A sample of (C2 H6 ) has the same mass as 1.5 × 1020 molecules of CH4 . How many C2 H6
molecule does the sample of gas contain?
Long Answer Type Questions

24. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances:

(a) Ethyne, C2 H2
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31 )
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3
[Atomic mass of C = 12𝑢, H = 1𝑢, S = 32𝑢, Cl = 35.5𝑢, N = 14𝑢, O = 16𝑢, P = 31𝑢 ]
25. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass of
Al = 27u ) [Atomic mass of Al = 27u, O = 16u]
26. (a) Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 0.1 mole of Na2 CO3 . 10H2 O
(b) If one mole of sulphur weighs 32 grams, what is the mass in grams of 1 atom of sulphur?
(c) Identity the correct formula of ammonium sulphate?
(NH4 )(SO4 )3 , (NH4 )2 SO4 , NH4 (SO4 )2
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

INTRODUCTION

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the fundamental unit of matter?
A. Molecule B. Atom
C. Element D. Compound
2 What is formed when two or more atoms establish chemical bonds?
A. Elements B. Molecules
C. Compounds D. Ions
3 What is the size range of an atom?
A. 1 to 5 nanometres B. 0.5 to 1 nanometre
C. 0.1 to 0.5 nanometres D. 5 to 10 nanometres
4 What is the law that states matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction?
A. Law of Constant Proportions B. Law of Conservation of Energy
C. Law of Chemical Combination D. Law of Conservation of Mass
5 What are the compounds formed in a chemical reaction called?
A. Atoms B. Reactants
C. Elements D. Products
6 Define the Law of Constant Proportions.
7 Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds.
Sodium Chloride, 2. Aluminium Chloride, 3. Calcium Carbonate, 4. Magnesium Hydroxide.
8 Write the valencies for the following atoms.
1. Oxygen, 2. Calcium, 3. Nitrogen, 4. Phosphorous, 5. Chlorine
9 What is the size range of an atom, and why is it considered the most fundamental unit of
matter?
10 Explain the Law of Conservation of Mass and its significance in chemical reactions.
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY

(Practice Sheet)
1 What did Dalton propose in his Atomic Theory regarding the nature of atoms?
B. Atoms have varying sizes within the same
A. Atoms are continuously divisible.
element.
D. Atoms can be created in chemical
C. Atoms are indestructible and indivisible.
reactions.
2 According to Dalton, what is the key factor that determines the identity of an element?
A. Number of neutrons B. Atomic mass
C. Number of electrons D. Number of protons
3 What information does the atomic symbol of an element provide?
A. Number of electrons B. Atomic mass
C. Identity of the element D. Number of protons
4 What is the significance of the symbols representing elements?
A. Represents the number of moles B. Indicates the mass of the element
C. Provides information on stoichiometric D. Represents the number of neutrons
quantity
5 What is the relative atomic mass of an element?
A. The weight of one mole of the element B. The mass of one atom of the element
C. The mass of an atom relative to carbon- D. The average mass of isotopes of the
12 element
6 Why is the atomic mass of carbon-12 taken as the standard for defining atomic masses of
other elements?
7 Define the gram atomic mass of an element and provide an example.
8 How is the gram atomic mass of an element calculated?
9 What did Dalton propose about the nature of atoms in his Atomic Theory?
10 Define an atom and explain why atoms are not visible to the naked eye.
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MOLECULE

(Practice Sheet)
1 What holds atoms together in a molecule?
A. Ionic bonds B. Covalent bonds
C. Metallic bonds D. Hydrogen bonds
2 What is the smallest unit of measurement that a substance can be divided into while still
remaining the same substance?
A. Atom B. Element
C. Molecule D. Compound
3 Which of the following elements is diatomic?
A. Argon B. Helium
C. Oxygen D. Sulphur
4 How many atoms does a tetra-atomic element comprise?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
5 In which type of bond are atoms held together in salts?
A. Covalent bonds B. Metallic bonds
C. Ionic bonds D. Hydrogen bonds
6 What is the molecular formula of a compound?
7 Which type of formula shows the actual number of each atom in a molecule?
8 What is a molecule, and how is it formed?
9 Explain the difference between salts and molecular compounds in terms of their bonds.
10 Differentiate between covalent bonds and ionic bonds in compounds.
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is a charged atom or group of charged atoms called?
A. Neutron B. Electron
C. Ion D. Proton
2 Which term is used for a positively charged ion?
A. Neutron B. Anion
C. Cation D. Electron
3 What happens when an atom gains an electron?
A. It becomes a cation B. It becomes an anion
C. It loses a proton D. It becomes neutral
4 What is the combining capacity of an atom known as?
A. Charge B. Atomic mass
C. Valency D. Ionization energy
5 In a chemical formula, which element is usually written first?
A. Nonmetal B. Metal
C. Anion D. Cation
6 What does the chemical formula NaCl represent?
7 How is an ionic bond formed in an ionic compound?
8 What is the unit of molecular mass?
9 What is valency?
10 Define formula unit mass and explain its significance in ionic compounds.
 EXEMPLAR SOLUTION

Chapter 3
Atoms and Molecules

Multiple Choice Questions

1.Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water?

(i) 2 moles of H20
(ii) 20 moles of water
(iii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
(iv) 1.2044×1025 molecules of water

(a) (i)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

Soln:
Answer is (d) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation:
Number of moles = Mass of water
Molar mass of water

Number of moles = 360g

12g/mol

Number of moles = 20

Number of molecules = 20 x 6.022 x 1023 = 1.2044 x 1025 molecules of water

Thus, option (d) is correct.

2. Which of the following statements is not true about an atom?

(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed
(c) Atoms are always neutral in nature
d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch

Soln:

Answer is d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch

Explanation:

Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter But we cannot see the matter with our naked eyes.

3. The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is

(a) Ni
(b) N2
(c) N+
(d) N
Soln:

Answer is (b) N2

Explanation:
Chemical formula of Nitrogen is N but Nitrogen exist in molecule of two ions hence chemical symbol of Nitrogen
is written as N2.

4. The chemical symbol for sodium is

(a) So
(b) Sd
(c) NA
(d) Na

Soln:

Answer is (d) Na

Explanation:

Sodium word is derived from Latin word Natrium hence the chemical name of sodium is Na.

5. Which of the following would weigh the highest?

(a) 0.2 mole of sucrose (C12 H22 O11)
(b) 2 moles of CO2
(c) 2 moles of CaCO3
(d) 10 moles of H2O

Soln:
Answer is (c) 2 moles of CaCO3

Explanation:

Weight of a sample in grant = Number of moles x Molar mass

(a) 0.2 moles of Ci2H220„ = 0.2 x 342 = 68.4 g
(b) 2 moles of CO is 2 x 44 is. 88 g
(c) 2 moles of CaCO? 2 x IIMI - 200 g (4) 10 moles of I-120 = 10 x 18 - 1St g
Hence, option (c) is correct.

