ThemeThe Cell

The Cell |2

By the end of the lesson,

LEARNING OUTCOMES)
learners will be able to:
identify difference in unicellular and multicellular organisms and
cite
examples " observe cells (plant and animal) under microscope and
class " identify the different cell organelles (cell wall, cell discuss in
membrane, nucleus,
chloroplast, vacuole) and learn about their primary functions " distinguish and
draw diagrams of a plant celland an animal cell

Visual Literacy " Critical Thinking

21st
CENTURY
. Communication
CONNECT SKILLS Observation Skills " Identifying, Reasoning
Speaking
Study the picture and answer the Describe in your own words what the
questions givenalongside. picture shows.
Identify two living and two non-living
things in the picture.
Which characteristic features helped
you to classify the things as living or
non-living?
You may name both the plants and animals
as living things. All living things have one
common characteristic they are made of
structural and functional units called cells.
What do we mean by structural units? Let us
try and understand.

39
 II. Study the picture and answer the What is the man
questions given alongside. building?
What are the raw
iron vessels that arematerials present it
near the rnan!
What are the units
wall? whichrmake up the
Just as the bricks are the
of a wallor ahouse, structural unit.
sirmilarly cells arethe
structural units of al living things.

INTRODUCTION
Acell is the basic unit of life. In fact, every function of living things is the function of their
cells. Therefore, acell is called the structural and functional unit of living things. Some living
organisms such as Amoeba and bacteria have only one cell in their body. Such organisms are
called unicellular organisms. Most plants and animals have millions of cells in their body.
Such organisms are called multicellular organisms.
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL
Most cells are small and can be viewed with the help of a microscope.
The development of a simple microscope by the Dutch scientist,
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, was an imnportant step in the discovery of
the cell. Robert Hooke, an English scientist, further improved upon the
simple microscope andobserved thin slices of cork under it. Hefound
that the cork was made up of numerous tiny compartments resembling
a honeycomb. He named these compartments as cells' (Fig. 2.1). Fig.2.1 Cork cells as
observed by Robert Hoke
Later research by scientists, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann
and Rudolf Virchow, led to the formulation of the cell theory.
The cell theory states that:
All known living things are made up of one or morecells.
Thecell is the basic structural and functional unit of allliving things.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.)
 SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE CELL
Cells show a great variation in their
in shape. In humans, the white blood cells shape. They
may be splerical, oval, rectangular or cylindrical
fibres are thin and long, and skin cells are flatpresent in the blood are irregular in shape. Muscde
like tiles The colls that conduct materials in
are tube-like. Figure 2.2 shows different shapes of plants
humancells.

a. Red blood cells b. Ciliated epithelial cells c. Ovum cell d. Bone cell

e. Smooth muscle cells f. Nerve cell g Sperm cell

Fig. 2.2 Various types of cells in the human body
showing different shapes
Cells alsO vary in size. The size of a cell is measured in a
unit called micron. One micron is equal
to 1/1000th of a millimetre. The average size of cells
ranges from 10 to 30 microns. The smallest
cells in the human body are the red blood cells present in the
blood. The size of a bacterial cell
ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 microns in diameter. The longest cells are the nerve
cells found inthe neck
of giraffes and can measure up to 3metres.

MYTH VS FACT 21st

CENTURY
SKILLS
" Information Literacy
" Understanding Facts

Myth: Alarge sized animalor plant has large cells.

Fact: Larger organisms do not have large cells. They only have more number of
cells.

21st
ACTIVITY CENTURY
SKILLS
" Experiential Learning" Visual Literacy
" Concrete Experience "
Observation Skills
Aim: To study the permanent slides of human blood cells, Amoeba and
Chlamydomonas
Materials required: Permanent slides of human blood cells, Amoeba and
Chlamydomonas, a compound microscope, a notebook, a pencil
Procedure: Set up the permanent slides of human blood cells, Amoeba and
Chlamydomonas one after the other on the stage of the microscope. Adjust the rough

41
and fine adiustment knobs to get aclear image of the cells.
Carefully obserye eaek
slide.Draw neat and well labelled diagrams of what you see,
Observation:
The human bloodclls slide (Fig. 2.3) shows biconcave, disc like, red blond rel.
White bloodcells are large, irregular with a distinct nucleus.
Chlamvdoonas (fig. 2.4) is pear shaped unicellular organisn with flagella
Amocba (Fig, 2.5) appears as a shapeless mass of cytoplasm with a distinrt
dot like nucleus.
Flagella
RR

Plasma

Blood platelet Fig. 2.4 Chlanydomonus

Mivroscopik picture
o biood Red blood cell
Pseudopodia
White blood cell
Nucleus
Fig. 2.3 Components of blood

Conciusion: Cells are of different shapes andsizes.

