CLASS – 11

WORKSHEET- THERMODYNAMICS

A. INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS

(1 Mark Questions)

1. The zeroth law of thermodynamics for three systems A, B and C in contact demands that
(a) A and B are in thermal equilibrium (b) B and C are in thermal equilibrium
(c) A and C are in thermal equilibrium (d) A, B and C are in thermal equilibrium
Sol. (a)

2. What does the zeroth law of thermodynamics tell us about measuring the temperature of
an object?
Sol. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are each in thermal
equilibrium with some third body, then they are also in equilibrium with each other.

3. Which one of the following is not a thermodynamic variable?

(a) pressure (b) temperature (c) volume (d) none of these
Sol. (d)
All are thermodynamic variables.

4. Define thermodynamic system.

Sol. Thermodynamic system is a branch that deals with heat, work and temperature, and their
relation to energy, radiation and physical properties of matter.

5. What is equation of state?

Sol. In physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a thermodynamic
equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of
physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy.[1] Most
modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy. Equations of state
are useful in describing the properties of pure substances and mixtures in liquids, gases,
and solid states as well as the state of matter in the interior of stars.

6. What are extensive state variables?

Sol. Extensive variables are variables that scale proportionally system size such as total
volume or mass. Examples of extensive variables include mass (m ), moles (n ), internal
energy (U ), enthalpy (H ), entropy (S ), Gibb's energy (G ), heat capacity (Cp ).

(3 Marks Questions)
7. When is a system said to be in the state of thermodynamic equilibrium?
Sol. A system is said to be in the state of thermodynamic equilibrium if the microscope
variables describing the thermodynamic state of the system do not change wit time.
(i) Mechanical equilibrium: There is not unbalanced force in its interior or between the
system and the surroundings.
(ii) Thermal equilibrium: All parts of the system and the surroundings are at the same
temperature.
(iii) Chemical equilibrium: The system does not undergo any spontaneous change in its
internal structure due to chemical reaction, diffusion, etc.

8. Define internal energy of a gas. Explain whether it is an extensive or intensive variable?

How internal energy of a gas can be changed?
Sol. Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies of the molecular
constituents of the system. It does not include the overall kinetic energy of the system.
Internal energy is an extensive variable because it depends upon the mass and size
(volume) of the system. Intensive variables like temperature, pressure does not depends
upon the mass and size of the system.
Change in internal energy does not depend on the path of the process. TI depends only on
the initial and final states of the system, i.e. U = Uf – Ui.

9. What do you mean by extensive and intensive state variables? Explain using suitable
example.
Sol. Extensive variable depends on the size or mass of the system. Example: Volume, total
mass, entropy, internal energy, heat capacity, etc. Intensive variables do not depend on
the size or mass of the system. Example: Temperature, pressure, specific heat capacity,
density, etc.

B. HEAT, WORK AND INTERNAL ENERGY

(1 Mark Questions)

1. If no external energy is supplied to an expanding gas, will the gas do any work? If yes,
then what will be the source of energy?
Sol. Yes the gas will do work at the expense of its internal energy.

2. Which of the following is not a path function?

(a) Q (b) Q + W (c) W (d) Q - W
Sol. (d)
ΔQ=ΔU+ΔWΔQ−ΔW=ΔU
 ΔU is internal energy which is independent of path.

3. During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does – 150J of work against its
surroundings. This implies that
(a) 150 J of heat has been removed from the gas
(b) 150J of heat has been added to the gas
(c) no heat is transferred because the process is isothermal
(d) 150J of heat has been added to the gas
Ans. (b)

4. One mole of an ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process ABCDA as shown in the PV
diagram. The net work done in the process is (1 atm = 106 dyne cm-2)

(a) 500J (b) 700J (c) 800J (d) 900J

Sol. (c)
From the P-V diagram,
Work done, W=area under the P−V diagram
W=AB×BC
W=2litre×4atm
W=2×10−3×4×1.03×105 or W=8×100 or W=800J
The correct option is C.

5. A given system undergoes a change in which the work done by the system equals the
decrease in its internal energy. What kind of thermodynamic process does the system
undergoes?
Sol. Given dW=−dU
So, dW+dU=0
So, dQ=0
The process is adiabatic.
6. A sample of an ideal monatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the
figure. What is the work done during the cycle?

Sol. Work done is given by the area enclosed by the three steps; i.e. the area of the triangle.
W = 1/2 (3V−V)(4P−P) = 0.5(2V)(3P) = 3PV

7. Can two isothermal curves intersect?

Sol. No, if two isothermal intersect, then this would mean that the pressure and volume of a
gas are the same at two different temperatures.

8. Can we convert internal energy into work?

Sol. The steam locomotive engine is one perfect example of turning internal energy into
mechanical energy. Liquid water is heated past the point of vaporization. Through a
controlled mechanical process, the expanding water vapor is allowed to push a piston.

9. If hot air rises up, why is it cooler at the top of mountain than near the sea level? Explain.
Sol. As warm air rises up a mountain side, it loses pressure, expands, and cools.

10. Why a gas is cooled when expanded?

Sol. When gas expands, the decrease in pressure causes the molecules to slow down. This
makes the gas cold.

