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10 Israel-Hamas Conflict

Israel Hamas conflict

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19 views6 pages

10 Israel-Hamas Conflict

Israel Hamas conflict

Uploaded by

rupeshronanki9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE ARAB ISRAEL CONFLICT

BACKGROUND

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about land and
self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine.

Key aspects of the conflict include the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip, the status of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, borders, security, water rights, the
permit regime, Palestinian freedom of movement, and the Palestinian right of return.

1947 UNITED NATIONS PARTITION PLAN

On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution
181(II) recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine
into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. Palestinian Arabs were
opposed to the partition. Zionists accepted the partition but planned to expand Israel's
borders beyond what was allocated to it by the UN. On the next day, Palestine was swept
by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv
was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating. The Arab League supported
the Arab struggle by forming the volunteer-based Arab Liberation Army, supporting the
Palestinian Arab Army of the Holy War, under the leadership of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
and Hasan Salama. On the Jewish side, the civil war was managed by the major
underground militias – the Haganah, Irgun and Lehi – strengthened by numerous Jewish
veterans of World War II and foreign volunteers. By spring 1948, it was already clear that
the Arab forces were nearing a total collapse, while Yishuv forces gained more and more
territory, creating a large scale refugee problem of Palestinian Arabs.

1948 ARAB–ISRAELI WAR

Following the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, the
Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces
into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The
overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease-fire and armistice
agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan
occupying and later annexing the West Bank and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where
the All-Palestine Government was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948.

During the ensuing 1948 Palestine war, more than half of the mandate's predominantly
Palestinian Arab population fled or were expelled by Israeli forces. By the end of the war,
Israel was established on most of the former mandate's territory, and the Gaza Strip and
the West Bank were controlled by Egypt and Jordan respectively. Since the 1967 Six Day
War, Israel has been occupying the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, known collectively as
the Palestinian territories.

FIRST INTIFADA (1987–1993)


The first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the
endless occupation. By the early 1990s, international efforts to settle the conflict had
begun, in light of the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982. Eventually,
the Israeli–Palestinian peace process led to the Oslo Accords of 1993, allowing the PLO to
relocate from Tunisia and take ground in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, establishing the
Palestinian National Authority. The peace process also had significant opposition among
radical Islamic elements of Palestinian society, such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic
Jihad, who immediately initiated a campaign of attacks targeting Israelis. Following
hundreds of casualties and a wave of radical anti-government propaganda, Israeli Prime
Minister Rabin was assassinated by an Israeli far-right extremist who objected to the
peace initiative. This struck a serious blow to the peace process, from which the newly
elected government of Israel in 1996 backed off.[47]
THE ARAB ISRAEL CONFLICT

SECOND INTIFADA (2000–2005)


Following several years of unsuccessful negotiations, the conflict re-erupted as the
Second Intifada in September 2000. The violence, escalating into an open conflict
between the Palestinian National Security Forces and the Israel Defense Forces, lasted
until 2004/2005 and led to approximately 130 fatalities. In 2005, Israeli Prime Minister
Sharon ordered the removal of Israeli settlers and soldiers from Gaza. Israel and its
Supreme Court formally declared an end to occupation, saying it "had no effective control
over what occurred" in Gaza. However, the United Nations, Human Rights Watch and
many other international bodies and NGOs continue to consider Israel to be the
occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls Gaza Strip's airspace, territorial
waters and controls the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.

FATAH–HAMAS SPLIT (2006–2007)

In 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 44% in the Palestinian parliamentary election. Israel
responded it would begin economic sanctions unless Hamas agreed to accept prior
Israeli–Palestinian agreements, forswear violence, and recognize Israel's right to exist, all
of which Hamas rejected. After internal Palestinian political struggle between Fatah and
Hamas erupted into the Battle of Gaza (2007), Hamas took full control of the area. In
2007, Israel imposed a naval blockade on the Gaza Strip, and cooperation with Egypt
allowed a ground blockade of the Egyptian border.

The tensions between Israel and Hamas escalated until late 2008, when Israel launched
operation Cast Lead upon Gaza, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties and billions
of dollars in damage. By February 2009, a ceasefire was signed with international
mediation between the parties, though the occupation and small and sporadic eruptions
of violence continued.

In 2011, a Palestinian Authority attempt to gain UN membership as a fully sovereign


state failed. In Hamas-controlled Gaza, sporadic rocket attacks on Israel and Israeli air
raids continued to occur.[86][87][88][89] In November 2012, Palestinian representation
in the UN was upgraded to a non-member observer state, and its mission title was
changed from "Palestine (represented by PLO)" to "State of Palestine". In 2014, another
war broke out between Israel and Gaza, resulting in over 70 Israeli and over 2,000
Palestinian casualties.[90]

ISRAEL–HAMAS WAR (2023–PRESENT)


In 2023 Israel–Hamas war, when Hamas-led militant groups launched a surprise attack on
southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,200 Israeli civilians and military
personnel and taking hostages. The Israeli military retaliated by conducting an extensive
aerial bombardment campaign on Gaza, followed by a large-scale ground invasion with
the stated goal of destroying Hamas and controlling security in Gaza afterwards.[98]
Israel killed tens of thousands of Palestinians, including civilians and combatants and
displaced almost two million people. South Africa accused Israel of genocide at the
International Court of Justice and called for an immediate ceasefire. The Court issued an
order requiring Israel to take all measures to prevent any acts contrary to the 1948
Genocide Convention, but did not order Israel to suspend its military campaign.
THE ARAB ISRAEL CONFLICT

The war spilled over, with Israel engaging in clashes with local militias in the West Bank,
Hezbollah in Lebanon and northern Israel, and other Iranian-backed militias in Syria.
Iranian-backed militias also engaged in clashes with the United States while the Houthis
blockaded the Red Sea in protest, to which the United States responded with airstrikes in
Yemen, Iraq, and Syria.

INDIAN IMPACT
THE ARAB ISRAEL CONFLICT
THE ARAB ISRAEL CONFLICT
THE ARAB ISRAEL CONFLICT

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