15.

3 Double Integrals in Polar

Coordinates

[교재] Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 9th edition (Metric

Version) by James Stewart, Daniel Clegg, Saleem Watson
 𝜙)
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙

𝜙 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

𝜙) 𝜙 𝜙) 𝜙
 Polar rectangle
𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)|𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝛽}

𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗−1

𝜙𝑗∗ )
𝜙

Divide
𝑏−𝑎
the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑚 subintervals [𝑟𝑖−1 , 𝑟𝑖 ] of equal width Δ𝑟 = 𝑚
𝛽−𝛼
the interval [𝛼, 𝛽] into 𝑛 subintervals [𝜙𝑗−1 , 𝜙𝑗 ] of equal width Δ𝜙 = 𝑛
Polar rectangle
𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)|𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝛽}
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗−1 𝑅𝑖𝑗 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)|𝑟𝑖−1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑖 , 𝜙𝑗−1 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜙𝑗 }

𝜙𝑗∗ ) 1
𝑟𝑖∗ = (𝑟𝑖−1 + 𝑟𝑖 )
2
1
𝜙𝑗∗ = (𝜙 + 𝜙𝑗 )
Δ𝜙 2 𝑗−1
∆𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗 − 𝜙𝑗−1
1 1
∆𝐴𝑖 = 2 𝑟𝑖2 ∆𝜙 − 2 𝑟𝑖−1
2
∆𝜙
1
= 2 𝑟𝑖2 − 𝑟𝑖−1
2
∆𝜙
1
= 𝑟𝑖 + 𝑟𝑖−1 𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑖−1 ∆𝜙
2

= 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜙
Polar rectangle
𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)|𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝛽}
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑗−1 𝑅𝑖𝑗 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)|𝑟𝑖−1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑖 , 𝜙𝑗−1 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜙𝑗 }
𝜙𝑗∗ )
1
𝑟𝑖∗ = (𝑟𝑖−1 + 𝑟𝑖 )
2
1
Δ𝜙 𝜙𝑗∗ = (𝜙𝑗−1 + 𝜙𝑗 )
2
∆𝐴𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜙

𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛

෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗ ∆𝐴𝑖 = ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗ 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜙
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛

෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗ ∆𝐴𝑖 = ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗ 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜙
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑚 𝑛

ඵ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = lim ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗ ∆𝐴𝑖

𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑚 𝑛

= lim ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜙𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜙𝑗∗ 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜙

𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝛽 𝑏
= න න 𝑓 𝑟 cos 𝜙 , 𝑟 sin 𝜙 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
𝛼 𝑎
Change to Polar Coordinates in a Double Integral
If 𝑓 is continuous on a polar rectangle 𝑅 given by 0 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏,
𝛼 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝛽, where 0 ≤ 𝛽 − 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋, then
𝛽 𝑏
ඵ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑓 𝑟 cos 𝜙 , 𝑟 sin 𝜙 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
𝛼 𝑎
𝑅

𝜙
Δ𝜙

𝑟Δ𝜙

𝜙
 Example 1 Evaluate ‫ 𝑅׭‬3𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is the region in the upper
half-plane bounded by the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Sol.)
‫ 𝑅׭‬3𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝜋 2
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬1 (3𝑟 cos 𝜙 + 4𝑟 2 sin2 𝜙) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
𝜋 2
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬1 (3𝑟 2 cos 𝜙 + 4𝑟 3 sin2 𝜙) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
𝜋 𝑟=2
= ‫׬‬0 𝑟 3 cos 𝜙 + 𝑟 4 sin2 𝜙 𝑟=1 𝑑𝜙

𝜋
𝑅= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 ≥ 0, 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4 = ‫׬‬0 (7 cos 𝜙 + 15 sin2 𝜙) 𝑑𝜙
= {(𝑟, 𝜙)|1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋} 𝜋 15
= ‫׬‬0 (7 cos 𝜙 + (1 − cos 2𝜙)) 𝑑𝜙
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙 2

15 15 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙 = 7 sin 𝜙 + 𝜙 − sin 2𝜙
2 4 0
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
15𝜋
=
2
Example 2 Evaluate the double integral
1 1−𝑥 2
න න (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 0

