ETHICS

DC 10/20/2022
Man- is a being distinct and separate from the rest of god’s
creation.

Man is an individual composed of body, soul and spirit.

Body- constitutes man’s physical, tangible self
Spirit- constitutes man’s mind and will. His innermost self.
Soul- moral and emotional nature of man
Theory of divine origin- out of his free will and love, God created
man.
Values- are those that are desirable and meaningful to man
as a rational and social being.
Zulueta- values reflects man’s aspirations for himself, the
society he lives in, and the environment he constantly interacts
with.
Hall- the concept of value pertains to what makes something
desirable, attractive, worthy of approval, admirable; that which
inspires feelings, judgments or attitudes, uplifts self esteem;
that which is useful in view of certain ends.
Sociologist look at values as model or goals of personal behavior
in social interaction.
Ethics- is both the study of human conduct and practical science
of morality of human behavior.
● Greek word ethos meaning characteristic way of acting.
● Latin word equivalent to mos or mores meaning tradition or
custom prevailing in a group or groups of people and of the
society as a whole.
Definition of ethics:
Garcia 1981- study that deals with human conduct insofar as this
conduct may be considered right or wrong.
Agapay 1991- defined as the science of morality of human acts.
Nature of ethics
- Ethics is especially focused on the correct way of doing things.
- Study of human motivation and human rational behavior
- Man acts because of a strong desire to achieve something.
- It is our moral responsibility and obligation to make our life
meaningful and worthy through our adherence to a code of
righteousness in accordance with natural and eternal law.
- Garcia 1981- whatever the area under consideration may be,
when the question of ethics is raised, there is a problem of moral
responsibility.
- Human acts- are actions which human performs knowingly,
freely and voluntarily.
- Paul Glenn 1965- actions are attributed to the doer as his
principal cause.
Moral distinction
Human acts may either be considered rational or irrational based
on man’s conformity or nonconformity to the dictates of reasons.
Dictates of reason- refers to man’s common ideas about the
decency or indecency of a certain act or manner of behavior.
Three classes of action based on the conformity or nonconformity of
the norms or standard of morality (Agapay 1991)
Moral actions- conforms to the norms of morality.
Immoral actions- are those which ore not in conformity with the
norms of morality.
Amoral actions- are those actions which stand neutral in relation to
the norms of morality.
The study of ethics
Ethics is absolute knowledge.
Purpose of ethics:
1. It serves as an aid in effective decision making
2. It aids to improve social life by enabling people to live together in
harmony.
3. It aids in reinforcing desirable ethical moral systems and modifies
those that are dysfunctional.
4. It guides individuals to develop genuine values in life.
Work- is an activity where man earns a living for himself and for
others through the use of his knowledge, talents and skills.
Employee- an individual who is being hired and is being
compensated for his work.
Laborer- employee doing physical labor
Employer- the one who is hiring workers
Occupation- is a term used if work is the result of training and
executed on a regular basis.
Professional employees- are persons whose work is chiefly non-
routine and intellectual in nature.
Workplace- refers to a place of work.
Work ethics- is a belief that productive physical or mental labor is a
prime virtue.
The purpose of work ethics is to help us determine what cultural
and ethical values and standards are needed to become effective,
efficient and productive workers.
Articulo and Florendo 2003- work ethics provides standards that
agree with rules of behavior for carrying out the work.
CHAPTER 2
The nature of man
Man- scientifically known a homo sapiens.
Biological
● Man walks upright on two feet.
● Man has two able hands with opposing thumbs which he uses for
handling things.
● Man has a more complex brain than animals
● Man has the capability to nourish and take care of his offspring
Dignity- is acquired and felt by man as he perceives himself as an
individual who can act based on his needs in their varied dimensions.
Teilhard de chardin 1970- man is a special phenomenon who knows
what he knows.
Behavioral
1. Man is rational
2. Man has complex techniques of producing, procuring, preparing
and cooking food.
Human beings share curiosity, imitation, attention, memory and
imagination
Philosophical values of man
Classical view
Man is a creature of endower with hierarchical virtues whose nature
is designed to serve as building blocks of society.
Aristotle’s view of man- man is rational and a social being.
Christian view
Judaeo- Christian philosophers- considered man ass the image
of God.
Man is endowed with divine attributes.
Existentialist view
Teilhard de chardin 1970- man is a being knows what he knows.
Martin heideger- believes that man is responsible not only for himself but
