Honours: Semester 5

CC 11, CC 12, DSE A1, DSE B1

CC 11 Electromagnetic Theory Theory Practical

Credit 6 Credit 4 Credit 2
Classes 60 Classes 60
CC 12 Statistical Physics Theory Practical
Credit 6 Credit 4 Credit 2
Classes 60 Classes 60
DSE A 1 (a) Advanced Mathematical Methods Theory Tutorial
Or Credit 5 Credit 1
(b) Laser and Fiber Optics Classes 75 Classes 15
Credit 6
DSE B 1 (a) Astronomy and Astrophysics Theory Tutorial
Or Credit 5 Credit 1
(b) Nuclear and particle Physics Classes 75 Classes 15
Credit 6

5.1 Electromagnetic Theory

5.1.1 Electromagnetic Theory (Theory)

Paper: PHS-A-CC-5-11-TH Credit: 4

1.Maxwell Equations 12 Lectures

Review of Maxwell’s equations. Vector and Scalar Potentials. Gauge Transformations: Lorentz and Coulomb
Gauge. Boundary Conditions at Interface between Different Media. Wave Equations. Plane Waves in Dielectric
Media. Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector. Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Density. Physical Concept of
Electromagnetic Field Energy Density, Momentum Density and Angular Momentum Density.

2. EM Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media 10 Lectures

Plane EM waves through vacuum and isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of plane EM waves, refrac-
tive index and dielectric constant, wave impedance. Propagation through conducting media, relaxation time, skin
depth.

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3. EM Wave in Bounded Media 10 Lectures

Boundary conditions at a plane interface between two media. Reflection & Refraction of plane waves at plane
interface between two dielectric media. Laws of Reflection & Refraction. Fresnel’s formulae for perpendicular
& parallel polarization cases, Reflection & Transmission coefficients, Brewster’s law. Total internal reflection,
evanescent waves. Metallic reflection (normal Incidence).

4. Polarization 7 Lectures
Description of Linear, Circular and Elliptical Polarization. Propagation of E.M. Waves in birefringent medium.

5. Polarization in uniaxial crystals 15 Lectures

Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals. Light Propagation in Uniaxial Crystal. Double Refraction. Polarization by
Double Refraction. Nicol Prism. Ordinary & extraordinary refractive indices. Phase Retardation Plates: Quarter-
Wave and Half-Wave Plates. Production & analysis of polarized light. Babinet Compensator and its Uses.

6. Rotatory polarization 6 Lectures

Optical Rotation. Biot’s Laws for Rotatory Polarization. Fresnel’s Theory of optical rotation. Calculation of
angle of rotation. Experimental verification of Fresnel’s theory. Specific rotation. Laurent’s half-shade and biquartz
polarimeters.

Reference Books

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education

2. Optics, E. Hecht, 2016, Pearson Education
3. Elements of Electromagnetics, M.N.O. Sadiku, 2001, Oxford University Press
4. Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory, T.L. Chow, 2006, Jones & Bartlett Learning
5. Fundamentals of Electromagnetics, M.A.W. Miah, 1982, Tata McGraw Hill

Additional Books for Reference

1. Electromagnetic field Theory, R.S. Kshetrimayun, 2012, Cengage Learning

2. Engineering Electromagnetic, Willian H. Hayt, 8th Edition, 2012, McGraw Hill
3. Electromagnetic Field Theory for Engineers & Physicists, G. Lehner, 2010, Springer
4. Electromagnetic Fields & Waves, P.Lorrain & D.Corson, 1970, W.H.Freeman & Co
5. Electromagnetics, J.A. Edminster, Schaum Series, 2006, Tata McGraw Hill
6. Electromagnetic field theory fundamentals, B. Guru and H. Hiziroglu, 2004,Cambridge University Press
7. Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics , C.A. Balanis, 2012, John Wiley & Sons
8. Electromagnetic Field Theory, Bo Thide, 2011, Dover Publications
9. Optical Electronics, Ajoy Kumar Ghatak , K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press
10. Problems And Solutions In Electromagnetics, Ajoy Ghatak K. Thyagarajan R. K. Varshney, Viva Books
HONOURS: SEMESTER 5. CC 11, CC 12, DSE A1, DSE B1 47