11. What is isobaric process?

Sol. An Isobaric process is a thermodynamic process taking place at constant pressure. The
term isobaric has been derived from the Greek words “iso” and “baros” meaning equal
pressure. As such, the constant pressure is obtained when the volume is expanded or
contracted. This basically neutralizes any pressure change due to the transfer of heat.

12. What is isochoric process?

Sol. A thermodynamic process taking place at constant volume is known as the isochoric
process. It is also sometimes called as an isometric process or constant-volume process.
The term isochoric has been derived from the Greek words “iso” meaning “constant” or
“equal” and “choric” meaning “space” or “volume.”
(2 Marks Questions)

13. Give difference between heat and work.

Sol. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems, while work is the transfer of
mechanical energy between two systems. This distinction between the microscopic
motion (heat) and macroscopic motion (work) is crucial to how thermodynamic processes
work.

14. What do you mean by internal energy of a system?

Sol. The total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules and the potential energy
associated with the vibrational motion and electric energy of atoms within
molecules constitutes the internal energy of a system with some specific boundaries.

15. State the sign conventions used in the measurement of heat, work and internal energy.
Sol. Sign conventions used: (i) Heat absorbed by a system is positive. Heat given out by a
system is negative. (ii) Work done by a system is positive, Work done on a system is
negative. (iii) The increase in internal energy of a system is positive. The decrease in
internal energy of a system is negative.

16. A system is given 200 calories of heat and it does 600 joules of work. How much does
the internal energy of the system change in this process. (J = 4.18 joule/cal)?
Sol. JQ = U +W.U = JQ – W
U = 4.18×200 – 600 = 236 joule.

(3 Marks Questions)

17. State first law of thermodynamics and apply it to the boiling process of liquid.
Sol. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it
can only be converted from one form to another.
Boiling process: Let the heat of mass m of a liquid at its boiling point so that it changes
into vapour at pressure P. Let V1 be the volume of the liquid and V2 that of vapour.
Clearly dW = PdV = P(V2 – V1) …(i)
If the latent heat of vapourization is Lv, heat absorbed during the boiling process is given
by, dQ = mLv …(ii)
From the first law of thermodynamics, dQ = dU + dW …(iii)
From (i), (ii), (iii)
mLv = dU + P(V2 – V1) or dU = mLv – P(V2 – V1)
Thus knowing m, Lv, P, V1 and V2we can easily calculate the gain in internal energy (dU)
when a liquid changes into a vapour.
18. When heat energy of 1500J is supplied to a gas at constant pressure, 2.1×10 5 nm-2, there
was an increase in its volume equal to 2.5×10-3 m3. What is the increase in its internal
energy?
Sol. Het supplied to the gas, Q = 1500J
Work done by the gas, W = PV = (2.1×105Nm-2 )(2.5×10-3m3) = 5.25×102Nm = 525J
According to first law of thermodynamics, Q = W + U
= 1500J – 525J = 975J.

19. A thermodynamic system is taken from an original; state to an intermediate state by the
linear process shown in figure.

Its volume is then reduced to the original value from E to F by an isobaric process.
Calculate the total work done by the gas from D to E and E to F.
Sol. Total work done by the gas from D to E to F, W = WDE + WEF
= Area of trapezium DEGHD – Area of rectangle EFGH
= Area of triangle DEF = ½ DF × Fe = ½ (600 – 300) Nm-2×(5.0 – 2.0)m3 = 450J.

C. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS

(1 Mark Questions)

1. State first law of thermodynamics.

Sol. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it
can only be converted from one form to another.

2. First law of thermodynamics does not forbid flow of heat from lower temperature to
higher temperature. Comment.
Sol. First law of thermodynamics simply tells about the conversion of mechanical energy into
heat energy and vice-versa. It does not put any condition as to why heat cannot flow from
lower temperature to higher temperature.

3. When is the heat supplied to a system equal to the increase in its internal energy?
Sol. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system
equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. In
equation form, the first law of thermodynamics is ΔU = Q − W. Here ΔU is the change in
internal energy U of the system.

4. In an adiabatic change the specific heat of a gas is

(a) increase with increase in temperature (b) decrease with increase in temperature
(c) not depend upon change in temperature (d) always zero
Ans. (d)

5. An ideal gas having molar specific heat capacity at constant volume is 3/2R, the molar
specific heat capacities at constant pressure is
(a) 1/2R (b) 5/2R (c) 7/2R (d) 9/2R
Sol. (b)
Cp−Cv=R
Cp−3/2=R
Cp=5/2R

6. Which of the following process is correct for given P-V diagram?

(a) Adiabatic process (b) isothermal process (c) Isobaric process (d) Isochoric process
Ans. (c)

(2 Marks Questions)

7. Two bodies at different temperatures T1 and T2 if brought in thermal contact do not

necessarily settle to the mean temperature (T1 + T2)/2. Explain.
Sol. Let m1, m2 and c1, c2 be the masses and specific heats of the two bodies. Let T be their
common temperatures when these are brought in thermal contact.
From the principle of calorimetry, m1c1[T1 – T] = m2c2[T – T2] (taking T1>T2]
For T = (T1+ T2)/2
T1 +T2 T1 +T2 T1 −T2 T1 −T2
m1 c1 [T1 − ] = m2 c2 [ − T2 ] or m1 c1 [ ] = m 2 c2 [ ]
2 2 2 2
Or m1c1 = m2c2 i.e. heat capacities of the two bodies should be equal.
8. Which is greater CP or CV and why?
Sol. Cp is greater than Vv. When a gas is heated at constant volume, all the heat supplied is
used to increase the temperature or internal energy of the gas.

