BETCK205H Introduction to IOT

Module- 1
Basics of Networking & Emergence of IoT
Chapter 1: Basics of Networking
Introduction

Definition: Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices (often

referred to as nodes) that can exchange data and share resources with each other.

Figure 1: Simple computer network

Basic components of computer networks: The main network components are

• Computer (clients, servers)
• Channels (wired or wireless)
• Interface or connecting devices (Router, Switch, etc)
• Software (Protocols, System Software, Application Software, etc.)

Figure 2: Basic components of computer network

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Importance of Computer networks: Today's world relies heavily on data and

networking, which allows for the instant availability of information from anywhere
on the earth at any moment. Presently world depends on data and information-
centric operations, everything right from agriculture to military operations rely
heavily on information. The main contributions of networks might make in
economic productivity, health care, education, quality of life etc. The main
features/advantages of computer networks are

• Cost-effective resource sharing.

• Fast and reliable way of sharing information and resources.
• Streamline communication
• Provides secured and authorized data storage.
• Provides remote access to data. etc.
Network Types:

Computer networks are classified according to various parameters. They are

• Type of connection.
• Physical topology.
• Reach of the network.
Type of connection

• Point-to-point: This type is used to establish direct connections between two

devices, for example, a remote control for an AC or TV. The connected channel
is dedicated to it only (see fig 2). These networks were designed to work over

duplex links and are functional for both synchronous as well as asynchronous
systems. These types of connected networks usage for specific applications.
Host A Host B

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Host C Host D

Figure 2: Network connection type: Point to Point

• Point-to-Multipoint: In this connection type, more than two computers

(hosts) share the same link as shown in figure 3. It finds popular use in wireless
networks. Multiple access technology like frequency division multiple access
(FDMA), Time division multiple access (TOMA) are used to share the
channel by many hosts simultaneously. This connection finds popular use in
enabling communication between massive numbers of connected devices.

Figure 3: Network connection type: Point to multipoint

Physical topology:

Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are
interconnected to each other. Network topologies are often represented as a graph
of the network. Computer networks can have the following four broad topologies:
Star, Mesh, Bus, and Ring.

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Star: In a star topology,

• Every host has a point-to-point link to a central controller or hub.

• Direct communication cannot be possible between the devices, they can only
do so through the central controller.
• The hub acts as the network traffic exchange.
• Only one link per host as shown in the figure below

Figure 4: Network topology type: Star

Advantages:

- Star topology is simple and easier to install.

- Easy fault detection because the link is often easily identified.

- Centralized network management, so safe to use.

- It is very reliable - if one cable or device fails then all the others
will still work, and not have a big effect on the network
performance.
- It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur

Disadvantages:

- Requires more cables than a linear bus, hence expensive.

- If the hub fails, the whole network fails.

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Mesh: In a mesh topology,

• Every host is connected to every other host using a dedicated link.

• This implies that for n devices in a mesh, there are a total of n(n-1)/2
dedicated full duplex links between the hosts.
• Every node features a point-to-point connection to the opposite node. (see fig
5)

• The connections within the mesh are often wired or wireless.

Host D

Advantages:

- More robustness and resilience of the system.

- It reduced data load on a single host.

- It provides high privacy and security.

- Failure during a single device won't break the network.

- Adding new devices won't disrupt data transmissions.

Disadvantages:

- More complex and costly topology.

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- Installation is more difficult in the mesh.

- Mesh networks are used very selectively, such as in backbone networks.

- Power requirement is higher as all the nodes remain active all the time.

- High challenging of maintenance

Bus: In bus topology.

- Follows the point-to-multipoint connection.

- A backbone cable/ bus serves as the primary traffic pathway between the
hosts.

- The hosts are connected to the main bus employing drop lines or taps.

Host A

Tap

Figure 5: Network topology type: Bus

Advantages:

- Installation is very easy and cheap to expand.

- Supports multiple peripherals.

- Independent work by each device.

- No hubs or switches are required.

Disadvantages:

- Difficulty in fault localization within the network.

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- Size limitations- additional devices slow the network.

- Limited security options.

- Less reliable topology.