5.1.2 Electromagnetic Theory (Practical)

Paper: PHS-A-CC-5-11-P Credit: 2

List of Practicals
1. To determine Brewster’s angle for air-glass interface using a prism.
2. To study Fresnels law by the reflection on the surface of a prism.
3. To verify the Malus law using a pair of polaroids.
4. To study the specific rotation of optically active solution using polarimeter.
5. To determine dispersive power and resolving power of a plane diffraction grating

Reference Books

1. Advanced Practical Physics (Vol 1 & Vol 2), B. Ghosh, K. G. Majumder, Sreedhar Publication

5.2 Statistical Physics

5.2.1 Statistical Physics (Theory)

Paper: PHS-A-CC-5-12-TH Credit: 4

1. Classical Statistical Mechanics 25 Lectures

(a) Macrostate & Microstate, Elementary Concept of Ensemble and Ergodic Hypothesis (statement only ).
Phase Space.
(b) Microcanonical ensemble, Postulate of Equal a-priori probabilities. Boltzmann hypothesis: Entropy and
Thermodynamic Probability.
(c) Canonical ensemble, Partition Function, Thermodynamic Functions of an Ideal Gas, Classical Entropy
Expression, Gibbs Paradox. Equivalence of microcanonical and canonical ensemble.
(d) Sackur Tetrode equation, Law of Equipartition of Energy (with proof) Applications to Specific Heat and its
Limitations. Thermodynamic Functions of a Two-Energy Level System. Negative Temperature.
(e) Grand canonical ensemble. Application of ideal gas using grand canonical ensemble. chemical potential.

2. Systems of Identical particles 6 Lectures

Collection of non-interacting identical particles. Classical approach and quantum approach: distinguishability
and indistinguishability. Occupation number and MB distribution, emergence of Boltzmann factor. Composite
system postulate and symmetry postulate of quantum mechanics (for a pair of particles only). Bosons and Fermions.
Symmetric and Antisymmetric wave functions. state counting for bosons and fermions.

3. Bose-Einstein Statistics 12 Lectures

B-E distribution law. Thermodynamic functions of a strongly degenerate Bose Gas, Bose Einstein condensation
and properties of liquid He IV (qualitative description only).

4. Radiation: classical and quantum aspects 7 Lectures

HONOURS: SEMESTER 5. CC 11, CC 12, DSE A1, DSE B1 48

(a) Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation. Rayleigh-jeans law, UV catastrophe, Planck’s Quantum
Postulates. Planck’s Law of Blackbody Radiation: Experimental Verification. Deduction of Rayleigh- Jeans Law,
Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Wien’s Displacement law from Planck’s law.
(b) Bose derivation of Planck’s law. Radiation as a photon gas and Thermodynamic functions of photon gas.
chemical potential of photon gas.

5. Fermi-Dirac Statistics 10 Lectures

Fermi-Dirac Distribution Law. Thermodynamic functions of strongly Degenerate Fermi Gas, Fermi Energy,
Electron gas in a Metal, Specific Heat of Metals due to electrons.

Reference Books

1. Introductory Statistical Mechanics , R. Bowley and M. Sanchez, 2007, Oxford Science Publications.
2. Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course, F. Reif, 2008, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
3. Concepts in Thermal Physics, S.J. Blundell and K.M. Blundell, 2nd Ed., 2012, Oxford University Press
4. Statistical Physics, F. Mandl, 2014, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
5. An Introduction to Thermal Physics, D.V. Schroeder, 2014, Pearson Education, India
6. Thermal Physics, Garg, Bansal, Ghosh, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd.

Additional Reference Books

1. Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Pathria, Butterworth Heinemann: 2nd Ed.,1996, Oxford University Press
2. Statistical and Thermal Physics, S. Lokanathan and R.S. Gambhir. 1991, Prentice Hall
3. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics, Francis W. Sears and Gerhard L. Salinger,
1986, Narosa
4. Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, Carl S. Helrich, 2009, Springer
5. An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics & Thermodynamics, R.H. Swendsen, 2012, Oxford Univ. Press
6. Statistical Mechanics an elementary outline, A. Lahiri, 2008, Universities Press
7. Intermediate Statistical Mechanics. J. Bhattacharjee and D. Banerjee, 2017, World Scientific (HBA)
8. An Introductory Course of Statistical Mechanics. P.B. Pal,2008, Narosa

9. Thermal Physics, Kittel and Kroemer, 1980, W. H. Freeman

10. Elementary Statistical Physics , Kittel, 2004, Dover Publications
11. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, W. Greiner, 2001, Springer
HONOURS: SEMESTER 5. CC 11, CC 12, DSE A1, DSE B1 49

5.2.2 Statistical Mechanics (Practical)

Paper: PHS-A-CC-5-12-P Credit: 2

1. Study of Random Numbers and Time series 5 Lectures + 15 Classes

Introduction to the numpy.random() module

• Histogram (by matplotlib.pyplot.hist) and autocorrelation function of a given time series.