Fig. 2.5 Amoeba

21"Information Literacy " Media Literacy Communication

ECO-SOLDIER "Global Citizenship Skills
CENTUBY
SKILLS
" Research Skills Digital .
Writing " Environment Literacv
Chianydomonas is a green alga found in stagnant water, on damp soil, in
seawater. Because of its simple structure and sensitive freshwater and in
findthe level of water pollution caused by nature, it is used as an indicator to
toxic metals such as lead, mercury and
term used for the organisms that cadmium.
Use the Internet to find out the
presence or absence of pollutants in the indicate the
List two more organisms other than environment.
3lutants in the environment. Chlamydomonas that indicate the presence or
--:,yt olyred with the United Nation's Sustainable
ere, o11trmunities. Development Goal -
 ACTIVITY 21
JcENTURY
" Experiential Learning
" Art-integrated LearningVisual Literacy
SKILLS
"Concrete Expericnce " Obscrvation Skills
Aim: Tostudy the shape of " Drawin!
animal cells
Materialsrequired:Toothpick
blue dye, coverslip, or spatula, glass
microscope, pencil,
Procedure: With the help of atoothpicknotebook
slide, methylene
scrape the inner side of your or a spatula,
gently
glass slide along witha drop of cheek. Place the scrapings on a lig. 2.6 Chrek rell:
blue (dye) to it. Place a water. Adda drop of methylene
under a microscope. coverslip on the sample and observe it H1icrOscope

Observation: What do you observe? Draw aneat diagram of

Conclusion:Cheek cells are irregular in shape (Fig. 2.6). your observation.

21st
Experiential Learning
ACTIVITY CENTURY
SKILLS
" Visual Literacy " Art-integrated Learning
" Concrete Experience Observation Skills
" Drawing
Aim: To study the shape of plant cells
Materials required: Thick fleshy leaf of an onion, apair of tweezers, glass slide,
iodine,
coverslip, microscope, pencil, notebook
Procedure: Cut an onion into two halves and take out one of
the thick leaves from inside. Gently pullaway the thin lining
from the inner surface of the leaf using the pair of tweezers.
Cut asmall piece of the lining and place it on a glass slide. Put
a drop of water on the peel and add a drop of iodine. Cover it Fig. 2.7 Cells in an onion peel
with a coverslip andobserve it under a microscope. as seen under a microscope
Observation: What do you observe? Draw a neat diagram
of your observation.
Conclusion: Youwill observe that the cells of an onion peel are rectangular in shape and
very closely packed (Fig.2.7).

STRUCTURE OF THE CELL

A cell is made up of a number of living and non-living parts. The living parts of a cell
that have a definite shape, structure and specific function are called cell organelles.
SCI-VOCAB
cell organelles:the living parts of a cell

43
 Cell organelles are highly organised and stable structures. The non -living parts of the
called cell inclusions. cell are
Every cell, whether it is a plant cell or an aninal cell, is surrounded by a thin
called the cell membrane. However, plant cells have an additional membrane membrane
the cell membrane. This membrane is called the cell wall. The cell membranc
living part calledthe protoplasm, which consists of two well-defined parts- -the
surrencloundiosesnga
and the nucleus (plural: nuclei). Embedded in the cytoplasm are a number of cell cytoplasm
Some of these organelles may be present in animal cells and not in plant cells and vica organelles.
Figure 2.8 shows the major functional divisionsof a cell.
CELL