6. Which of the following has maximum number of atoms?

(a) 18g of H2O
(b) 18g of O2
(c) 18g of CO2
(d) 18g of CH4

Soln:
Answer is (d) 18g of CH4
Explanation:
Number of atoms = Mass of
substance × Number of atoms in the molecule/ Molar mass × NA
(a) 18 g of water =18 x3/18 ×NA = 3 NA
(b) 18 g of oxygen = 18 x2 /32 × NA = 1.12 NA
(c) 18 g of CO2 = 18 x3/44 × NA = 1.23 NA
(d) 18 g of CH4 =18 x5 /16 × NA = 5.63 NA

Note: NA = 6.023×1023

7. Which of the following contains maximum number of molecules?

(a) 1g CO2
(b) 1g N2
(c) 1g H2
(d) 1g CH4

Soln:

Answer is (c) 1g H2

Note: NA = 6.023×1023
Explanation:

1 g of H2 = ½ x NA = 0.5 NA = 0.5 × 6.022 × 1023 = 3.011 × 1023

8. Mass of one atom of oxygen is

(a) 23 16 g 6.023 10 ×
(b) 23 32 g 6.023 10 ×
(c) 23 1 g 6.023 10 ×
(d) 8u

Soln:

Answer is (a) 23 16 g 6.023 10 ×

Explanation:

Mass of one atom of oxygen = Atomic mass/NA = 16/6.023 × 1023 g

Note: NA = 6.023×1023
9. 3.42 g of sucrose are dissolved in 18g of water in a beaker. The number of oxygen atoms in the solution
are
(a) 6.68 × 1023 (b) 6.09 × 1022 (c) 6.022 × 1023 (d) 6.022 × 1021

Soln:

Answer is (a) 6.68 × 1023

Explanation:

1 mol of sucrose ( C12H22O11) contains = 11× NA atoms of oxygen, where NA = 6.023×1023

0.01 mol of sucrose (C12 H22 O11) contains = 0.01 × 11 × NA atoms of oxygen
= 0.11× NA atoms of oxygen
= 18 g/(1x2+ 16)gmol-1
=18 g /18 gmol-1
= 1mol
1mol of water (H2O) contains 1×NA atom of oxygen
Total number of oxygen atoms =
Number of oxygen atoms from sucrose + Number of oxygen atoms from water
= 0.11 NA + 1.0 NA = 1.11NA
Number of oxygen atoms in solution = 1.11 × Avogadro’s number
= 1.11 × 6.022 ×10”23 = 6.68 × 1023

10. A change in the physical state can be brought about

(a) only when energy is given to the system
(b) only when energy is taken out from the system
(c) when energy is either given to, or taken out from the system
(d) without any energy change

Soln:

Answer is (c) when energy is either given to, or taken out from the system

Short Answer Questions

11. Which of the following represents a correct chemical formula? Name it.
(a) CaCl
(b) BiPO4
(c) NaSO4
(d) NaS
Soln:

Answer is (b) BiPO4, Its name is Bismuth Phosphate

Explanation:

Bismuth phosphate is right because Both ions are trivalent Bismuth phosphate(Bi3+- Trivalent anion. anion is an
ion that is negatively charged).

12. Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds

(a) Copper (II) bromide

(b) Aluminium (III) nitrate
(c) Calcium (II) phosphate
(d) Iron (III) sulphide
(e) Mercury (II) chloride
(f) Magnesium (II) acetate

Soln:

Answers are
(a) Copper (II) bromide- CuBr2
(b) Aluminium (III) nitrate = Al(NO3)3
(c) Calcium (II) phosphate - Ca3(PO4)2
(d) Iron (III) sulphide - Fe2S3
(e) Mercury (II) chloride - HgCl2
(f) Magnesium (II) acetate- Mg(CH3COO)2

13. Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the combination of
following ions Cu2+, Na+, Fe3+, C1–SO4 -2 , PO4 -3

Soln:
Answers are
CuCl2/ CuSO4/ Cu3 (PO4) 2
NaCl/ Na2SO4/ Na3 PO4
FeCl3/ Fe2(SO4) 3 / FePO4

14. Write the cations and anions present (if any) in the following compounds
(a) CH3COONa
b) NaCl
(c) H2
(d) NH4NO3
Soln:
a) In CH3COONa-CH3COO is anion and Na is cation.
b) In NaCl-Cl anion Na is cation
c) In H2 both the ions are cations as they share electrovalent bond between them
d) In NH4NO3- NO3 is anion NH4 is cation
15. Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the following sets of elements
(a) Calcium and fluorine
(b) Hydrogen and sulphur
(c) Nitrogen and hydrogen
(d) Carbon and chlorine
(e) Sodium and oxygen
(f) Carbon and oxygen

Soln:

(b) Hydrogen and sulphur- H2S- Hydrogen Sulphide

(c) Nitrogen and hydrogen- NH3- Ammonia
(d) Carbon and chlorine – CCl4- Carbon Tetra chloride
(e) Sodium and oxygen – Na2O-Sodium Oxide
(f) Carbon and oxygen- CO2 ; CO- Carbon-di-oxide; Carbon Monoxide

16. Which of the following symbols of elements are incorrect? Give their correct symbols
(a) Cobalt CO
(b) Carbon c
(c) Aluminium AL
(d) Helium He
(e) Sodium So
Soln:
Cobalt CO is wrong, correct symbol is Co
Carbon c is wrong, correct symbol is C
Alluminium AL is wrong, correct symbol is Al
Helium He is the right symbol
Sodium So is wrong, correct symbol is Na
17. Give the chemical formulae for the following compounds and compute the ratio by mass of the
combining elements in each one of them. (You may use appendix-III).
(a) Ammonia
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Hydrogen chloride
(d) Aluminium fluoride
(e) Magnesium sulphide

Soln:
Sl. No. Compounds Chemical formula Ratio by mass of the
combining elements
(a) Ammonia NH3 N:H=14:3
(b) Carbon monoxide CO C:O= 12:16=3:4
(c) Aluminium fluoride HCl H:Cl= 1:35.5
(d) Aluminium fluoride AlF3 Al:F=27:57=9:19
(e) Magnesium sulphide MgS Mg:S= 24:32=3:4