• Generating exponential variates from uniform variate using transformation
• Gaussian variate from uniform variate using central limit theorem.
• Study of histogram and moments of random sequences of different probability density using numpy.random.

2. Applications of Random Numbers 8 Lectures + 20 Classes

• Coin tossing. Fit with binomial distribution.

• Nuclear Decay: Simulation assuming a constant decay probability per unit time.
• Random Walk:
– In 1D and in 2D (Square grid)
– Plot of r.m.s. value of end to end distance as a function of time step
– fitting and finding of exponent
• Monte Carlo Integration

3. Scaling and plots, exponents and parameters: 4 Lectures + 8 Classes

Laws and distributions from Statistical Mechanics
Some Problems

• Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
• Bose-Einstein distribution
• Fermi-Dirac distribution
• Plot of specific Heat of Solids
 Dulong-Petit law
 Einstein distribution function
 Debye distribution function for high temperature and low temperature and compare them for these two
cases

Reference Books

1. Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics, D. Chandler, Oxford University Press, 1987

HONOURS: SEMESTER 5. CC 11, CC 12, DSE A1, DSE B1 52

6. An Introduction to Tensor Calculus and Relativity, D.F.Lawden, 2013, Literary Licensing, LLC
7. Group Theory and its Applications to Physical Problems by Morton Hamermesh, 1989, Dover
8. Group Theory in Physics, Volume I & II, J.F.Cornwell, Academic Press, 1984
9. Group Theory In Physics, W.K. Tung, 1985, World Scientific Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd.

DSE A1 (b)
5.4 Laser and Fiber Optics (Theory)
Paper: PHS-A-DSE-A2-TH Credits: 5 (+1 for Tutorial)
1.Einstein coefficients and Rate equations 20 Lectures
Historical background of laser, Einstein coefficients and stimulated light amplification: population inversion.
Three level & four level lasers: Rate equation, condition for population inversion and threshold condition. minimum
amount of pump power.

2. Basic properties of laser 4 Lectures

Coherence, directionality, monochromaticity, brightness.

3. Resonantors 8 Lectures
Optical resonators. Different configurations of optical resonators. stability condition (no derivation required)
and stability diagram for optical resonators. Cavity lifetime. The Quality factor.

4. Transient effect 5 Lectures

Transverse and Longitudinal mode selection. Principle of Q-switching and Mode locking. Different methods of
Q-switching : electro-optic Q-switching, Pockels cell .

5. Basic Laser Systems 7 Lectures

(i) Gas Laser

• He-Ne laser
• CO2 Laser

(ii) Solid state laser

• Ruby Laser
• Nd:YAG laser
• Semiconductor laser

(iii) Liquid laser: Dye laser.

6. Practical properties and uses of laser 5 Lectures

(a) The Line-shape function. Various Line broadening mechanisms: collisional broadening , Natural broadening,
Doppler broadening.
(b) Basic idea of Laser cooling and trapping.
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7. Fiber optics 12 Lectures

Optical fiber, coherent bundle, Numerical aperture. Attenuation of optical fibers. Ray paths , Ray paths in a
homogeneous medium, in square law media. Pulse dispersion in parabolic index medium and in planar step index
waveguide. Modes of a planar waveguide: TE and TM modes. Physical understanding of modes, Optical fibers:
Guided modes of step-index and graded index fibers. Applications of optical fibers in Communication and Sensing.

8. Holography 4 Lectures
Principle of Holography. Recording and Reconstruction Method. Theory of Holography between two plane
waves. Point source holograms.

