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and scientific research almustansyria

university/College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
The first stage/Morning study

Integration of partial function

)‫هذا التقرير من متطلبات معالجة الدرجة لمادة (الرياضيات‬

‫المستوى األول‬
‫الفصل الدراسي الثاني‬
:‫العام‬2024-2023

‫عبدالرحمن مؤيد زكي‬:‫األسم‬

:‫الشعبة‬E

‫حيدر عبداألمير مهدي‬:‫دكتور‬

 Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
Integration by the 5
Partial Fractions
Method
How to do Integration 6
by Partial Fractions
Integration by Partial 10
Fractions Examples
and Solutions
Conclusion 19
Reference 20

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 Abstract
The integration of partial functions, or partial fraction decomposition,
is an essential technique in calculus for integrating rational functions.
This method involves expressing a given rational function as a sum of
simpler fractions, which are easier to integrate individually. This report
outlines the fundamental steps of partial fraction decomposition,
including factoring the denominator, setting up partial fractions,
determining coefficients, and integrating each term. An illustrative
example demonstrates the practical application of the technique. The
utility of partial fraction decomposition extends to various fields such
as engineering, physics, and applied mathematics, particularly in
solving complex integrals and differential equations. References to
authoritative texts in calculus are provided to support the methodology
and its applications.

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 Introduction
The integration of partial functions, commonly referred to as partial
fraction decomposition, is a technique used in calculus to integrate
rational functions. A rational function is a quotient of two polynomials.
The method involves expressing the rational function as a sum of
simpler fractions, which can then be integrated individually. This report
provides an overview of the integration of partial functions, its methods,
and applications, with references to authoritative sources.
Integration by partial fractions is one of the methods of integrating
complex functions. Before learning about the integration process by
partial fractions, first, understand the meaning of partial fractions and
how to write the partial fractions. Partial fractions are the sum of proper
rational functions obtained when we decompose an improper rational
function. Here, the improper rational function means the rational
function with the degree of its numerator is not less than the degree of
the denominator. Different formulas are available to decompose
improper rational functions and get partial fractions.

Integration by partial fractions is a method used to decompose and then

integrate a rational fraction integrand that has complex terms in the
denominator. By using partial fraction, we calculate and decompose the
expression into simpler terms so that we can easily calculate or integrate
the expression thus obtained.
The basic idea in the integration by partial fractions is to factor the
denominator and then decompose them into two different fractions
where the denominators are the factors respectively and the numerator
is calculated suitably. Let us learn more about the different forms used
in integration by partial fractions and also the different methods.

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 Integration by the Partial Fractions Method
We can observe rational functions as integrands in the process of
integration. In this case, we must reduce the integration of any rational
function to the integration of a proper rational function. The rational
functions we shall consider here for integration purposes will be those
whose denominators can be factored into linear and quadratic factors.
The method of writing the integrand, an improper rational function as a
sum of simpler rational functions, is called partial fraction
decomposition. Finding the integral in such cases is called integration
by partial fraction method. This method of integration is simple and can
be done using easy steps and formulas.

Integration by Partial Fractions Formula

The list of formulas used to decompose the given improper rational
functions is given below. Using these expressions, we can quickly write
the integrand as a sum of proper rational functions.

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 How to do Integration by Partial Fractions?
Go through the steps given below to understand the integration process
by partial fractions.
Step 1: Check whether the given integrand is a proper or improper
rational function.
Step 2: If the given function is an improper rational function, identify
the type of denominator.
Step 3: Decompose the integrand using a suitable expression by
comparing it with the five different forms given above.
Step 4: Now, divide the integration into parts and integrate the
individual functions.

What is Integration by Partial Fractions?

Integration by partial fractions is one of the three methods of

integration. In this method, we decompose the
proper rational fraction into a sum of simpler rational fractions. It is
always possible to decompose the rational fraction into simpler rational
fractions and this is done by a process called partial fraction
decomposition. Let us understand this with the help of an example.
Suppose we have 5/6, we can decompose it as 5/6 = 1/2 + 1/3, similarly,
we do this by decomposing two partial fractions algebrically. Suppose
we have:
2/(x+1) - 1/x
on adding we will get
2/(x+1) - 1/x = (x-1)/(x2+x).
Now if we have
(x-1)/(x2+x)
so we can decompose it into
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 (x-1)/(x2+x) = 2/(x+1) - 1/x
Thus the partial fractions have been decomposed into simpler terms. So
now integrating the resultant terms would be a relatively easy task.
Integration by partial fractions would be:
∫[f(x)/g(x)]dx = ∫[p(x)/q(x)]dx + ∫[r(x)/s(x)]dx
where
• f(x)/g(x) = p(x)/q(x) + r(x)/s(x) and
• g(x) = q(x).s(x)

Forms Used in Integration by Partial Fractions

In integration by partial fraction, we can use some particular type of

partial fractions to decompose specific forms of proper
rational fractions. Using these forms we can easily integrate fractions
that are in similar forms as given in the following table.