18. State the number of atoms present in each of the following chemical species
(a) CO3-2
(b) PO4-3
(c) P2 O5
(d) CO

Soln:
(a) CO3-2- 1+3=4
(b) PO4-3 -1+4=5
(c) P2 O5 – 2+5=7
(d) CO – 1+1=2

19. What is the fraction of the mass of water due to neutrons?

Soln:
Mass of 1 mole of a substance is equal to its relative atomic or molecular mass in grams.
Mass of one mole (Avogadro Number) of neutrons =1g
Mass of one neutron = 1/ Avogadro number(NA) g
Mass of one molecule of water = Molar mass / NA = 18/ NA g
The molar mass of water is
18.015 g/mol. This was
calculated by multiplying the atomic weight of hydrogen (1.008) by two and adding the result to the weight
for one oxygen (15.999)
Mass of one molecule of water = Molar mass / NA = 18/ NA g
Avogadro number(NA) =6.022 x 1023mol¯1
There are 8 neutrons in one atom of oxygen
Number of neutrons in oxygen= number of oxygen - Atomic number of oxygen
Oxygen's atomic weight= 15.9994
increases with an increase in temperature.
Therefore the mass is 16
Therefore number of neutrons= 16 - 8 = 8
Mass of one neutron = 1/ Avogadro number(NA) g
Mass of 8 neutrons = 8/ Avogadro number(NA) g
Fraction of mass of water due to neutrons = 8/18 g

20. Does the solubility of a substance change with temperature? Explain with the help of an
example.

Soln:
Solubility is the ability of a solute to get dissolved in 100g solvent. Solubility of a given solute to
dissolve in specific solvent depends on the temperature. With Increase in temperature solubility of
liquids and solids increase. In the same way solubility of gases decreases with increase in temperature.

Ex: Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water.

21. Classify each of the following on the basis of their atomicity.

(a) F2
(b) NO2
(c) N2O
(d) C2H6
(e) P4
(f) H2O2
(g) P4O10
(H) O3
(i) HCl
(j) CH4
(k) He
(l) Ag
Soln:

a) Monoatomic are inert gases that do not combine and exist as monoatomic gases
b) Diatomic- (a) 2- diatomic- NO2 = 1+ 2 = 3., HCl = 1+ 1 = 2
c) Triatomic-N2O = 2 + 1 = 3., NO2 = 1+ 2 = 3, O3 = 3
d) Tetraatomic- H2O2 = 2 + 2 = 4, P4O10 = 4 + 10 = 14, P4 = 4, CH4 = 1+ 4= 5
e) Octa atomic- C2H6 = 2 + 6 = 8
f) Polyatomic.

22. You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How would
you identify it without tasting?
To examine if the fine white coloured powder is sugar pr salt we can conduct two experiments.

Soln:
1. Heating: Upon heating sugar melts to liquid form because sucrose has a decomposition point and
melting point at temperatures between 190 to 192 degrees Celsius. This will turn sugar to light brown colour.
Upon heat further sugar gets charred to black colour.

Salt has a melting point of 841 degrees Celsius and 1545.8 degrees Fahrenheit. If we don’t heat it to that
point nothing change is observed.
2. Electric conductivity:
If we dissolve the given substance in water we can check for electric conductivity to check whether the
substance is sugar or salt. If it is salt it conducts electricity. Because salt (NaCl) has positive sodium ions
and negative chloride ions hence salt conducts electricity. But sugar don’t conduct electricity as sugar has
only positive ions.

23. Calculate the number of moles of magnesium present in a magnesium ribbon weighing 12 g.
Molar atomic mass of magnesium is 24g mol–1.
Soln:
Number of moles = weight
atomic weight
= 12 = 0.5 moles
24
Long Answer Questions
24. Verify by calculating that (a) 5 moles of CO2 and 5 moles of H2O do not have the same mass. (b) 240 g
of calcium and 240 g magnesium elements have a mole ratio of 3:5.

Soln:
(a) Molar mass of CO2 =12 + 2 x 16= 12 + 32 = 44 g mol-1
5 moles of CO2 have mass = 44 x 5 = 220 g

Similarly, molar mass of H2O = 2x 1 + 16 = 18 g mol -1

 5 moles of H2O have mass =18
x 5 = 90 g

It is verified that 5 moles of CO2 and 5 moles of H2O are not same.
(b) Number of moles = w/ atomic weight
Atomic weight of Ca= 40 amu
Number of moles in 240g Ca metal 240/ 40 = 6
Number of moles in 240g of Mg metal 240/ 24 = 10
Atomic weight of Mg = 24amu
Ratio 6:10

25. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the following compounds. (You may use
Appendix-III) (a) CaCO3 (d) C2H5OH (b) MgCl2 (e) NH3 (c) H2SO4 (f) Ca(OH)2

Soln:

a) CaCO3
Ca: C : O × 3
40 : 12 : 16 × 3
40: 12 : 48
10 : 3 : 12

(b) MgCl2
Mg : Cl × 2
24: 35.5 × 2
24: 71

(c) H2SO4
Hx2:S:O×4
2: 32 : 16 × 4
2 : 32 : 64
1: 16: 32

(d) C2H5OH
C×2:H×6:O
12 × 2 : 1 × 6 : 16
24 : 6 : 16
12 : 3 : 8
(e) NH3
N:H×3
14 : 1 × 3
14: 3

(f) Ca(OH)2
Ca : O × 2 : H × 2
40 : 16 × 2 : 1 × 2
40 : 32 : 2
20 : 16 : 1

26. Calcium chloride when dissolved in water dissociates into its ions according to the following
equation. CaCl2 (aq) → Ca2+ (aq) + 2Cl– (aq) Calculate the number of ions obtained from CaCl2
when 222 g of it is dissolved in water.
Soln:
1 mole of calcium chloride = 111g
Therefore 222g of CaCl2 is equivalent to 2 moles of CaCl2
Since 1 formula unit CaCl2 gives 3 ions,
therefore, 1 mol of CaCl2 will give 3 moles of ions 2 moles of CaCl2 would give 3×2=6 moles of ions.
No. of ions = No. of moles of ions × Avogadro number
= 6 × 6.022 ×1023
= 36.132×1023
=3.6132 × 1024 ions

27. The difference in the mass of 100 moles each of sodium atoms and sodium ions is 5.48002 g. Compute
the mass of an electron.

Soln:
Sodium atom and ion differ by one electron. For 100 moles each of sodium atoms and ions there would be a
difference of 100 moles of electrons.
Mass of 100 moles of electrons= 5.48002 g
Mass of 1 mole of electron = 5.48002 / 100 g
Mass of one electron = 5.48002 /100 × 6.022 ×1023
= 9.1 ×1028 g
= 9.1×10-31 kg
28. Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury are present in 225 g of
pure HgS? Molar mass of Hg and S are 200.6 g mol–1 and 32 g mol–1 respectively.

Soln:
Molar mass of HgS = The molar mass of Hg + the molar mass of S
= 200.6 + 32 = 232.6 g mol–1
1molecule of HgS contains 1 atom of Hg
232.6 g of HgS contains 200.6 g of Hg
Therefore, Mass of Hg in 225 g of HgS = 200.6 X 225 = 194.04g
232.6

29. The mass of one steel screw is 4.11g. Find the mass of one mole of these steel screws. Compare this value
with the mass of the Earth (5.98 × 1024kg). Which one of the two is heavier and by how many times?