9. Can a system be heated but its temperature remains constant?

Sol. From first law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W
Or Q = nC.T + W (since U = nC. T)
If system has constant temperature in spite of heat supplied then T = 0 and Q = W. It
means heat supplied (Q) to the system is used in doing work (W) against the
surroundings.

10. If at 50°C and 75cm of mercury pressure, a definite mass of gas is compressed (i) slowly
(ii) suddenly, then what will be the final pressure and temperature of the gas in each case
if the final volume is one-fourth of the initial volume ( = 1.5).
Sol. When the gas is compressed slowly, the change is isothermal.
Therefore P2 V2 =P1 V1
P2 = P1V1/V2 = (75 x V1/V1 )x4 = 300 cm of mercury
Temperature remains constant at 50°C
(ii) When the gas is compressed suddenly, the change is adiabatic

11. The slope of an adiabatic process is greater than an isothermal process. Give reason.
Sol. Because the adiabatic curve is steeper than the isothermal curve, the amount of work
done in the adiabatic process is greater than in the isothermal process.

12. Show that the slope of an adiabatic curve at any point is  times the slope of an
isothermal curve at the corresponding point.
Sol. isothermal
PV = constant
p = k/v
dp/dv = - k/ v^2
 = - k/ v × v
so -p/v
for adiabatic
p V^Y = k
dp/dv =- YK/ V^ (Y +1)
= -Y K/ V^Y × V
As p = k/V^Y
so it's - Y P/V
hence it's Y times

13. Under what conditions would an ideal heat engine be cent per cent efficient?
Sol. If there is no loss of energy in any form and temperature of the sink is zero, then the heat
engine will be 100% efficient.

14. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3 moles of hydrogen at standard temperature
and pressure. The walls of the cylinder are made of a heat insulator, and the piston is
insulated by having a pile of sane on it. By what factor does the pressure of the gas
increase if the gas is compressed to half its original volume?
Sol. The cylinder is completely insulated from its surroundings. As a result, no heat is exchanged
between the system (cylinder) and its surroundings. Thus, the process is adiabatic.
Initial pressure inside the cylinder =P1
Final pressure inside the cylinder =P2
Initial volume inside the cylinder =V1
Final volume inside the cylinder =V2
Ratio of specific heats, γ = CP/ CV =1.4
For an adiabatic process, we have:
P1V1γ=P2V2γ
The final volume is compressed to half of its initial volume.
∴V2=V1/2
P1V1γ=P2(V1/2)γ
P2/P1=V1γ/(V1/2)γ
=21.4=2.64
Hence, the pressure increases by a factor of 2.64.
(3 Marks Questions)

15. Prove that CP – CV = R for ideal gas

Sol. Consider one mole of an ideal gas. Heat the gas to raise its temperature by T. According
to the first law for thermodynamics, the heat supplied Q is used partly to increase the
internal energy and partly in doing the work of expansion. That is Q = U + PV
If the heat Q is absorbed at constant volume, then V = 0 and we have
∆Q ∆U ∆U
CV = ( ∆T ) = ( ∆T ) = ( ∆T )
V V
We have dropped the subscript V because the inertial energy U of an ideal gas depends
only on it temperature T.
If now the heat Q is absorbed at constant pressure, then
∆Q ∆U ∆V ∆U ∆V
CP = ( ∆T ) = ( ∆T ) + P ( ∆T) = ( ∆T ) + P (∆T)
P P P P
Again we dropped the subscript P from the first terms because U of an idela gas depends
only on T.
∆V
Therefore CP – CV = P (∆T)
P
But for one mole of an ideal gas, PV = RT.
∆T
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. T for constant pressure, P. ( ) = R
∆V P
Hence CP – CV = R
This is required relation between CP and CV. It is also known as Mayer’s formula.

16. Establish the relation between two principal specific heats of a gas on the basis of first
law of thermodynamics.
Sol. Same as 15.

17. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stopcock. The
cylinder A contains a gas at standard temperature and pressure, while the cylinder B is
complete evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The stopcock is suddenly
opened. Answer the following:
(a) What is the final pressure of the gas in A and B?
(b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
(c) What is the change in temperature of the gas?
(d) Do the intermediate states of the system (before settling to final equilibrium state) lie
on its P-V-T surface?
Sol. (a) Cylinders, A and B are of equal capacity, so when the stopcock is suddenly opened,
the pressure in both the cylinders decreases to half the initial value. Since volume is
inversely proportional to pressure, therefore when the stopcock is opened, the volume
gets doubled for the gas and hence pressure gets halved.
 (b) The internal energy of the gas can change only when work is done by or on the gas.
Since in this case no work is done by or on the gas, the internal energy of the gas will not
change.
(c) Since no work is being done by the gas during the expansion of the gas, the
temperature of the gas will not change at all.
(d) The given process is a case of free expansion. It is rapid and cannot be controlled. The
intermediate states do not satisfy the gas equation and since they are in non-equilibrium
states, they do not lie on the P-V-T surface of the system.

