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B Math - DC - Analysis of Functions - Increasing - Decreasing - Concave Up and Concave Down

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7 views

B Math - DC - Analysis of Functions - Increasing - Decreasing - Concave Up and Concave Down

Uploaded by

anasibnomar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of Functions: Increasing, Decreasing, Concave up and Concave down

Definition: Let f be defined on an interval and let x 1 and x 2 denite numbers in that interval.
( ) ( )
(a) f is increasing on the interval if f x 1  f x 2 whenever x 1  x 2 .
(b) f is decreasing on the interval if f (x )  f (x ) whenever x  x
1 2 1 2 .
(c) f is constant on the interval if f (x ) = f (x ) for all x and x .
1 2 1 2

decreasing Constant

Increasing

Theorem: Let f be a function that is continuous on a , b and differentiable on (a , b ) then


(a) If f  (x )  0  x(a , b) then f is increasing on a , b.
(b) If f  (x ) 0  x (a , b) then f is decreasing on a , b.
(c) If f  (x ) = 0  x(a , b) then f is constant on a , b.

Definition: If f is differentiable on an open interval I , then f is said to be concave up on I if f  is


increasing on I and f is said to be concave down on I if f  is decreasing on I .

Theorem: If f be twice differentiable on an open interval I .


(a) if f   0 on I , then f is concave up on I .
(b) if f   0 on I , then f is concave down on I .

Definition: Inflection Point:


If f is continuous on an open interval containing x 0 and if f changes the direction of its concavity at
the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )) then we say that f has an inflection point at x0 and we call the point ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
on the graph of f an inflection point of f .
Critical value:
Values of the domain of f at which either f  (x ) = 0 or f is not differentiable are called Critical
Values / numbers.

Find the critical points of y = 3x 4 + 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 2 . Identify the intervals on which y is


increasing and decreasing, concave up and concave down. Also find the inflection points, if
any, of the above function.

Here y = 3x 4 + 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 2
y  =12 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 24 x
(
=12 x x 2 + x − 2 )
=12 x ( x + 2)(x − 1)
-2 0 1
The sign analysis of y is given below:

Interval 12 x ( x + 2) (x − 1) y Conclusion
x− 2 - ve - ve - ve -ve y is decreasing on ( −  , − 2]
− 2 x  0 - ve + ve - ve + ve y is increasing on [ − 2 , 0]
0  x 1 + ve +ve - ve -ve y is decreasing on [ 0 , 1]
x 1 + ve + ve + ve + ve y is increasing on [1, )

y  = 36 x 2 + 24 x − 24
(
=12 3x 2 + 2 x − 2 )
 −1+ 7   −1− 7 
=12  x −  x−



 3  3 
=12 (x − 0.549) (x +1.215)
-1.215 0.549
The sign analysis of y  is given below:

Interval (x − 0.549) (x +1.215) y  Conclusion


x  − 1.215 - ve - ve + ve y is concave up on ( −  , − 1.215 )
− 1.215  x  0.549 - ve + ve - ve y is concave down on ( − 1.215 , 0.549)
x  0.549 + ve +ve +ve y is concave up on ( 0.549 ,  )
From the above sign analysis of y  we see that x = − 1.215 , 0.549 are two inflection points of the
given function.

Find the critical points of f ( x) = 5 + 12 x − x3 . Identify the intervals on which 𝒇(𝒙) is


increasing and decreasing, concave up and concave down. Also find the inflection points, if
any, of the above function.

Here f ( x) = 5 + 12 x − x3
f  (x) =12 − 3x 2
(
=3 4 − x2 )
= 3 (2 + x ) (2 − x )

-2 2
The sign analysis of f  (x ) is given below:

Interval ( x + 2) (2 − x ) f  (x ) Conclusion
x− 2 - ve + ve - ve f ( x ) is decreasing on ( −  , − 2]
− 2 x 2 + ve + ve + ve f ( x ) is increasing on [ − 2 , 2]
x2 + ve - ve - ve f ( x ) is increasing on [ 2 , )

f  (x ) = − 6 x

The sign analysis of f  (x ) is given below:

Interval f  ( x ) Conclusion
x0 + ve f ( x ) is concave up on ( −  , 0 )
x  0.549 +ve f ( x ) is concave down on ( 0 ,  )
From the above sign analysis of f  (x ) we see that x = 0 is an inflection point of the given
function.

Home Work Problems:

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