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 Method of Integration by Partial Fractions

The method of integration by partial fractions is a simple process. Let

us understand the method of integration by partial fractions with an
example. We have:
∫[6/(x2-1)]dx
Since we know: x2-1 = (x+1)(x-1)
Hence we can write:
∫[6/(x2-1)]dx = ∫[6/(x+1)(x-1)]dx
Now by using the form of partial fraction for this kind of rational form,
we get:
6/(x+1)(x-1) = A/(x-1) + B/(x+1)
Now, we have to find the value of A and B, making a common
denominator on both sides.
6/(x+1)(x-1) = [A/(x-1)][(x+1)/(x+1)] + [B/(x+1)][(x-1)/(x-1)]
6/(x+1)(x-1)= [A(x+1) + B (x-1)]/(x-1)(x+1)
Further we have the denominators on both the sides as equal, and hence
the numerators will also be equal.
6 = [A(x+1) + B (x-1)]
On solving we get,
A = 3, and B = -3
Hence, we can write
6/(x+1)(x-1) = 3/(x-1) + (-3)/(x+1)
Now, we can write:
∫[6/(x2-1)]dx = ∫[3/(x-1) - 3/(x+1)]dx
On solving, we will get:
∫[6/(x2-1)]dx = −3ln(|x+1|)+3ln(|x−1|)+C

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 Types of Partial Fractions
There are two primary types of partial fractions:

a. Proper Fractions: When the degree of the numerator is less than

the degree of the denominator. b. Improper Fractions: When the
degree of the numerator is equal to or greater than the degree of the
denominator.

Application Examples
Integration by partial fractions finds applications in various fields,
including physics, engineering, and economics. It is commonly used in
the solution of differential equations, evaluation of complex integrals,
and determination of areas under curves.

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 Integration by Partial Fractions Examples and Solutions

Example 1:
Integrate using integration by partial fractions: ∫[x+1]/x(1+xex)2dx

Solution: Observe that the derivative of xex is (x+1)ex. Thus, we could

substitute xex for a new variable t if we multiply the numerator and
denominator of the expression above by ex:

I = ∫[x+1]/x(1+xex)2dx.
=∫(x+1)ex/xex(1+xex)2dx.
The substitution xex = t now reduces I to:
I = ∫dt/(t(1+t)2).dt
We can now expand this expression in t using partial fractions:
1/(t(1+t)2) = A/t+B/(1+t) + C/(1+t)2
⇒1 = A(1+t)2 + B(1+t)t + Ct
Put t = 0 ⇒ A=1
Put t = −1 ⇒C = −1
Compare the coefficient of t2 ⇒ 0 = A+B
⇒ B = −1
The partial fraction expansion is:
1/t−1/(1+t) − 1/(1+t)2
Therefore, I is
I= ln|t| − ln|1+t| + 1/(1+t) + C
Answer: ∫[x+1]/x(1+xex)2dx = ln|t| − ln|1+ xex| + 1/(1+ xex) + C.

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 Example 2:
Integrate using integration by partial fractions: ∫[3x2 + x +
3]/[(x−1)3(x2+1)]dx

Solution:

We again find out the partial fraction expansion of the given expression:
[3x2+x+3]/[(x−1)3(x2+1)] = A/(x−1) + B/ (x−1)2 + C/(x−1)3 +
(Dx+E)/(x2+1)

We cross multiply to obtain

3x2+x+3 = A(x−1)2(x2+1) + B(x−1)(x2+1) + C(x2+1) + (Dx+E)(x−1)3

Put x = 1 ⇒ C = 72 ... (1)
Compare the coefficient of x4 ⇒ 0 = A + D. ..(2)
Compare the coefficient of x3 ⇒ 0 = −2A + B −3D + E ...(3)
Compare the coeff of x2 ⇒ 3 = 2A−B+C+3D−3E ...(4)
Compare the coeff of x ⇒ 1 = −2A + B − D + 3E ...(5)

Adding (4) and (5), we obtain

4 = C + 2D
⇒ D = 1/4 (from (1))
⇒ A = −1/4 (from (2))

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 Adding (3) and (4), we obtain
3 = C − 2E
⇒ E = 1/4 (again, using (1))
Finally, from (5), B = 0

The partial fraction expansion is therefore,

(−1/4)/(x−1) + (7/2)/(x−1)3 + [(1/4)x+(1/4)]/(x2+1)