Soln:
One mole of screws weigh = 2.475 ×1024g
= 2.475×1021 kg

Mass of the Earth / Mass of 1 mole of screws = 5.98 ×1024 kg

2.475×1021

= 2.4 ×10
Mass of earth is 2.4×103 times the mass of screws
The earth is 2400 times heavier than one mole of screws

30. A sample of Vitamin C is known to contain 2.58 ×1024 oxygen atoms. How many moles of oxygen atoms
are present in the sample?

Soln:

We know,
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023
The number of moles= Given number of particles
Avogadro Number

n= 2.58x1024
6.022x1023

n= 4.28 mol

31. Raunak took 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and Krish also took 5 moles of sodium atoms in
another container of same weight.
(a) Whose container is heavier?
(b) Whose container has more number of atoms?
Soln:

a) Mass of sodium atoms carried by Krish = (5 ×23) g = 115 g

Atomic weight of Na = 23
While mass of carbon atom carried by Raunak = (5 ×12) g = 60g

b) Thus, Krish’s container has more number of atoms

32. Fill in the missing data in the Table 3.1

Species H2O CO2 Na atom MgCl2
property

No of Moles 2 - - 0.5

No of particles - 3.011x1023 - 0

Mass 36g - 115g 0

Soln:

Species property H2O CO2 Na atom MgCl2

No of Moles 2 0.5 5 0.5

No of particles 12.044x1024 3.011x1023 3.011x1023 3.011x1023

Mass 36g 22g 115g 47.5g

33. The visible universe is estimated to contain 1022 stars. How many moles of stars are present in the
visible universe?

Soln:
Number of moles of stars = 1022
6.023 ×1023
= 0.0166 moles

34. What is the SI prefix for each of the following multiples and submultiples of a unit?
(a) 103
(b) 10–1
(c) 10–2
(d) 10–6
(e) 10–9
(f) 10–12
Soln:
a) 103 = 1000= kilo
(b) 10–1 =1/10= 0.1= deci
(c) 10–2 =1/100 = 0.01= centi
(d) 10–6 = 0.000 001= micro
(e) 10–9 =0.000 000 001 = nano
(f) 10–12=0.000 000 000 001 = pico

35. Express each of the following in kilograms

(a) 5.84×10-3 mg
(b) 58.34 g
(c) 0.584g
(d) 5.873×10-21g

Soln:
(a) 5.84 × 10–3 mg = 5.84 ×10–9 kg
(b) 58.34 g =5.834 ×10–2 kg
(c) 0.584g =5.84 ×10–4 kg
(d) 5.873×10-21g=5.873 ×10–24 kg

36. Compute the difference in masses of 103 moles each of magnesium atoms and magnesium ions.
(Mass of an electron = 9.1×10–31 kg)

Soln:
Mg2+ ion and Mg atom differ by two electrons.
103 moles of Mg2+ and Mg atoms would differ by
103 × 2 moles of electrons
Mass of 2 ×103 moles of electrons = 2×103 × 6.023 ×1023 × 9.1 ×10–31 kg
2×6.022 × 9.1×10–5kg
109.6004 ×10–5 kg
1.096 × 10–3kg

37. Which has more number of atoms? 100g of N2 or 100 g of NH3

Soln:

No. of moles of atoms = weight / atomic weight.

For N2
100 gms of N₂ = 100/2 x 14 moles = 100/28 moles
Number of molecules = 100 / 28 x 6.022 x 10²³
Molar mass of N₂ = 2 x molar mass of monoatomic N
Molar mass of N₂ = 2 x 14.0067 = 28 moles.
Number of molecules = 100/28 x 6.022 x 10²³
No. of atoms = 2 x 100/28 x 6.022 x 10²³ = 43.01 x 10²³
For NH₃
100 gm of NH₃ = 100/17 moles
Number of molecules = 100/17 x
6.022 x 10²³ molecules
No. of atoms in NH₃ = (1 + 3) = 4 x 100/17 x 6.022 x 10²³ =
141.69 x 10²³ atoms.
Therefore, NH₃ has more atoms than N₂.

38. Compute the number of ions present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride.

Soln:

58.5 g NaCl contains 6.023 x 1023 molecules

therefore 58.5 g NaCl contains 12.046 x 1023 ions.
Hence, 5.85 g NaCl contains 5.85 x 12.046 x 1023
58.5
= 1.2046 x 1023 ions

39. A gold sample contains 90% of gold and the rest copper. How many atoms of gold are present in one
gram of this sample of gold?

Soln:

One gram of gold sample will contain 90 = =0.9g of gold

100
Number of moles of gold=mass of gold
atomic mass of gold
= 0.9
197
= 0.0046

One mole of gold contains NA atoms = 6.022×103

Therefore, 0.0046 mole of gold will contain= 0.0046 × 6.022

=2.77×1021

40. What are ionic and molecular compounds? Give examples.

Soln:

While forming some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons, and form electrically charged particles called ions.
Compounds that are formed by the attraction of cations and anions are called as ionic compounds.
Ex : 2Na + Cl2 → 2Na+ Cl- → 2NaCl (sodium chloride- common salt.)
Sodium is a group 1 metal, thus forms a +1 charged cation. Chlorine is a non-metal, and has the ability to form a -
1 charged anion.

Compounds formed due to bonding of uncharged ions are called as molecular compounds and the bonding
between them is called covalent bonding. Molecular compounds are formed by sharing of electrons between the
two atoms and the elements are held together by covalent bonds.
Ex: 2C + O2 → 2CO ( Carbon monoxide)

41. Compute the difference in masses of one mole each of aluminium atoms and one mole of its ions. (Mass
of an electron is 9.1×10–28 g). Which one is heavier?

Soln:

Mass of one mole of Aluminium atom = {13 × mass of each electron + 13 × mass of each proton + 14 × mass of
each neutron} × Avogadro's constant.
We know, if atoms convert into ions, only transfer of electrons takes place, in Al+3 ion, Aluminium atom loss
three electrons,
So,
Mass of Al+3 ={10× mass of each electron +13 × mass of each proton + 14 × mass of each neutron} Avogadro's
constant
Now,
You see mass of aluminium atom is greater than aluminium ion by 3 electrons
Difference in mass =Mass of Aluminium atom -mass of aluminium ion
= 3 × mass of each electron x Avogadro's constant .
= 3 × 9.1 × 10-28x 6.023 x 1023
=27.3 x 10-28 x 6.023 x 1023 g
=164.4 x 10-5 g
= 1.644 x 10-3 g
= 0.0016 g

42. A silver ornament of mass ‘m’ gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the mass of silver.
Compute the ratio of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the ornament.