Cell membrane Protoplasm

(Cytoplasm Nucleus

Cell organelles Cell inclusions

Fig. 2.8 Major functionaldivisions ofa cell

Let us study about the various parts of acell, the cellorganelles and the cell inclusions present in it.
Cell wall
The cell wall is a rigid outermost layer made up of a complex substance called cellulose. It is a
non-living structure and is present only in plant cells. The cellwall gives shape and rigidity to the
plantcelland protects the internal cell organelles. Itallows free movement ofsubstances in solution
to enter and leave the cel. Such atype of membrane is called afreely permeable membrane.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is athin and flexible membrane. It is also known as plasma membrane.
It holds the contentsof the cell together and gives shape to the cell. The cell membrane is a
selectively permeable membrane since it allows the entry of certain substances and restricts
the entry of other substances.
SCI-VOCAB
cell inclusions: the non-living parts of a cell
freely permeable membrane: a membrane that allows the entry and exit of all substances
without any hindrance
selectively permeable membrane: a membrane that allows the entry of certain substanceS
and restricts the entry of other substances

44
 Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is asemi-solid and iclly-like fluid
organic compounds. Living containing a mixture of water, salts ad
cytoplasm always in a state of motion.
is
Nucleus
The nucleus (Fig. 2.9) is the most
or oval in shape. The nucleus is important part of the cell. The nucleus may be spherical
surrounded by anuclear membrane, which is a double
membraned structure. The nuclear membrane encloses a transparent, granular ground
substance called the nucleoplasm, There are one or two small bodies in the
the nucleoli(singular: nucleus called
nucleolus).
The nucleoplasm contains a network of
like structures called chromatin thread
fibres. At the
time of cell division, the chromatin fibres form Nuclear mernbrane

small rod-like structures called

chromosomes.
Chromosomes play an important role in
the transmission of genetic
Nucleolus

Chromosome
material from
one generation to another. Genetic material Nucleoplasm
controls and organises hereditary characters.
The nucleus controls all the activities of the cell.
It controls theexpression of genetic characters Fig. 2.9 Nucleus
and also helps in the division of chromosomes during cell division. The nucleus is also
referred to as the brain of the cell'.

21st " Information Literacy

SCIENCE ALIVE CENTURY
SKILLS " Understanding Facts

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. It is used during early development to
eliminate unwanted cells; for example, those between the fingers of a developing hand. In
adults, apoptosis is used to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair.
Apoptosis also plays a role in preventing cancer. If apoptosis is prevented for some reason,
it can leadto uncontroled cell division and the subsequent development of atumour.

SCI-VOCAB
hereditary characters: the characters which are transferred from one generation to the other

45
 21st
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS CENTURY
SKILLS "Critical ThinkiApplying
"Remembering, ng
Answer in aword.
1. structural and functional units of life
2. living parts of acell having definite shape, structure
and functions

Plastids
(Plastids are found only in plant cells. They are bound by a double membrane and contain
coloured pigments. Depending on the type of pigments they contain, plastids can be classified
into three types.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts (Fig. 2.10) contain the green pigment Stroma
(matrix)
chlorophyll. Chloroplast is double-membrane Grana
structure. It is divided into two clear regions
grana and stroma. The molecules of chlorophyll Inner
are present in the grana. Stroma forms the ground layer
Outer
substance of the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts help layer
in the preparation of food during photosynthesis. Fig. 2.10 Chloroplast
They are generallypresent in the leaves.
21st . Critical Thinking
REASON CORNER CENTURY
SKILLS " Reasoning

Only green parts of the plants can produce food. Why?

Chromoplast
Chromoplasts contain pigments of various colours and impart colours to flowers and ripened
fruits. Birds and other animals are attracted towards these colourful flowers and fruits. Thus,
chromoplasts play an important role in pollination and also in the process of seed dispersal.
Leucoplast
Leucoplasts are colourless plastids found in the storage organs of plants. They store starch,
fats and proteins. Cells of potatoes have leucoplasts in them to store starch grains.)
Vacuole
Plant cells have one or two large vacuoles, whereas animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
Thevacuoles are bound by a single membrane and are filled with a fluid called the cell sap.
46
The cell sap contains water,
vacuole is called tonoplast.minerals, sugars and amino acids. The membrane
surrounain5
Vacuoles help in the storage of food, water and other
They also help in maintaining the shape of the cell. substanceS
Mitochondria
These are sausage shaped, rod-like and
walled, the outer wall is smooth and hasspherical structures. They are double
finger-like projcctions. The cavity ol
mitochondria is filled with afluid. Mitochondria
energy. They are thuscalled the power house of helps in respiration and releases
the ccll. Mitochondria