18. Write two essential conditions for a perfect isothermal change and the two essential
conditions for a perfect adiabatic change.
Sol. They are two essential conditions for an isothermal process to take place. First, the
system should be perfectly conducting to the surroundings and second, the process must
be carried out very slowly so that there is required time for exchange of heat with the
surroundings to maintain temperature constant.

19. Consider one gram mole of an ideal gas of ratio of specific heats , enclosed in a cylinder
with perfectly non conducting walls fitted with a smooth non conducting piston. Find an
expression for work done by the gas when it expands such that its temperature changes
from T1 to T2.
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20. Ten moles of hydrogen at NTP is compressed adiabatically so that its temperature
become 400°C. How much work is done on the gas? What is the increase in the internal
energy of the gas (R = 8.4 J mol-1 K-1,  = 1.4)
Sol. Given T1 = 0°C = 273K, T2 = 400°C = 673K
nR 10×8.4×400
Work done, W = λ−1 (T2 − T1 ) = 7 = 83000J = 83.0kJ
( −1)
5

21. Determine the PV relation for a monatomic gas undergoing an adiabatic process.
Sol. We know that monatomic gas has 3 degree of freedom.
CP/CV = ,
f+2 3+2 5
γ= = =3
f 3
Monatomic ideal gas in adiabatic change is
PV = constant.
So putting the value of  we get PV5/3 = constant.
22. Derive an expression for work done during isothermal process.
Sol. Suppose 1 gm mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder of conducting walls. Let P 1, V1,
T be initial pressure, volume, and temperature. Let gas expand to volume V2 where
pressure reduces to P2 and temperature remains constant.
If A is the area of piston F = P × A
dW = F × dx = P × A × dx
v
W = ∫v 2 PdV [∴ Adx = dv]
1
But, PV = RT
v RT
W = ∫v 2 dV
1 V
v
W = RT [log e V]v21
W = RT [loge V2 − loge V1]
v
W = 2.303 RT log10 2
v1

23. A refrigerator freezes water at 0°C into 10kg ice at 0°C in time interval of 30 min.
Assuming the room temperature to be 20°C, calculate the minimum amount of power
needed to make 10kg of ice.
Sol. Amount of heat required to convert water into ice at 0°C,
Q2 =mL =(5Kg)×(80)Kcal/Kg

Power needed P = W/t =123 × 103/1200 =102.5 W

24. A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3.0 litres per minute from 27°C to 77°C. If the
geyser operates on a gas burner, what is the rate of consumption of the fuel if its heat of
combustion is 4.0×104 J/g?
Sol. Given, the water is flowing at a rate of 3.0 litre/ min , temperature changes
from 27°C to 77°C and the heat of combustion is 4.0× 104 J/g .
 Let specific heat of water be c.
Let Q be the total heat used, then
Q=mcΔT
Here, m is the mass of water flowing, ΔT is the temperature change.
Substitute the values in the above expression.
Q=3000×4.2×( 77−27 ) =6.3× 105 J/ min
Let R be the rate of consumption of the fuel, then
R= Q heat of combustion
Substitute the value in the above expression,
R= 6.3× 105/(4× 104 )=16 g/ min
Hence, the rate of combustion of the fuel is 16 g/ min .

25. What amount of heat must be supplied to 2.0×10-2 kg of nitrogen at room temperature to
raise its temperature by 45°C at constant pressure? Given molecular weight of N 2 is 28
and R = 8.3 J mol-1 K-1 and CV (diatomic gases) = 7/2 R.
Sol. Given, the mass of nitrogen is 20× 10−2 kg or 20 g, rise in temperature of nitrogen
is 45 °C, molecular mass of nitrogen is 28 and universal gas constant is 8.3 J/ mol⋅K .
Let n be the number of moles, then n= m M
Here, m is the mass of nitrogen and M is the molar mass of nitrogen.
Substitute the value in the above expression.
n= 20/28 =0.714
Let Cp be the molar specific heat at constant pressure for a diatomic gas, then
Cp = 7/2 R
Here, R is the universal gas constant.
Substitute the value in the above expression.
Cp = 7/2 ×8.3 =29.05 J/ mol⋅K
Let Q be the amount of heat supplied to nitrogen, then
Q=n C p ΔT
Here, ΔT is the temperature rise.
Substitute the values in the above expression,
Q=0.714×29.05×45 =934 J
Hence, the amount of heat supplied to nitrogen is 934 J.

26. In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A to another
equilibrium state B, an amount of work equal to 22.3J is done on the system. If the gas is
taken from state A to B via process in which the net heat absorbed by the system is 9.35
cal, how much is the net work done by the system in the latter case? (take 1 cal = 4.19J)
Sol. In the first case, the process is adiabatic. i.e ΔQ=0
22.3J work is done on the system i.e. ΔW=−22.3J
ΔQ=ΔU+ΔW
0=Δu−22.3
Δu=22.3J
 In the later process, the initial and final states are same as those in the former process, Δu will
remain same for the later case.
In the later case, net heat absorbed by the heat is 9.35cal
ΔQ=9.35×4.2
ΔQ=39.3J
ΔW=ΔQ−Δu
ΔW=39.3−22.3
ΔW=17J
The net work done in the system in this case is 17J.

27. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stopcock. The
cylinder A contains a gas at standard temperature and pressure, while the cylinder B is
completely evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The stopcock is suddenly
opened.
Answer the following:
(i) What is the final pressure of the gas in A and B?
(ii) What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
(iii) What is the change in temperature of the gas?
(iv) Do the intermediate states of the system (before settling to final equilibrium state) lie
on its P-V-T surface?
Sol. Same as 17.

(5 Marks Questions)

28. When a system is taken from state A to state B along the path ACB, 80 kcal of heat flows
into the system and 30 kcal of work is done

(a) How much does heat flows into the system along path ADB if the work done is
10kcal?
(b) When the system is returned from B to A along the curved path the work done is
20kcal. Does the system absorb or liberate heat?
(c) If UA = 0 and UD = 40kcal, find the heat absorbed in the process AD.
Sol. Since ΔU is independent of path.
∴ΔU(A→B)=q(ACB)+w(ACB)=80−30=50J
(a) ΔU=50J=q(ADB)+w(ADB)
⇒q(ADB)=50−(10)=40J
(b) q(B→A)=ΔU(B→A)−w(B→A)=(−50)−20=−70J[∵ΔU(A→B)=−ΔU(B→A)]
Hence the system liberates heat.
(c) ΔU(ADB)=ΔU(A→D)+ΔU(D→B)
⇒ΔU(D→B)=50−40=10J
Again,
ΔU(D→B)=q(D→B)+w(D→B)
∵V(D→B) is constant.
∴w(D→B)=0
∴q(D→B)=ΔU(D→B)=10J
Now,
q(ADB)=q(A→D)+q(D→B)
⇒q(A→D)=40−10=30J[∵q(ADB)=40J]

29. Describe melting and boiling process on the basis of first law of thermodynamics.
Sol. Melting process: Let us consider a solid of mass m. Let dQ be the amount of heat
absorbed during the process of melting. Clearly, dQ = mL f …(i)
Where Lf is the latent heat of fusion.
During melting, the change in volume is negligibly small, i.e. dV = 0
Thus dW = PdV = 0 …(ii)
From first law of thermodynamics, dQ = dU + dW …(iii)
From (i), (ii), (iii) we get
mLf = dU or dU = mLf.
Thus by knowing m and Lf the gain in internal energy (dU) when a solid changes into a
liquid can be easily calculated.
Boling process: Refer to Q 17 Sec B.

30. Consider a PV diagram in which the path followed by one mole of perfect gas in a
cylindrical container is shown in figure.
 (a) Find the work done when the gas is taken from state 1 to state 2.
(b) What is the ratio of temperature T1/T2 if V2 = 2V1?
(c) Given the internal energy for one mole of gas at temperature T is (3/2)RT, find the
heat supplied to the gas when it is taken from state 1 to state2 with V 2 = 2V1.
Sol. Given PV1/2 = constant = C
v v C
(a) Work done by the gas, W = ∫v 2 PdV = ∫v 2 dV
1 1 √V
1 v2
V2
= C[ 1 ] = 2C[√V2 − √V1 ]
2 v1

Therefore W = 2P1 √V1 (√V2 − √V1 ) …(i)

(b) Since PV = nRT
C C
⇒ V = nRT ⇒ T = nR √V
√V
⇒T ∝ √V …(ii)
T V V 1
∴ T1 = √V1 = √2V1 = …(iii) (as V2 = 2V1)
2 2 1 √2
(c) Given U = 3/2 RT
⇒ U = 3/2 RT = 3/2R (T2 – T1)
⇒ U = 3/2RT1(√2 - 1) [using eqn (iii)]
From eqn (i)
W = 2C[√V2 − √V1 ] = 2C√V1 (√2 – 1) [Using eqn (iii)] (as PV1/2 = C)
= 2RT1(√2 - 1) [Using eqn (i) for one mole of gas]
Therefore from first law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W
= 7/2 RT1(√2 – 1)

31. A sample of 2kg of monatomic helium (assumed ideal) is taken through the process ABC
and another sample of 2kg of the same gas is taken through the process ADC (figure).
Given molecular mass of Helium = 4, R = 8.3 j mol-1 K-1.
 (a) What is the temperature of Helium in each of the states of A, B, C and D?
(b) How much is the heat involved in each of the process ABC and ADC?
Mass of He 2000
Sol. (a) Number of moles of He, n = Molecular mass = = 500
4
As PAVA = nRTA
PA VA 5×104 ×10
Therefore TA = = = 120.5K
nR 500×8.3
For the isochoric process AB (V = constant).
TB P P 10
= PB ∴ TB = PB × TA = × 120.5 = 241K
TA A A 5
For the isobaric process BC (P = constant)
TC V V 20
= VC ∴ TC = VC × TB = 10 × 241 = 482K
TB B B
For the isochoric process DC,
TD PD PD 3
= ∴ TD = × TC = 10 × 482 = 241K
TC PC PC
(b) Heat involved in the process ABC, QABC = UAC + WABC = nCV (Tc- TA)+ WBC
= nCV(TC – TA) + PB(VC – VA)
= 500×(3/2)×8.3×(482 - 120.5) + 10 × 104 ×(20 – 10) (since CV = 3/2R)
= 2.25×106 + 106 = 3.25×106J = 3.25 MJ
Heat involved in the process ADC, QADC = UAC + WADC = UAC + WAD
= 2.25×106 + PA(VD – VA) = 2.25×106 + 5×104 × (20 – 10)
= 2.75×106J = 2.75Mj