Soln:
Mass of silver = m g
Mass of gold = m /100g
Number of atoms of silver = Mass/ Atomic mass X NA
= m /108NA Number of atoms of gold
= m/ 100 X197
Ratio of number of atoms of gold to silver = Au : Ag
= m/ 100 X 197 X NA : m/ 108 NA
= 108 : 100×197
= 108 : 19700 =
1 : 182.41

43. A sample of ethane (C2H6) gas has the same mass as 1.5 ×1020 molecules of methane (CH4). How many
C2H6 molecules does the sample of gas contain?

Soln:

6.02 x 1023 molecules of methane = 1 mole

Hence 1.5 x 1020 molecules of methane = (1.5 x 1020 x 1) ÷ (6.02 x 1023) moles
= 2.49 x 10 -4 moles
Molar mass of Methane (CH4) = 12 + 1x4 = 16 g
Mass of methane = molar mass x no. of moles = 16 x 2.49 x 10 -4 = 3.984 x 10-3 g (This is the same mass as
Ethane)
Ethane (C2H6) = 12x2 + 1x6 = 30
If 30 g of Ethane has 6.02 x 1023 molecules
So 3.984 x 10 -3 g = (3.984 x 10-3 x 6.02 x 1023) ÷ 30
= 8 x 1019 molecules of Ethane

44. Fill in the blanks

(a) In a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged. This is
called ————.
(b) A group of atoms carrying a fixed charge on them is called ————.
(c) The formula unit mass of Ca3 (PO4) 2 is ————.
(d) Formula of sodium carbonate is ———— and that of ammonium sulphate is ————.

Soln:

Answers
a) Law of conservation of mass
b) Ions
c) 310

Explanation
3 × atomic mass of Ca+ 2 × atomic mass of phosphorus + 8 × atomic mass of oxygen) = 310

3 × 40 + 2 × 31 + 8 × 16 = 120 + 62 + 128 = 310

d) Na2 CO3 and (NH4) 2 SO4
45. Complete the following crossword puzzle (Fig. 3.1) by using the name of the chemical elements. Use the
data given in Table 3.2.
Across Down
The element used by Rutherford during his A white lustrous metal used for making
α–scattering experiment ornaments and which tends to get tarnished
black in the presence of moist air
An element which forms rust on exposure to Both brass and bronze are alloys of the
moist air element
A very reactive non–metal stored under The metal which exists in the liquid state at
water room temperature
Zinc metal when treated with dilute An element with symbol Pb
hydrochloric acid produces a gas of this
element which when tested with burning
splinter produces a pop sound.
Soln:
46. (a) In this crossword puzzle (Fig 3.2), names of 11 elements are hidden. Symbols of these are given
below. Complete the puzzle. 1. Cl 7. He 2. H 8. F 3. Ar 9. Kr 4. O 10. Rn 5. Xe 11. Ne 6. N

Soln:

b) Six : Helium (He); Neon ( Ne); Argon (Ar); Krypton (Kr); Xenon (Xe); Radon (Rn).
47. Write the formulae for the following and calculate the molecular mass for each one of them.
(a) Caustic potash
(b) Baking powder
(c) Lime stone
(d) Caustic soda
(e) Ethanol
(f) Common salt

Soln:

The formulae for the following and calculate the molecular mass for each one of them.

Sl No Compound Formula Molecular mass

A Caustic Potash KOH 39+16+1=56u
B Baking powder NaHCO3 23+1+12+3x16+84u
C Lime stone CaCO3 40+12+3x16+100u
D Caustic soda NaOH 23+16+1+40u
E Ethanol C2H5OH 2x2+5x1+16+1+46u
F Common Salt NaCl 23+35.5=58.5

48. In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with an equal number of water
molecules through a complex series of reactions to give a molecule of glucose having a molecular
formula C6 H12 O6 . How many grams of water would be required to produce 18 g of glucose?
Compute the volume of water so consumed assuming the density of water to be 1 g cm-3.

Soln:

6CO2 + 6 H2 O Chlorophyll /Sunlight → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

1 mole of glucose needs 6 moles of water 180 g of glucose needs (6×18) g of water 1 g of glucose will need 108/
180 g of water.
18 g of glucose would need (108 /180) × 18 g of water = 10.8 g
Volume of water used = Mass
Density
= 10.8 g/ 1g cm-3
=10.8 cm3
 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Chapter 3
Atoms and Molecules

Questions:

Q. 1 In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g ethanoic

acid. The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, o.9 g of water and 8.2 g
of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with
the law of conservation of mass.

Sodium Carbonate + Acetic Acid → Sodium Acetate + Carbon Dioxide +

Water
Ans.: In the given reaction, sodium carbonate reacts with acetic acid to
produce sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and water.
Sodium Carbonate + Acetic Acid → Sodium Acetate + Carbon Dioxide
+ Water
Mass of Sodium Carbonate = 5.3 g (Given)
Mass of Acetic Acid = 6 g (Given)
Mass of Sodium Acetate = 8.2 g (Given)
Mass of Carbon Dioxide = 2.2 g (Given)
Mass of Water = 0.9 g (Given)
Now, total mass before the reaction = Mass of (Sodium Carbonate +
Acetic Acid) = (5.3 + 6) g
= 11.3 g
And, total mass after the reaction = Mass of (Sodium Acetate + Carbon
Dioxide + Water) = (8.2 + 2.2 + 0.9) g
= 11.3 g
∴ Total mass before the reaction = Total mass after the reaction
Hence, the given observations are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass.

Q.2 Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to from

water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely
with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
Ans.: Here we have been given that hydrogen and oxygen always
combine in the fixed ratio of 1 : 8 by mass. This means that:
1 g of hydrogen gas requires = 8 h of oxygen gas
So, 3 g of hydrogen gas requires = 8 × 3 g of oxygen gas
= 24 g of oxygen gas

Thus, 24 grams of oxygen gas would be required to react completely

with 3 grams of hydrogen gas.

Q.3 Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory is the result of the law of
conservation of mass?
Ans.: The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that is the result of the
law of conservation of mass are following:
‘Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or destroyed in
a chemical reaction.’
‘The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given
compound.’

Q.4 Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory can explain the law of
definite proportions?
Ans.: The postulate of Dalton's atomic theory that explains the law of
definite proportions is ’The relative number and kinds of atoms are
constant in a given compound.’
Questions:
Q. 1 Define the atomic mass unit.
Ans.: One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one twelveth
(1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12. The relative atomic masses
of all elements have been found with respect to an atom of carbon-12.

Q.2 Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?

Ans.: It is not possible to see an atom with naked eyes because an atom
is a very small particle. For example, the radius of a hydrogen atom is
10-10 metre.