The integral is
I = (−1/4)∫[1/(x−1)]dx + 7/2 ∫[1/(x−1)3]dx + 1/4∫[x/(x2+1)]dx +
1/4∫[1/(x2+1)]dx
= −1/4 ln|x−1| − 7/4(x−1)2 + 1/8 ln(x2+1) + 1/4 tan−1x + C
= (1/4) {tan−1x − 7/(x−1)2 + ln((√(x2+1))/(|x−1|))} + C

Answer: ∫[3x2 + x + 3]/[(x−1)3(x2+1)]dx = (1/4){tan−1x − 7/(x−1)2 +

ln((√(x2+1))/(|x−1|))} + C

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 Example 3:
𝑥 2 +1
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6

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 Example 4:
𝑥
Find ∫ (𝑥–1)(𝑥–2)(𝑥–3)
𝑑 𝑥

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 Example 5:
: Find ∫ dx / [(x + 1) (x + 2)]

Answer : The integrand is a proper rational function. Therefore, by

using the form of partial fraction from the image above, we have:
1 / [(x + 1) (x + 2)] = A / (x + 1) + B / (x + 2) … (1)

Solving this equation, we get,

A (x + 2) + B (x + 1) = 1
Or, Ax + 2A + Bx + B = 1
x (A + B) + (2A + B) = 1

For LHS to be equal to RHS, we have

A + B = 0 and 2A + B = 1. On solving these two equations, we get
A = 1 and B = – 1.

Therefore, we have
1 / [(x + 1) (x + 2)] = 1 / (x + 1) – 1 / (x + 2)
Hence, ∫ dx / [(x + 1) (x + 2)] = ∫ dx / (x + 1) – ∫ dx / (x + 2)
= log |x + 1| – log |x + 2| + C

Note: Equation (1) is true for all permissible values of x. Some authors
use the symbol ‘≡’ to indicate that the statement is an identity and use
the symbol ‘=’ to indicate that the statement is an equation, i.e., to
indicate that the statement is true only for certain values of x.

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 Example 6:
: Find ∫ [(x2 + 1) / (x2 – 5x + 6)] dx

Answer : In this case, the integrand is NOT a proper rational function.

Hence we divide (x2 + 1) by (x2 – 5x + 6) and get,
(x2 + 1) / (x2 – 5x + 6) = 1 + (5x – 5) / (x2 – 5x + 6)
= 1 + (5x – 5) / (x – 2) (x – 3)

Now, let’s look at the second half of the above equation and let
(5x – 5) / (x – 2) (x – 3) = A / (x – 2) + B / (x – 3)

On solving it, we get

5x – 5 = A (x – 3) + B (x – 2) = Ax – 3A + Bx – 2B = x (A + B) – (3A +
2B)

Comparing the coefficients of the x term and constants, we get

A + B = 5 and 3A + 2B = 5. Further, on solving these two equations, we
get
A = – 5 and B = 10.

Hence, we have
(x2 + 1) / (x2 – 5x + 6) = 1 – 5 / (x – 2) + 10 / (x – 3)
Therefore, ∫ [(x2 + 1) / (x2 – 5x + 6)] dx = ∫ dx – 5 ∫ 1 / (x – 2) + 10 ∫ 1 /
(x – 3)
= x – 5log |x – 2| + 10log |x – 3| + C

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 Applications

Partial fraction decomposition is widely used in engineering, physics,

and applied mathematics, particularly in the fields of control systems,
signal processing, and solving differential equations. It simplifies
complex rational expressions, making them more manageable for
integration and further analysis.

Conclusion

The integration of partial functions through partial fraction

decomposition is a powerful tool in calculus, enabling the integration
of complex rational functions by breaking them down into simpler
components. Mastery of this technique is essential for students and
professionals in mathematical, engineering, and physical sciences
disciplines. Integration by partial fractions is a powerful technique for
integrating rational functions. It involves decomposing the rational
function into simpler fractions, which can be integrated more easily.
This technique is widely applicable in various fields, making it an
essential tool for mathematicians, physicists, and engineers.

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 References

1. Stewart, J. (2015). *Calculus: Early Transcendentals* (8th ed.).

Cengage Learning.
2. Apostol, T. M. (1967). *Calculus, Vol. 1: One-Variable
Calculus, with an Introduction to Linear Algebra*. Wiley.
3. Larson, R., & Edwards, B. H. (2013). *Calculus* (10th ed.).
Brooks Cole.
4. Calculus: Early Transcendentals by James Stewart (8th
Edition).
5. Calculus by Thomas and Finney (10th Edition).
6. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig (10th
Edition).
7. Calculus: A Complete Course by Robert A. Adams and
Christopher Essex (8th Edition).
8. Partial Fractions Decomposition by Paul Dawkins, Online
Calculus Tutorial
(https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/partialfractions.asp
x).

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