Other cell organelles

In addition to the ones explained above, a cell also has the following cell
organelles (1able Z.1).
Table 2.1 Cell organelles and their functions

Cell organelles Functions

supporting framework of the cell

connects the nuclear membrane with
the plasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes help in protein synthesis

play an important role in the secretion

of hormones and enzymes

Golgi bodies
have twO centrioles
Centrosomes (found only in animal cells)
help in cell division

secrete enzymes which are capable of

Lysosomes digesting substances
also called 'suicide bags of the cell'

47
 "Collaboration .
21 "Communication Information
SCIENCE TALK CNTURY
SKITL " GroupWork " Rescarch Skill,
" Speaking.
Literacy
Do you know that there are more bacterial | cells than human cells in the
body? Formtwo groups. Find out about the role. of bacteria ín the hurnan
one group speak about good bacteria and the other group, about
hurmLetan
nbody.
bad bacteria.

ACTIVITY 21t
CENTURY
ExperientExperience
ial L.earning
SKLLS
Concrete
Aim:To study the permanent slides of cells
Materials required: Permanent slides of plant and animal cells,
microscope
Procedure: Set up the permanent slide of plant cell on thestage of
Adjust the rough and fine adjustment knobs to get a the microscope.
observe and draw itsvarious parts. Next adjust the clear image of the cell. Carefully
and similarly observe and draw its permanent slide of an animal cell
various parts.
Observation: Plant cell (Fig. 2.11) has distinct cell wall
membrane and the cytoplasm.Animal cell (Fig. 2.12) does notenclosing the cell
The cell membrane here encloses the possess cell wall.
cytoplasm. A dot-like nucleus is visible.
Conclusion: Plants and animals are made of cells; yet there are
the structures of the cells. differences between

Cellinclusions
Cell inclusions are non-living materials such as
in the cytoplasm. They are formed as a result ofstarch, oil globules, gums and resins found
biochemical
temporary structures that keep appearing and disappearing.reactions in the cell and are
The cell inclusions give a
granular appearance to the cytoplasm.

MY QUESTION TIME 21t

CENTURY
Critical Thinking " Communication
SKILLS
Framing Questions . Discussing
Frame a question on structure ofacell and discuss its
ansvwer.

48
 LIFE SKILLS 21st
CENTURY
Critical Thinking" Life Skills
SKILLS Communication
Acell isthe structural and " Analysing " Social Awareness . Writing
organeles. Each cell organellefunctional
has
unit of
a specificliving things. Acell has many cell
functionsof a cell are actually carriedout by thestructure and function. All the
1. What do you cell organelles.
learn from this?
2. Do youthink team
work is important? Write a short
opinion. Read it out in class. paragraph about you

DIFFERENCES
ANIMAL CELL
BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND
Table 2.2 lists the differences between plant
and animal cells.

Table 2.2 Differences between plant cell and animal cell

Plant cell Animal cell

Cells are large with distinct outlines. Cells are usually small with less distinct outlines.

A cell wall, made of cellulose, is the Cell wall is absent. The outermost layer is the cell
outermost layer. membrane or the plasma membrane.
The photosynthetic cells are green due Chloroplasts are absent.
to the presence of chloroplasts.

Centrosome with centrioles is absent. Centrosome with centrioles is present.

Cells generally have a large vacuole. Vacuoles are very small.

Reserve food material is in the form of Reserve food material is in the form of glycogen.
starch.

Cytoplasn1 is not very dense and granular. Cytoplasm is dense and granular.

49
 Nucleus

Coll wall
Endoplasnmic reticulum
Golgi body
Centralvacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Lysosome

Fig. 2.11 A typical plant cell

Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell membrane
Vacuole

Centriole
Nucleus

Golgi body

Lysosome

Fig. 2.12 A typical animal cell

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 21st

CENTURY
" Critical Thinking
SKILLS Remembering
Fillin the blanks.
1.
are green-coloured plastids.
2. are a type of plastids found in the storage organs of plants.
3. imparts colour to flowers and ripened fruits.
4. Thenon-living materials present in the cytoplasm are called

50
 PREPPING FOR PISA 210
CINTUY VisualLiteracy " Critical
Thinking
Observation Skills ."Reasoning, Analysing
Mitochondria
Nucleus
aCell wal|
Cell membrane
>Vacole

Golgi body

A
Trina has drawn the diagrams of an
animal call
However, she labelled a fevw cell organelles in theand a plant cell. She forgot to narme therm.
Study the diagrams.
diagrams carefully and answer the following
1.
Identify them as animal and plant cell. questions.
A
B.
2.
Apart trom the organelles marked, which would be
not needed? absent in an animalcell? Why is it
3. Mark an organele in the animal cellthat cleans the
cell from inside by eliminating
wastage. What is the special name given to it?