Questions:

Q. 1 Write down the formulae of:

(i) Sodium oxide
(ii) Aluminum chloride
(iii) Sodium sulphide
(iv) Magnesium hydroxide
Ans.: i) Sodium is an ionic compound made up of sodium ions and
oxide ions. The sodium ion has a valency or charge of 1+ where is oxide
Ion has a valency or charge of 2-

Na2O

Na O1+ 2- (cross over valencies)Formula: Na2O

Hence, the formula of sodium oxide is Na2O.
ii) Aluminium chloride is an ionic compound made up of aluminium
ions and chloride ions. Aluminium Ion has a valency of 3+ whereas
chloride Ion has a valency of 1-.

AlCl3 Or AlCl3

Al Cl3+ 1- (cross over valencies)Formula: AlCl3

Hence, the formula of aluminium chloride is AlCl3.

iii) Sodium sulphide ionic compound made up of sodium ions and

sulphide ions. Sodium Ion has a valency of 1+ ion has a valency of 2 -

Na S1+ 2- (cross over valencies)Formula: Na2S

Hence, the formula of sodium sulphide is Na2S.
iv) Magnesium hydroxide is an ionic compound made up of magnesium
and Hydroxide ions. Magnesium iron has a valency of 2+ and Hydroxide
has a valency of 1-

Mg OH2+ 1- (cross over valencies)Formula: Mg(OH)2

Hence, the formula of magnesium hydroxide is Mg(OH)2.

Q. 2 Write down the names of compounds represented by the following

formulae:

(i) Al2(SO4)3
(ii) CaCl2
(iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3
Ans.:
(i) The name of this compound is Aluminium sulphate.
(ii) The name of this compound is Calcium chloride.
(iii) The name of this compound is Potassium sulphate.
(iv) The name of this compound is potassium nitrate.
(v) The name of this compound is Calcium carbonate.

Q.3 What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Ans.: The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation
of its composition. The combining power or combining capacity of an
element is known as its valency. Valency can be used to find out how the
atoms of an element will combine with the atom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound. Some elements show more than one valency.
Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms. The
positive and negative charges must balance each other and the overall
structure must be neutral.

Q.4 How many atoms are present in a:

(i) H2S molecule, and
(ii) 𝑃𝑂43− ion?
Ans.:
(i) There are three atoms in a H2S molecule. Two hydrogen atoms and
one sulphur.
(ii) There are five atoms present in a 𝑃𝑂43− ion. One phosphorus atom
and four oxide ions.
Questions:

Q. 1 Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, Cl2, C02, CH4, C2H6,
C2H4, NH3, CH3OH (Atomic masses: H = 1; 0 = 16; Cl = 35.5; C = 12;
N = 14)
Ans.: The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses
of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. It is therefore the relative
mass of a molecule expressed in atomic mass units (u).

(i) Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1 u.

Molecular mass of H2 = Mass of 2H atoms = 2 x 1 = 2 u
(ii) Atomic mass of Oxygen = 16 u
Molecular mass of O2 = Mass of 2 'O' atoms = 2 X 16 = 32 u
(iii) Atomic mass of Cl = 35.5 u
Molecular mass of Cl2 = Mass of 2Cl atoms = 2 X 35.5 = 71 u
(iv) In this molecule, there is one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
Atomic mass of Carbon = 12 u
Atomic mass of Oxygen = 16 u
Molecular mass of CO2 = Mass of C atom + Mass of 2 '0' atoms
= 12 + 2 X 16 = 12 + 32 = 44 u
(v) Methane molecule has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
Atomic mass of Carbon = 12 u, Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1 u
Molecular mass of CH4 = Mass of C atom + Mass of 4H atoms
= 12 + 4 X 1 = 12 + 4 = 16 u
(vi) C2H6 molecule has two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.
Atomic mass of Carbon = 12 u, Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1 u
Molecular mass of C 2H6 =Mass of 2C atoms + Mass of 6H atoms
= 2 X 12 + 6 X 1 = 24 + 6 = 30 u

(vii) C2H4 molecule has two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms.
C2H6 molecule has two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms.
Molecular mass of C2H4 = Mass of 2C atoms + Mass of 4 H atoms
= 2 X 12 + 4 X 1 = 24 + 4 = 28 u

(viii) NH3 molecule has one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms.
Atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14 , Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 u
Molecular mass of NH3 = Mass of N atom + Mass of 3H atoms
= 14 + 3 X 1 = 14 + 3 = 17 u
(ix) CH3OH molecule has one carbon atom, four hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom.
Atomic mass of carbon = n 12 u, Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 u and
Atomic mass of oxygen = 12 u.
Molecular mass of CH3OH = Mass of C + Mass of 4 H + Mass of 0
= 12 + 4 X 1 + 16 = 12 + 4 + 16 = 32 u

Q. 2 Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3

(Given: Atomic masses of Zn = 65 u; Na = 23 u; K = 39 u; C = 12u and
O = 16 u)
Ans.: (i) Formula mass of ZnO = Mass of Zn atom + Mass of 0 atom
= 65 + 16 = 81 u
(ii) Formula mass of Na2O = Mass of 2Na atoms + Mass of 0
= 2 X 23 + 16 = 46 + 16 = 62 u
(iii) Formula mass of K2CO3 = Mass of two potassium atoms + one
carbon atom + three oxygen atoms
= 2 X39 + 12+ 3 X16 = 78+ 12+ 48 = 138 u

Exercise
Questions:

Q. 1 A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by

analysis to contain 0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the
percentage composition of the compound by weight.
Ans.: (i) Mass of boron in compound = 0.096 g
And, Mass of compound = 0.24 g
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
So, Percentage of Boron = × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
0.096
= ×100
0.24

= 40% …….(i)

(ii) Mass of oxygen in compound = 0.144 g

And, Mass of compound = 0.24 g

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

So, Percentage of oxygen = × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
0.144
= ×100
0.24

= 60% …….(ii)
Thus, the percentage composition of the compound is: Boron = 40%;
Oxygen = 60%
Q. 2 When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g of oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon
dioxide is produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when
3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical
combination will govern your answer?
Ans.: Answer will be governed by the law of constant proportions which
states that the mass of reactant must be equal to the mass of the product
formed during a reaction
Now, since carbon and oxygen combine in the fixed proportion of 3 : 8 by
mass to produce 11 g of carbon dioxide,
𝐶 + 𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2
3 + 8 = 11 (by ratio proportion)According to the question, the
equation formed will be:-
𝐶 + 2𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑂2
3 +50 = 11 + 42 53 = 53Therefore, the same mass of carbon
dioxide (11 g) will be obtained even if we burn 3 g of carbon in 50 g of
oxygen. The extra oxygen (50 – 8 = 42 g oxygen) will remain unchanged.

Q.3 What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.