for all men.
Engelber van crooverburg 1963 thoughts about man
1. Man is raised above the abyss of nothingness
2. He lives on the dividing line between the past, the present and the future
3. He is embodied
4. He is above all the subhuman
5. He uses reason above lower levels of his existence and teaches
consciously beyond himself into a being of which he partakes and becomes
more than he is.
Msgr. Fulton sheen 1948- describe man as three level structure: body,
soul and spirit.
Karl marx- human nature has given potential, the nature of which
cannot be changed.
Van der poel- values have their own historicity
Andress- believes in relativility of values
Havighurst and neugarten- when a society changes, its values also
change.
Existentialist consider existence of man endowed with a free will. Not all
men have the same essence.
Oriental philosophical view
Mencius- human nature as originally good.
Four beginnings that belong to man’s original nature namely:
1. Jen- the feeling of commensuration which is the beginning of the
virtue of human heartedness
2. Yi- the feeling of shame and dislike which is the start of
righteousness
3. Li- the feeling of modesty and yielding towards the good. This is the
beginning of ritual or propriety
4. Chin- the sense of right and wrong
This four beginnings differentiate man from the beast
- The only way for a man to be happy is to free himself from
slavery, selfishness, and inordinate sexual desire.
- Confucius- life is not a delusion, a curse or a misery. It is a living
reality, a blessing, a natural priceless right and opportunity to work
together with your fellows for the common good and attain happiness.
- Confucius- man’s greatest achievement is to find the central clue
to moral being that unites us with the universal order.
Contemporary view
Man is said to be multi- bejeweled crown of creation
Immanuel kant- man is the only creature who governs and directs
himself and his actions.
- Man has the capacity to learn and be educated in the right sense
of the word.
Man as a person
- Every man is born inimitable, each one is different from others.
- An individual’s nature is manifested and fashioned by heredity, culture,
and environment.
- Person- from greek word prosophon meaning mask. In latin, it is
equivalent to personare refer to the mask through which an actor forcefully
projects his voice.
- Palispis 1995- man has to be respected as a being who can think and
act as a person. Every values teacher must address himself to the process of
thinking (cognitive or acquiring knowledge), feeling (affective or forming
attitudes and values) and acting (psychomotor or acquiring skills).
- Palispis 1995- man has to be respected as a being who can think and
act as a person. Every values teacher must address himself to the
process of thinking (cognitive or acquiring knowledge), feeling
(affective or forming attitudes and values) and acting (psychomotor or
acquiring skills).
Man as a rational being
Man is a rational being, gifted with intellect and free will. Hence he:
1. Is able to distinguish good from evil, right from wrong, moral to
immoral
2. Desire within himself an obligation to do what is good and to shun
what is evil
3. Feels himself accountable for his actions, expecting rewards,
praises, incentives or punishments or rejections from them
(Agapay)
The educated man
- Education- is the most efficient system of equipping people with
knowledge, skills and attitudes essential for effective membership in the
society.
- Education is a dynamic process of growth and development.
- The goal of education is to change man to be better physically,
mentally, socially, morally and spiritually.
- Importance of people is a vital factor for the development of a nation
( Palispis)
- Joseph stalin- education is a weapon, whose effect depends on who
holds it in his hands and to whom it is aimed
Iba zambales’ different ideas and views of an educated man
● refined in his manners.
● acquired knowledge, skills, and attitudes
● values charity, love and justice in humanity.
● does things right
● cultivated mind, effective speech and refined manners.
● Has faith in God
● Knows how to deal with others and not to hinder the success of his fellowmen
● Has self-discipline and self- control
● one who functions well in the community to which he belongs
● Open to criticism, latest development and new ideas
● God fearing
Educational Qualifications
- Educational qualifications counts most if one is applying for a job. Once an individual obtains the position, his
educational qualification should be nurtured, protected and complemented by his positive values.

Man and his values

● The values inherent in man show the kind of person that he is.
● Agapay- values is closely related to one’s search for meaning in human life.
● Values are the goals or end products of man’s motivation.
Man as a worker
● Human labor is exercised in the production and exchange of goods or services.
● Through work, man provides for himself, family, associates and others.
● Maslows hierarchy of needs
- Self actualization
- Esteem
- Love and belongingness
- Safety
- Physiological