32. A mixture of 1.78kg of water and 262g of ice at 0°C is in a reversible process, brought to
a final equilibrium state where the water/ice ratio by mass is 1:1 at 0°C.
(i) Calculate the entropy change of the system during this process
(ii) The system is the returned to the first equilibrium state, but in an irreversible way (by
using a Bunsen burner for instance). Calculate the entropy change of the system during
this process.
Sol. a) Mass of water = 1.78 kg
Mass of ice = 262 g
So the total mass of ice and water mixture will be,
Mass of ice-water mixture = (Mass of water) + (Mass of ice)
= (1.78 kg) + (262 g) = (1.78 kg) + (262 g×10-3 kg/1 g) = 1.78 kg + 0.262 kg = 2.04 kg
If eventually the ice and water have the same mass, then the final state will have 1.02 kg
(2.04 kg/2) of each.
Thus the mass of the water that changed into ice m will be the difference of mass of water
mw and mass of final state ms.
So, m = mw - ms
To obtain mass of water that changed into ice m, substitute 1.78 kg for mass of water mw
and 1.02 kg for mass of final state ms in the equation m = mw - ms,
m = mw - ms
= 1.78 kg – 1.02 kg = 0.76 kg
The change of water at 0° C to ice at 0° C is isothermal.
To obtain the change in entropy ΔS of the system during this process, substitute 0.76 kg
for mass m, 333×103 J/kg for heat of fusion of water L and 273 K for T in the equation
ΔS = -mL/T,
ΔS = -mL/T = -(0.76 kg) (333×103 J/kg )/(273 K) = -927 J/K
From the above observation we conclude that, the change in entropy ΔS of the system
during this process will be -927 J/K.
(b) Now the system is returned to the first equilibrium state, but in an irreversible way.
Thus the change in entropy ΔS of the system during this process is equal to the negative
of previous case.
So, ΔS = -(- 927 J/K) = 927 J/K
From the above observation we conclude that, the change in entropy ΔS of the system
would be 927 J/K.

33. Explain why:

(a) Two bodies at different temperature T1 and T2 (if brought in thermal contact do not
necessarily settle to mean temperature (T 1 + T2)/2.
(b) The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant (i.e. the liquid used to prevent the
different parts of a plant from getting too hot) should have high specific heat.
(c) At pressure in a car tyre increases during driving.
(d) The climate of a harbour town in more temperate than that of a town in a desert at the
same latitude.
Sol. (a) Law of conservation of Energy says that the energy is transferred from one body to another
and from one format to another.
If we consider ideal conditions for heat transfer, when two bodies of temperature T1 and T2 come
in thermal contact, heat transfer takes place from body of higher temperature to body of lower
temperature.
The quantity thermal energy is the function of mass and temperature. Hence, the mean
temperature of the bodies in contact will be given by the weighted average not normal average.
∴Tavg = (m1T1+m2T2)/m1+m2
Hence only when m1=m2, then Tavg = (T1+T2)/2
(b) A coolant is required to have high heat capacity so that its temperature does not change much
during heat transfer. Due to this, the coolant is able to hold more heat and allows quicker
temperature drop in the hot body.
(c) As the car moves, temperature of the gas inside the tyre increases.
PV=nRT
Since volume is almost constant, air pressure increases.
(d) Water has a very high value of specific heat capacity. Due to this, the temperature of the water
bodies do not change easily. Hence, climate near a harbour town is moderate.
Sand has a very low value of specific heat capacity. Due to this, the temperature of the sand
changes rapidly. Hence, climate of a desert is extreme.

D. IIND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS HEAT ENGINE AND REFRIGERATOR

(1 Mark Questions)

1. A heat engine has an efficiency . Temperatures of source and sink are each decreased by
100K. The efficiency of the engine
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains constant (d) becomes 1
Ans. (a)

2. When the door of a refrigerator is kept open then the room temperature starts
(a) cool down (b) hot up
(c) first cool down and then hot up (d) neither cool down nor hot up
Sol. (b)
 If a refrigerator's door is kept open, then room will become hot, because then refrigerator
exhaust more heat into the room than earlier. In this way, temperature of the room
increases and room becomes hot. No refrigerator is efficient.

3. Give two examples of heat pump.

Sol. Common types are air source heat pumps, ground source heat pumps, water source heat
pumps and exhaust air heat pumps. They are also used in district heating systems.

4. State second law of thermodynamics.

Sol. The second law of thermodynamics asserts that heat cannot move from a reservoir of
lower temperature to a reservoir of higher temperature in a cyclic process.

5. The conclusion of second law of thermodynamics is that

(a) no heat engine can have efficiency  equal to zero.
(b) no heat engine can have efficiency  equal to one.
(c) no heat engine can have efficiency  greater than one.
(d) no heat engine can have efficiency  less than one.
Sol. (b)
The efficiency  = 1 is maximum efficiency, it shows that the heat engine is 100%
efficient which is practically not possible.