CONCEPT RECALL
CELL
PARTS

Cellwall Cellmembrane) Protoplasm Nuclear

(only inplant cell)
membrane
(Cytoplasm Nucleus ’ Nucleolus
> Chromosomes
Cell inclusions (Cell organelles) > Nucleoplasm

Plastids Vacuole Endoplasmic Ribosomes Golgi

(only in reticulum
Mitochondria Centrosomes Lysosome
bodis (only in
plant cel) animal cell)
TYPES
Chloroplast
+ Chromoplast

Leucoplast

51
 BUAUUNTIO0
1. Objective type questions
A. Tick( )the most appropriate options for the given statements.
1. Only plant cells possess
a. cellmembrane 6. cell wall
C. protoplasm d. cytoplasm
2. Which of the following is found only in plant cell?
a. vacuole b. nucleus
d. mitochondria
chloroplast
3. Mitochondria helps in
a. storage b. food making
C. protection cellularrespiration
4. Which one of the following is called powerhouse of the cell?
. mitochondria b. nucleus
C. cell membrane d. chloroplast
5. The colourful petals of the flower bear
a. chloroplast o. chromoplast
G. leucoplast d. vacuole
6. Plants do not posses
a. cell wall b. plastids
centrosome d. vacuole

7. Which statement is false?

a. Both animals and plants are made up of cells.
. Only animals are made up of cells.
c. Cell is structural and functional unit of all living beings.
a. Only plants are made up of cells.
8. Which of these cellorganelles can be removed from acel? HOTS

a. nucleus b. mitochondria
C. protoplasm . none of these
 B. Fillin the blanks.
1. The cell wall is made up of
2. The...M is the control centre of the cell.
3. In aplant cell, kAkd..snelps in photosynthesis.
4. Chloroplast contains green pigment called
5. ....kssskkk.. helps in cell division and .....Ah.a... carry
hereditary units.

C. Write true (T) or false (F) against the following statements.

1. Allcells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
2. The cell wall is present only in plant cells.
3. Vacuoles are filled with nucleoplasm.
4. Vacuoles help in protein synthesis.
5. Allcell organelles are present in the cytoplasm.
D. Fill in the boxes to complete the table given below.

Found in........o.. Function

Name of structure
plant cell/animal cell/both
Photosynthesis
Transfer of hereditary
characters
Cellwall Vaetotes are very small.

Both Cellular respiration

II, Short answer questions

A. Name the following:

that surrounds the nucleus cles e l c
1.
a double-membraned structure
2. the place where chlorophyll molecules are present inside the chloroplast

53
 3. a non-living structure present only in plant cells that gives shape to the cells )
4. the membrane surrounding the vacuole in a cellg

B. Answer the folowing questions briefly.

1. Why is a cell called the structural and functional unit of living beings?
2. List the functions of nucleus.
3. Why are vacuoles important ina cell?
4. What isacell sap?
5. What are chromatin fibres? What are their function?

lI. Long answer questions

A. Differentiate between the following:
1. Plant cell and animal cell
2. Cell walland cell membrane
3. Nucleus and nucleolus

4. Chloroplast and chromoplast

B. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. What does the cell theory state?
2. Draw a well-labelled diagram of aplant cell.
3. Name the three types of plastids and mention their functions.
4. What do you mean by a semi-permeable membrane?

l21st
CENTURY
" Critical Thinking
Higher Order Thínking Skills (HOTS) SKILLS " Reasoning

1. Plant cells have cell wall whereas animal cells do not have. Give reason.
2. What will happen to a cell if its nucleus is removed?
3. Chloroplast changes to chromoplast in ripe fruits. Give reason.