Sol.) 𝑅= 𝑥, 𝑦 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2

1 1−𝑥 2 2
‫׬‬−1 ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 (𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
𝜋 1
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 (𝑟 3 ) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)|0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋}
1
𝜋 𝑟4
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = ‫׬‬0 4 𝑑𝜙
0
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
𝜋1
= ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝜙
4
𝜋
=
4
Example 3 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane 𝑧 = 0 and
the paraboloid 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
Sol.)
𝐷 = 𝑥, 𝑦 0 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1
= {(𝑟, 𝜙)|0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋}

𝑉 = ඵ (1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐷
2𝜋 1
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 1 − 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
2𝜋 1
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙

1
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑟4
= ‫׬‬0 2 − 𝑑𝜙
4 0
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
2𝜋 1
= ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝜙
4
𝜋
=
2
 𝑟 = ℎ2 (𝜙)
𝜙

𝑟 = ℎ1 (𝜙)

𝐷= 𝑟, 𝜙 𝛼 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝛽, ℎ1 𝜙 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ℎ2 𝜙

If 𝑓 is continuous on a polar region of the form

𝐷= 𝑟, 𝜙 𝛼 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝛽, ℎ1 𝜙 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ℎ2 𝜙
then
𝛽 ℎ2 (𝜙)
ඵ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜙 , 𝑟 sin 𝜙) 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
𝛼 ℎ1 𝜙
𝐷
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1, ℎ1 𝜙 = 0, ℎ2 𝜙 = ℎ(𝜙)

𝑟 = ℎ(𝜙)

𝜙=𝛽

𝜙=𝛼

𝛽 ℎ(𝜙)
𝐴(𝐷) = ඵ 1 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
𝛼 0
𝐷

𝛽 ℎ(𝜙) 𝛽
𝑟2 1 2 𝑑𝜙
=න 𝑑𝜙 = න ℎ 𝜙
𝛼 2 0 𝛼 2
Example 4 Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by one loop of
the four-leaved rose 𝑟 = cos 2𝜙.
Sol.) 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)| − ≤ 𝜙 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ cos 2𝜙}
4 4
𝐴 𝐷 = ‫ 𝐷׭‬1 𝑑𝐴
𝜋 𝜋
𝜙= 4 cos 2𝜙
4 = ‫׬ ׬‬0
𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
−
4
𝜋 cos 2𝜙
4 𝑟2
=‫׬‬ 𝜋 𝑑𝜙
−4 2 0
𝜋
1 4 2
= ‫׬‬ 𝜋 cos 2𝜙 𝑑𝜙
𝜋 2 −
4
𝜙=−
4 𝜋
1 4
= ‫(𝜋 ׬‬1 + cos 4𝜙) 𝑑𝜙
4 −
4

𝛽 ℎ(𝜙) 𝜋
1 1 4
𝐴(𝐷) = ඵ 1 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜙+ sin 4𝜙 𝜋
𝛼 0 4 4 −4
𝐷
𝜋
= 8
Example 5 Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , above the 𝑥𝑦-plane, and inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥.
Sol.)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
2
⟹ 𝑥−1 + 𝑦2 = 1

(or 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜙)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜙
⟹ 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜙 𝑉 = ඵ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐷
𝜋 𝜋
𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)| − ≤ 𝜙 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2 cos 𝜙}
2 2
Example 5 Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , above the 𝑥𝑦-plane, and inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋
Sol.) 𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜙)| − 2 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2 cos 𝜙}

𝑉 = ‫ 𝑥(𝐷׭‬2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝜋
2 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
2
= ‫׬ ׬‬0
𝜋 (𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
−
2

𝜋
2 cos 𝜙
2
= ‫׬ ׬‬0
𝜋 (𝑟 3 ) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙 𝜋
−2
= ‫( ׬‬1 + 2 cos 2𝜙 + cos2 2𝜙) 𝑑𝜙
2
𝜋
−2
𝜋 2 cos 𝜙
2 𝑟4
=‫׬‬ 𝜋 𝑑𝜙 𝜋
1
−2 4 0 2
= ‫( ׬‬1 + 2 cos 2𝜙 + 2 (1 + cos 4𝜙)) 𝑑𝜙
𝜋
−2
𝜋
= 4 ‫ ׬‬cos 4 𝜙 𝑑𝜙
2
𝜋 3 1 𝜋/2
−2 = 𝜙 + sin 2𝜙 + sin 4𝜙
2 8 −𝜋/2
𝜋
2 1+cos 2𝜙 2 3
=4 ‫׬‬ 𝜋 𝑑𝜙 = 2𝜋
− 2
2