4 of atom carrying positive or negative
Ans.: Polyatomic ions is the group
charge. For example,ammonium ion, 𝑁𝐻+, is a polyatomic ion which is
made up of two types of atoms, nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H) joined
together.
Similarly,carbonate - 𝐶𝑂2− , sulphate -𝑆𝑂2−, nitrate - 𝑁𝑂− and hydroxide
3 4 3
ions OH- are all polyatomic ions.

Q.4 Write the chemical formulae of the following:

(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper Nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate
Ans.: (a) The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic
representation of its composition. The combining power or combining
capacity of an element is known as its valency. Valency can be used to
find out how the atoms of an element will combine with the atom(s) of
another element to form a chemical compound. Some elements show
more than one valency.
While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the
constituent elements or their symbols and their valencies as shown below.
Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms. The
positive and negative charges must balance each other and the overall
structure must be neutral.

In magnesium chloride, there will be two chloride ions per one

magnesium ion. Thus, the formula or magnesium chloride is MgCl2.

(b) The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of

its composition. The combining power or combining capacity of an
element is known as its valency. Valency can be used to find out how the
atoms of an element will combine with the atom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound. Some elements show more than one valency.
While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the
constituent elements or their symbols and their valencies as shown below.
Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms. The
positive and negative charges must balance each other and the overall
structure must be neutral.
Thus, the formula of Calcium Oxide is CaO.
(c) The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of
its composition. The combining power or combining capacity of an
element is known as its valency. Valency can be used to find out how the
atoms of an element will combine with the atom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound. Some elements show more than one valency.
While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the
constituent elements or their symbols and their valencies as shown below.
Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms. The
positive and negative charges must balance each other and the overall
structure must be neutral.

Thus, the formula or copper nitrate is Cu(NO3)2

(d) The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of

its composition. The combining power or combining capacity of an
element is known as its valency. Valency can be used to find out how the
atoms of an element will combine with the atom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound. Some elements show more than one valency.

While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the

constituent elements or their symbols and their valencies as shown below.
Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms. The
positive and negative charges must balance each other and the overall
structure must be neutral.
In Aluminium Chloride, there are three chloride ions per one aluminium
ion. Thus, the Aluminium chloride is AlCl3.
(e) The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of
its composition. The combining power or combining capacity of an
element is known as its valency. Valency can be used to find out how the
atoms of an element will combine with the atom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound. Some elements show more than one valency.
While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the
constituent elements or their symbols and their valencies as shown below.
Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms. The
positive and negative charges must balance each other and the overall
structure must be neutral.

Thus, the formula or calcium carbonate is CaCO3.

Q.5 Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking soda
(d) Potassium sulphate
Ans.:
(a) Calcium oxide, CaO is also known as quick lime. The elements present
in quick lime are: Calcium (Ca) and Oxygen (O).
(b) The chemical formula of hydrogen bromide is HBr. The elements
present in hydrogen bromide are: Hydrogen (H) and Bromine (Br).
(c) Baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate, and its chemical formula
is NaHCO3. The elements present in baking soda are: Sodium (Na),
Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O).
(d) The chemical formula of potassium sulphate is K2SO4. The elements
present in potassium sulphate are: Potassium (K), Sulphur (S) and Oxygen
(O).

Q. 6 Calculate the molar masses of the following substances:

(a) Ethyne, C2H2
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8

(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4

(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3

Ans: The molar masses of all these substances will be equal to the
respective molecular masses expressed in g/mol. Now:\(a) Molar mass of
ethyne, C2H2 = Mass of C × 2 + Mass of H × 2
= 12 × 2 + 1 × 2
= 24 + 2
= 26 g/mol

(b) Molar mass of sulphur molecule, S8 = Mass of S × 8

= 32 × 8
= 256 g/mol
(c) Molar mass of phosphorus molecule, P4 = Mass of P × 4
= 31 × 4
= 124 g/mol

(d) Molar mass of hydrochloric acid, HCl = Mass of H + Mass of Cl

= 1 + 35.5
= 36.5 g/mol

(e) Molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3

= Mass of H + Mass of N + Mass of O × 3

= 1 + 14 + 16 × 3
= 15 + 48
= 63 g/mol
Page 1
Class 9th Science (Chemistry)

03 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MIND MAP
CLICK TO DOWNLOAD MORE CHAPTERS
Dear Teachers and Students,

Join School of Educators' exclusive WhatsApp, Telegram, and Signal groups for FREE access
to a vast range of educational resources designed to help you achieve 100/100 in exams!
Separate groups for teachers and students are available, packed with valuable content to
boost your performance.

Additionally, benefit from expert tips, practical advice, and study hacks designed to enhance
performance in both CBSE exams and competitive entrance tests.

Don’t miss out—join today and take the first step toward academic excellence!

Join the Teachers and Students

Group by Clicking the Link Below
JOIN OUR
WHATSAPP
GROUPS
FOR FREE EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
JOIN SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS WHATSAPP GROUPS
FOR FREE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
We are thrilled to introduce the School of Educators WhatsApp Group, a
platform designed exclusively for educators to enhance your teaching & Learning
experience and learning outcomes. Here are some of the key benefits you can
expect from joining our group:

BENEFITS OF SOE WHATSAPP GROUPS

Abundance of Content: Members gain access to an extensive repository of

educational materials tailored to their class level. This includes various formats such
as PDFs, Word files, PowerPoint presentations, lesson plans, worksheets, practical
tips, viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum details, syllabus,
marking schemes, exam patterns, and blueprints. This rich assortment of resources
enhances teaching and learning experiences.

Immediate Doubt Resolution: The group facilitates quick clarification of doubts.

Members can seek assistance by sending messages, and experts promptly respond
to queries. This real-time interaction fosters a supportive learning environment
where educators and students can exchange knowledge and address concerns
effectively.

Access to Previous Years' Question Papers and Topper Answers: The group
provides access to previous years' question papers (PYQ) and exemplary answer
scripts of toppers. This resource is invaluable for exam preparation, allowing
individuals to familiarize themselves with the exam format, gain insights into scoring
techniques, and enhance their performance in assessments.
 Free and Unlimited Resources: Members enjoy the benefit of accessing an array of
educational resources without any cost restrictions. Whether its study materials,
teaching aids, or assessment tools, the group offers an abundance of resources
tailored to individual needs. This accessibility ensures that educators and students
have ample support in their academic endeavors without financial constraints.

Instant Access to Educational Content: SOE WhatsApp groups are a platform where
teachers can access a wide range of educational content instantly. This includes study
materials, notes, sample papers, reference materials, and relevant links shared by
group members and moderators.

Timely Updates and Reminders: SOE WhatsApp groups serve as a source of timely
updates and reminders about important dates, exam schedules, syllabus changes, and
academic events. Teachers can stay informed and well-prepared for upcoming
assessments and activities.

