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Lab1 FA24

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12 views

Lab1 FA24

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sh5701
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Recitation 2.

based on material by Carles Domingo-Enrich

Center for Data Science

September 15, 2023


Concept Review: Guassian Elimination
Elimentary Row Operations
I Swapping two rows
I Multiplying a row by a nonzero number
I Adding a multiple of one row to another row
Gaussian Elimination - From Lecture 2
2 3 2 3
1 1 0 1 1
4
A= 2 0 1 5
1 2R n⇥m and y = 15 2 Rn
4
1 5 2 0 4
Concept Review: Subspaces
Definition (Subspace)
A non-empty subset S of a vector space V is called a subspace if it
is closed under addition and scalar multiplication:
1. Closure under Addition: x + y 2 S for all x, y 2 S.
2. Closure under Scalar Multiplication: ↵x 2 S, for all x 2 S and
↵ 2 R.
I A subspace is also a vector space!
I A subspace always contains the zero vector.
Concept Review: Span & Linear Dependence

- Let x1 , ..., xk 2 V .
def
Span(x1 , ..., xk ) = {↵1 x1 + ... + ↵k xk |↵1 , ..., ↵k 2 R}.
Concept Review: Span & Linear Dependence

- Let x1 , ..., xk 2 V .
def
Span(x1 , ..., xk ) = {↵1 x1 + ... + ↵k xk |↵1 , ..., ↵k 2 R}.

- The family (x1 , ..., xk ) are linearly dependent if there exists


↵1 , ..., ↵k 2 R that are not all zero s.t.

↵ 1 x1 + · · · + ↵ k xk = 0
Concept Review: Span & Linear Dependence

- Let x1 , ..., xk 2 V .
def
Span(x1 , ..., xk ) = {↵1 x1 + ... + ↵k xk |↵1 , ..., ↵k 2 R}.

- The family (x1 , ..., xk ) are linearly dependent if there exists


↵1 , ..., ↵k 2 R that are not all zero s.t.

↵ 1 x1 + · · · + ↵ k xk = 0

Ex. Consider the two vectors v = (1, 1) and w = ( 1, 2), is


S = {↵v + w |↵, 0} a subspace of R2 ?
Concept Review: Basis & Dimension

- A family (x1 , . . . , xn ) of vectors of V is a basis of V if


1. x1 , . . . , xn are linearly independent,
2. Span(x1 , . . . , xn ) = V .
Concept Review: Basis & Dimension

- A family (x1 , . . . , xn ) of vectors of V is a basis of V if


1. x1 , . . . , xn are linearly independent,
2. Span(x1 , . . . , xn ) = V .
- If V admits a basis (v1 , . . . , vn ), then every basis of V also has n
vectors. We say that V has dimension n and write

dim(V ) = n.
Concept Review: Basis & Dimension

- A family (x1 , . . . , xn ) of vectors of V is a basis of V if


1. x1 , . . . , xn are linearly independent,
2. Span(x1 , . . . , xn ) = V .
- If V admits a basis (v1 , . . . , vn ), then every basis of V also has n
vectors. We say that V has dimension n and write

dim(V ) = n.

Ex. Let v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 2 R3 . Let C1 = {v1 , v2 } and C2 = {v3 , v4 }.


If C1 and C2 are both linearly independent, what are the possible
values for dim(Span(v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 ))? (No formal proof necessary)
Geometric intuition

2
Take these two vectors in ℝ :

v = (3,1) and w = (−2,4)


2
Describe the following sets geometrically. Which are subspaces of ℝ ?
Span(v)
Span(v) ∪ Span(w)
Span(v) ∩ Span(w)
Span(v, w)
2
{αv + βw : α, β ∈ ℝ }
Span(v, w, x)
x = (0,1)
{(1 − t)v + tw : t ∈ ℝ}
{(1 − t)v + tw : t ∈ ℝ}
{(1 − t)v + tw : t ∈ [0,1]}
{αv + βw : α, β ≥ 0}
2 2 2
{(a, b) ∈ ℝ : a + b = 4}
{(a, b) ∈ R2 : a2 + b2 ≤ 4}
3
Let v1, v2, v3, v4 ∈ ℝ and define C1 = {v1, v2} and C2 = {v3, v4}. If C1
and C2 are both linearly independent, what are the possible values for
dim(Span(v1, v2, v3, v4))? No proof necessary.
n
True or False: If B
= {v1, . . . , vn} is a basis for ℝ , and W is a subspace
n
of ℝ , then some subset of B is a basis for W.
n
Suppose v1, . . . , vm ∈ ℝ are linearly dependent. Prove that if
m
x ∈ Span(v1, v2, . . . , vm) then there are infinitely many α ∈ ℝ with
x = α1v1 + . . . + αmvm
n
Let Pn = {f(x) = a0 + a1x + . . . + an x } and define addition and scalar
multiplication as follows

n
Addition. ( f + g)(x) = (a0 + b0) + (a1 + b1)x + . . . + (an + bn)x
n
Multiplication. (rf )(x) = (ra0) + (ra1)x + . . . + (ran)x

Show that Pn is a vector space. What is a basis for this space and what is
the dimension?

[Note: f is a function, but f(x) is a real number. That is, once we plug something into our function, we
get a real number not a function. For example, if x is a real number, then x2 is a real number, not a
function. This is subtle but extremely important. For example, we know real numbers commute and
thus know that f(x) + g(x) = g(x) + f(x). However, we must prove that f + g = g + f ]
To prove Pn is a vector space, we need to show it satisfies all the following
conditions

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