6. When the door of refrigerator is kept open we cannot cool the room. It may be against
(a) conservation of energy (b) first law of thermodynamics
(c) conservation of momentum (d) second law of thermodynamics
Ans. (d)

7. Which of the following processes described below is irreversible?

(a) the increase in temperature of an iron rod by hammering it.
(b) a gas in a small container at a temperature T 1 is brought in contact with a big reservoir
at a higher temperature T2 which increase the temperature of the gas.
(c) an ideal gas is enclosed in a piston cylinder arrangement with adiabatic walls. A
weight W is added to the piston resulting in compression of gas.
(d) all of the above
Sol. (a)
The increase in temperature of an iron rod by hammering it is the irrevesible process.

8. Consider a Carnot cycle operating between source temperature 750K and sink
temperature 350K producing 1.25kJ of mechanical work per cycle, the heat transferred to
the engine by the reservoirs
(a) 1.34 kJ (b) 3.24kJ (c) 3.34kJ (d) 4.34kJ
Ans. (b)

9. A Carnot engine absorbs 750J of heat energy from a reservoir at 137°C and rejects 500J
of heat during each cycle, then the temperature of sink is
(a) 0.25°C (b) 0.34°C (c) 0.44°C (d) 0.54°C
Ans. (b)
For carnot engine-
TL/TH = QL/QH
TL/(137+273) =500/750
Tl=(500×410)/750 = 273.333 ≈ 273.34K = 0.34°C

10. What are two essential features of Carnot ideal heat engine?
Sol. (i) Source and sink have infinite heat capacities. (ii) Each process of the engine's cycle is
fully reversible.

(2 Marks Questions)

11. A refrigerator maintains eatables, kept inside at 9°C. If the room temperature is 36°C,
calculate the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.
Sol. Temperature inside the refrigerator, T1 = 9°C = 282 K
Room temperature, T2 = 36°C = 309 K

Coefficient of performance =

Therefore, the coefficient of performance of the given refrigerator is 10.44.

12. State the limitations of second law of thermodynamics.

Sol. One of the limitations of the second law of thermodynamics is that the entropy of the
system must always remain the same or increase, in a closed system. However, creating a
truly closed system is nearly impossible, so it is sometimes hard to apply to a natural
system.

13. No real engine can have an efficiency greater than that of a Carnot engine working
between the same two temperatures. Give reason.
Sol. The gas molecules have point sizes and have no attractive forces between them. Real
engines cannot fulfil these conditions. Hence no heat engine working between the same
two temperatures can have efficiency greater than that of a Carnot engine.

14. Can a Carnot engine be realized in practice?

Sol. No, because Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine whose conditions are not realized in
practice.

(3 Marks Questions)

15. What is Carnot engine? What is its efficiency?

Sol. The Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by Leonard Carnot. It
estimates the maximum possible efficiency that a heat engine during the conversion
process of heat into work and, conversely, working between two reservoirs can possess.

16. A steam engine works with reservoirs at temperatures of 207°C and 37°C while a
gasoline combustion engine has temperatures of 1550°C and 475°C. Which of the two
engines is more efficient?
T
Sol. Efficiency of Carnot cycle = 1 - T2 where T1 is temperature of reservoir and T2 the
1
temperature of engine.
1550
ηA = 1 - = -6.5
207

475
ηB = 1 - = - 11.85
37

So, efficiency of A is greater than B.

17. A Carnot engine has efficiency 25%. It operates between reservoirs of constant
temperatures with temperature difference of 80°C. What is the temperature of the low
temperature reservoir?
T T1 −T2 25
Sol. Efficiency,  = 1 - T2 = . 100
1 T1
T1 (T1−80) 1 80
= .4 = T
T1 1
T1 = 320 KT1 = 320 – 273 = 47°C
The temperature of the low temperature reservoir = 47 – 80 = - 33°C.

18. Derive the work done in an Adiabatic process.

Sol. Suppose we have a one-gram molecule of a perfect gas which has been enclosed in a non-
conducting cylinder having a non-conducting piston. The gas will expand, if we move the
piston slowly outwards and hence will do some work without any energy being supplied
 from outside and thus adiabatic expansion will take place. And since the energy hasn’t
been used from outside, the temperature of the gas in the cylinder will fall.

Let us say the initial temperature, pressure and volume of the cylinder
be T1, P1 and V1 and in its final state be T2, P2 and V2.
Now, let the cross-sectional area of the piston be A and we move the piston through a
small distance dx which makes the gas expand by a volume of dV. And for small
expansion, the pressure change will be almost the same, say P.
Now, for an adiabatic change PVγ= K (constant}
Therefore, P=K/Vγ
v
Thus, the work done, W= ∫v 2 PdV
1
v2 K v
⟹W= ∫v1 Vγ dV = K ∫v 2 V −γ dV
1
V1−γ K 1−γ 1−γ
∴,W=K | 1−γ | = 1−γ (V2 − V1 )
Since, in adiabatic expansion, we know that
P1V1γ=P2V2γ=k
1 1−γ 1−γ
Thus, W=(1−γ) (P2 V2 V2 − P1 V1 V1 )
R
⟹W=[1−γ] (P2 V2 − P1 V1 )
Using, PV=RTPV=RT, we can also write the work done as,
R
W= [1−γ] (T2 − T1 )
This is the equation for work done in adiabatic expansion.