Interactive Learning Environment: Teachers can engage in discussions, ask questions,

and seek clarifications within the group, creating an interactive learning environment.
This fosters collaboration, peer learning, and knowledge sharing among group
members, enhancing understanding and retention of concepts.

Access to Expert Guidance: SOE WhatsApp groups are moderated by subject matter
experts, teachers, or experienced educators can benefit from their guidance,
expertise, and insights on various academic topics, exam strategies, and study
techniques.

Join the School of Educators WhatsApp Group today and unlock a world of resources,
support, and collaboration to take your teaching to new heights. To join, simply click
on the group links provided below or send a message to +91-95208-77777 expressing
your interest.

Together, let's empower ourselves & Our Students and

inspire the next generation of learners.

Best Regards,
Team
School of Educators
 Join School of Educators WhatsApp Groups

You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII (For Teachers Only)

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4 Class 5 Class 6

Class 7 Class 8 Class 9

Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Humanities)

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Humanities)

Class 12 (Commerce) Kindergarten

Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary Groups
(IX & X For Teachers Only)
Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science

English Hindi-A IT Code-402

Hindi-B Artificial Intelligence

Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII For Teachers Only)

Physics Chemistry English

Mathematics Biology Accountancy

Economics BST History

 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

Vocal Music Comp. Science IP

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

Entrepreneurship French IT

Artificial Intelligence

Other Important Groups (For Teachers & Principal’s)

Principal’s Group Teachers Jobs IIT/NEET

 Join School of Educators WhatsApp Groups

You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII (For Students Only)

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4 Class 5 Class 6

Class 7 Class 8 Class 9

Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Humanities)

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Humanities)

Class 12 (Commerce) Artificial Intelligence

(VI TO VIII)
Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary Groups
(IX & X For Students Only)
Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science

English Hindi IT Code

Artificial Intelligence

Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII For Students Only)

Physics Chemistry English

Mathematics Biology Accountancy

Economics BST History

 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

Music Comp. Science IP

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

Entrepreneurship French IT

AI IIT/NEET CUET
Groups Rules & Regulations:
To maximize the benefits of these WhatsApp groups, follow these guidelines:

1. Share your valuable resources with the group.

2. Help your fellow educators by answering their queries.
3. Watch and engage with shared videos in the group.
4. Distribute WhatsApp group resources among your students.
5. Encourage your colleagues to join these groups.

Additional notes:
1. Avoid posting messages between 9 PM and 7 AM.
2. After sharing resources with students, consider deleting outdated data if necessary.
3. It's a NO Nuisance groups, single nuisance and you will be removed.
No introductions.
No greetings or wish messages.
No personal chats or messages.
No spam. Or voice calls
Share and seek learning resources only.

Please only share and request learning resources. For assistance,

contact the helpline via WhatsApp: +91-95208-77777.
 Join Premium WhatsApp Groups
Ultimate Educational Resources!!

Join our premium groups and just Rs. 1000 and gain access to all our exclusive
materials for the entire academic year. Whether you're a student in Class IX, X, XI, or
XII, or a teacher for these grades, Artham Resources provides the ultimate tools to
enhance learning. Pay now to delve into a world of premium educational content!

Click here for more details

Class 9 Class 10 Class 11

Class 12

📣 Don't Miss Out! Elevate your academic journey with top-notch study materials and secure
your path to top scores! Revolutionize your study routine and reach your academic goals with
our comprehensive resources. Join now and set yourself up for success! 📚🌟

Best Wishes,

Team
School of Educators & Artham Resources
 SKILL MODULES BEING OFFERED IN
MIDDLE SCHOOL

Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking & Financial Literacy
Innovation

Handicrafts Information Technology Marketing/Commercial Mass Media - Being Media

Application Literate

Data Science (Class VIII Augmented Reality /

Travel & Tourism Coding
only) Virtual Reality

Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine & Things you should know What to do when Doctor
Vaccine about keeping Medicines is not around
at home

Humanity & Covid-19 Blue Pottery Pottery Block Printing

 Food Food Preservation Baking Herbal Heritage

Khadi Mask Making Mass Media Making of a Graphic

Novel

Kashmiri Embroidery Satellites

Rockets
Embroidery

Application of Photography
Satellites
SKILL SUBJECTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL (CLASSES IX – X)

Retail Information Technology Automotive

Security

Introduction To Financial Introduction To Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Markets

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking & Insurance Marketing & Sales

Health Care Apparel Multi Media Multi Skill Foundation

Course

Artificial Intelligence
Physical Activity Trainer Electronics & Hardware
Data Science
(NEW)

Foundation Skills For Sciences Design Thinking & Innovation (NEW)

(Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology)(NEW)
 SKILL SUBJECTS AT SR. SEC. LEVEL
(CLASSES XI – XII)

Retail InformationTechnology Web Application Automotive

Financial Markets Management Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking Marketing

Health Care Insurance Horticulture Typography & Comp.

Application

Geospatial Technology Electrical Technology Electronic Technology Multi-Media

 Taxation Cost Accounting Office Procedures & Shorthand (English)
Practices

Shorthand (Hindi) Air-Conditioning & Medical Diagnostics Textile Design

Refrigeration

Salesmanship Business Food Nutrition &

Design
Administration Dietetics

Mass Media Studies Library & Information Fashion Studies Applied Mathematics
Science

Yoga Early Childhood Care & Artificial Intelligence Data Science

Education

Physical Activity Land Transportation Electronics & Design Thinking &

Trainer(new) Associate (NEW) Hardware (NEW) Innovation (NEW)
 Join School of Educators Signal Groups

You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class signal Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII

Class 2 Class 3
Class 1

Class 5 Class 6
Class 4

Class 7 Class 8 Class 9

Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Humanities)

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Humanities)

Class 12 (Commerce) Kindergarten Artifical intelligence

 Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary
Groups IX & X

Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science

Hindi-B
English Hindi-A

IT Artifical intelligence
IT Code-402

Senior Secondary Groups XI & XII

Physics Chemistry English

Biology Accountancy
Mathematics

BST History
Economics
 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

IP
Vocal Music Comp. Science

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

IIT/NEET
Entrepreneurship French

Artifical intelligence CUET

 Join School of Educators CBSE Telegram Groups

Kindergarten

All classes Class 1 Class 2

Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

Class 9 Class 10 Class 11 (Sci)

Class 11 (Com) Class 11 (Hum) Class 12 (Sci)

Class 12 (Com) Class 12 (Hum) JEE/NEET

CUET NDA, OLYMPIAD, NTSE Principal Professional Group

Teachers Professional Group Project File Group

Join School of Educators ICSE Telegram Groups

Kindergarten Class 1 Class 2

Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

Class 9 Class 10 Class 11 (Sci)

Class 11 (Com) Class 11 (Hum) Class 12 (Sci)

Class 12 (Com) Class 12 (Hum)

WWW.EDUCATORSRESOURCE.IN