9. Introductory Nonlinear Optics 10 Lectures

Origin of nonlinearity, susceptibility tensor, phase matching, second harmonic generation, Sum frequency gener-
ation, Difference frequency generation, Sum and Difference Frequency generation, for second-order nonlinear optical
medium. Nonlinear susceptibility of a classical anharmonic oscillator in case of noncentrosymmetric medium.
☛ ✟
Tutorial: In tutorial section, problems in the theory classes should be discussed. Problems and solutions regarding
the theory course may be discussed.
✡ ✠
Reference Books

1. Lasers: Theory and Applications , A. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan

2. Principles of Lasers , O. Svelto, 2009, Springer
3. Laser Physics, M. Sargant, M. Scully & W. Lamb , 1974, Westview Press
4. Introduction to Fiber Optics, A. Ghatak, 1998, Cambridge University Press
5. Introduction to Modern Optics, G. Fowles, 1989, Dover Publications
6. Optics, E. Hecht & A. Ganesan, 2009, Pearson Prentice Hall
7. Nonlinear Optics, R. Boyd, 2008, Academic Press

DSE B1 (a)
5.5 Astronomy and Astrophysics (Theory)
Paper: PHS-A-DSE-A2-TH Credits: 5 (+1 for Tutorial)
1. Tools of Astronomy 15 Lectures
(a) Contents of our Universe: basic introduction of stars, galaxies, clusters, interstellar medium, black holes,
our own galaxy Milky Way.
(b) Mass, length, time and magnitude scales in astronomy.
(c) Interaction of light and matter fundamentals of radiative transfer (emission, absorption, radiative trans-
fer equation, mean free path, optical depth), thermal radiation and thermodynamic equilibrium (Kirchhoff’s law
of thermal emission, Boltzmann and Saha equation, thermodynamics of black body radiation, concept of local
thermodynamic equilibrium.
HONOURS: SEMESTER 5. CC 11, CC 12, DSE A1, DSE B1 54

(d) Observational tools for multi-wavelength astronomy - telescope as a camera, optical telescopes (refracting and
refrecting telescopes), radio telescopes, astronomical instruments and detectors, observations at other wavelengths
(infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray and Gamma ray astronomy), all-sky surveys.
2. Stars and stellar systems 25 Lectures
(a) Properties of stars (distance, brightness, size, mass, temperature, luminosity).
(b) Measurement of stellar parameters: distance parallax, Cepheid variables, nova and supernovae, red shift),
stellar spectra, spectral lines, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, luminosity and radius, binary system and mass
determination, scaling relation on the Main Sequence.
(c) Basic equation of stellar structure hydrostatic equilibrium and the virial theorem, radiative and convective
energy transport inside stars, nuclear energy production. Equation of state, opacity, Derivation of scaling relations.
(d) Formation and evolution of stars star formation, pre-main-sequence collapse (gravitational instability and
mass scales, collapse of spherical cloud, contraction onto the Main Sequence, Brown Dwarfs), evolution of high-mass
and low-mass stars (core and shell hydrogen burning, helium ignition), late-stage evolution of stars, evolution of
Sun-like stars and solar system.
(e) End stages of stars white dwarfs (electron-degeneracy pressure, mass-radius relation), neutron stars (mass
limit of neutron stars, neutron stars observable as pulsars), black holes as end point of stellar evolution, supernovae.
3. Galaxies and the Universe 10 Lectures
(a) Milky Way galaxy: components, morphology and kinematics of the Milky way, the galactic center, spiral
arms.
(b) Classification and morphology of galaxies - quiet and active galaxies, types of active galaxies, Active Galactic
Nuclei (AGN) and Quasars, accretion by supermassive black holes.
4. Cosmology 25 Lectures
(a) Newtonian cosmology, Olber’s paradox, Hubble’s law and the expanding Universe, scale factor and comoving
coordinate.
(b) Standard cosmology, the Friedmann equations from Newtonian cosmology, fluid equation , equation of
state for matter, dust etc. from basic thermodynamics, cosmological redshift, dark matter, dark energy and the
accelerating universe, tests and probes of Big Bang cosmology (the Cosmic Microwave Background, primordial
nucleosynthesis).
☛ ✟
Tutorial: In tutorial section, problems in the theory classes should be discussed. Problems and solutions regarding
the theory course may be discussed.
✡ ✠
Reference Books

1. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll & D.A. Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co
2. Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M. Zeilik and S.A. Gregory, 4 th Edition, Saunders College Pub-
lishing
3. Astrophysics in a Nutshell (Basic Astrophysics), Dan Maoz, Princeton University Press
4. An Invitation to Astrophysics, T. Padmanabhan, World Scientic Publishing Co
5. Foundations of Astrophysics, Barbara Ryden and Bradley M. Peterson, Addison Wesley

Additional Reference Books

1. Astronomy and Astrophysics, A. B. Bhattacharya, S. Joardar, R. Bhattacharya, Overseas Press (India) Pvt.
Ltd