19. A steam engine delivers 5.4×108 J of work per minute and services 3.6×109 J of heat per
minute from its boiler. What is the efficiency of the engine? How much heat us wasted
per minute? [Ans. 3.1×109 J]
Sol. Given, the work delivered by the steam engine per minute is 5.4× 108 J and heat energy
accepted by boiler per minute is 3.6× 109 J.
Let W be the work done by engine and Q be the heat energy accepted by the boiler, so
Efficiency= W/Q
 Substitute the values in the above expression.
Efficiency= (5.4× 108)/ (3.6× 109) =0.15 or 15%
Hence, the efficiency of the engine is 15%.
Let H be the amount of heat wasted, so
H=W−Q
Substitute the values in the above expression,
H=3.6× 109 −5.4× 108 =3.1× 109 J
Therefore, the amount of heat wasted per minute is 3.1× 109 J.

20. A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 9°C. If room temperature is 36°C,
calculate the coefficient of performance.
Sol. Same as 11.

(5 Marks Questions)

21. (a) Explain the basic principle of a heat engine.

(b) Can the efficiency of a heat engine be 100%? Give reason for your answer.
Sol (a) A heat engine can be defined as a device that converts thermal energy into work. The
thermal energy results from a temperature difference that is provided by a hot and a cold
reservoir. The heat engine utilizes this difference in a thermodynamic cycle.
(b) It is impossible for heat engines to achieve 100% thermal efficiency () according to
the Second law of thermodynamics. This is impossible because some waste heat is
always produced in a heat engine, shown in Figure by the term. Although complete
efficiency in a heat engine is impossible, there are many ways to increase a system's
overall efficiency.

22. A refrigerator whose coefficient of performance  is 5 extracts heat from the cooling
component at the rate of 250J per cycle.
(a) How much work per cycle is required to operate the refrigerator cycle?
 (b) How much heat per cycle is discharged to the room which acts as high temperature
reservoir?
Q2 250
Sol. (a) Work done per cycle W = = = 50J
K 5
(b) Heat discharged per cycle = Q1 = Q2 + W = 250 + 50 = 300J.

23. State Carnot theorem. Prove that the efficiency of a reversible heat engine is maximum.
Sol. Carnot's theorem, also known as Carnot's rule, or the Carnot principle, can be stated as
follows: No heat engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than
a reversible heat engine operating between the same two reservoirs.
A Reversible Heat Engines has the maximum efficiency
This is proved by assuming that there is a super heat engine with greater efficiency and
showing that it contradicts Carnot's assumption. Consider the case where both the
reversible heat engine and the super heat engine remove the same amount of heat energy
from the hot reservoir. If the reversible heat engine delivers work out W and deposits heat
Qc = Q - W in the colder reservoir, then the super heat engine delivers work Ws =
W+DW - additional work for the same heat input because it is more efficient - and heat Q
= Q - W - DW to the cold reservoir. Note that the super heat engine puts less heat into the
cold reservoir because its greater efficiency turns more of the original heat into its extra
work. Now if we operate the reversible heat engine in reverse taking W of the W+DW
work from the super heat engine to operate taking Qc out of the cold reservoir and putting
Q into the hot one. The combined operation of the two engines results in no change in the
hot reservoir since one takes out Q and the other puts back Q. Heat energy is taken out of
the cold reservoir since the reversible heat engine takes out slightly more than the super
heat engine puts in and it shows up as extra work. This taking heat from a single reservoir
and turning it to work with no other changes is a contradiction to the Carnot assumption.
Thus to stay consistent:
No heat engine can have efficiency greater than a reversible heat engine.

E. ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTION:

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If both assertion and reason are false
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true
1. Assertion: Specific heat of a body is always greater than its thermal capacity.
Reason: Thermal capacity is heat required for raising temperature of unit mass of the
body through unit degree.
Ans. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
Specific heat of a body is amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of
the body through unit degree. When mass of a body is less than unity, then its thermal
capacity is less than its specific heat and vice-versa.
2. Assertion: In an adiabatic process, change in internal energy of a gas is equal to work
done on or by gas in the process.
Reason: Temperature of gas remain constant in a adiabatic process.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
In an adiabatic process, no exchange of heat is permissible i.e., dQ = 0.
As dQ = dU + dW = 0. Therefore dU = - dW.
3. Assertion: A cloudy night is hotter than a clear sky night.
Reason: In the cloudy night, temperature of earth does not fall.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Since all radiation from the earth is reflected back to earth by clouds due to which
temperature of the earth does not fall.
4. Assertion: Radiation is the speediest mode of heat transfer.
Reason: Radiation can be transmitted in zig-zag motion.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
Actually, the process of radiation does not require any material medium for transmission
of heat. Thermal radiation travels with the velocity of light and hence the fastest mode of
the transfer. Thermal radiation is always transmitted in a straight line.
5. Assertion: Animals curl into a ball, whey they feel very cold.
Reason: Animals by curling their bodies reduces the surface area.
Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
When the animals feel cold they curl their bodies into a ball so as to decrease the surface
area of their bodies. As total energy radiated by body varies directly as the surface area of
the body, the loss of heat due to radiation would be reduced.