Ring: In a ring topology,

• Network configuration where device connections create a circular data path.

• Works on the principle of a dedicated point-to-point connection
• The repetition of this system forms a ring.
• Several repeaters are used for ring topology with a large number of nodes
to send data and prevent data loss in the network.

Figure 6: Network topology type: Ring

Advantages:

- It is cheap to install and expand.

- Fault identification is quite straightforward.

- Here data flows in one direction will reduce the chance of packet collisions.

- Equal access to resources.

Disadvantages:

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- High probability of a single point of failure.

- If even one repeater fails, the whole network goes down.

- Difficult to troubleshoot the ring.

Network reachability: Computer networks are divided into four broad categories based
on network reachability:

i. Personal Area Networks (PAN)

ii. Local Area Networks (LAN)

iii. Wide Area Networks (WAN)

iv. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

(i) Personal Area Networks (PAN):

- It is the computer network that connects computers/devices within the

range of a person.

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- It provides a network range within a person's range typically range of 10

meters.

- Examples of PANs may be connected wireless headphones, wireless

speakers, printers, laptops, smartphones, wireless keyboards, wireless
mouse, and entertainment devices like speakers, video game consoles,
etc (see fig. 7)

Generally, PANs are wireless networks, which make use of low-range and low-
power technologies such as Bluetooth.

Figure 7: Diagram of Personal Area Networks (PAN)

(ii) Local Area Networks (LAN):

- A LAN is a collection of hosts linked to a single network through

wired or wireless connections.
- LANs are restricted to buildings, organizations, or campuses.

- LAN s cover a range limited to a few kilometers and are privately owned.

- Commonly used network components in a LAN are servers, hubs,

routers, switches, terminals, and computers.

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- Typically, the data speed of LANs ranges from 10Mbps to 1000 Mbps.

Figure 7: Diagram of Local Area Network (LAN)

(iii) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN):

- MANs connect various organizations or buildings within a given

geographic location or city as shown in figure 8.
- It connects two or more computers that are apart but reside in the
same or different cities.
- An example of a MAN is an Internet service provider (ISP) supplying
Internet.

Connectivity to various organizations within a city.

- MAN is designed for customers who need high-speed connectivity.

- Speeds of MAN range in terms of Mbps.

- Typical networking devices/components in MANs are modems and

cables.

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Figure 8: Conceptual diagram of Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

(iv)Wide Area Networks (WAN):

• WAN is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or other networks
that communicate with one another.
• WAN is a computer network that extends diverse geographic locations.
However, they are restricted within the boundaries of a state or country.
• The data rate of WANs is in the order of a fraction of LAN's data rate.
• Typically, WANs connecting two LANs or MANs may use public
switched telephone networks (PSTNs) or satellite-based links.
• Due to the long transmission ranges, WANs tend to have more errors and
noise during transmission and are very costly to maintain.
• The fault tolerance of WANs is also generally low and moderate speed.

Figure 9: Diagram of Wide Area Networks {WAN)

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1. Layered Network Models: A model is a systematic description of an

object or phenomenon that shares important characteristics. The model is
often smaller than the object it represents.
The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of
representing objects and their relationships. In the layered architecture of
the Network Model, one whole network process is divided into small tasks.
Each small task is then assigned to a particular layer which works
dedicatedly to process the task only. Two of the most commonly accepted
and used traditional layered network models are
1. OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model

2. Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/

Internet Protocol)

(1) OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

- OSI is a seven-layer standardized model.

- This model was developed by ISO (International Standard Organization).

- Open System Interconnect is an open standard for all communication

systems.

- It is a conceptual framework that partitions any networked

communication device into SEVEN layers of abstraction, each
performing distinct tasks based on the underlying technology and
internal structure of the hosts.
- These seven layers, from bottom-up, are as follows: (see figure 10)

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Figure 10: Layers of OSI Model

Layer descriptions are as follows

1. Physical Layer:

- This is a media layer and is also referred to as layer 1 of the OSI model.

- This layer is responsible for taking care of the electrical and

mechanical operations of the host.

- It defines the hardware, cabling wiring, signal generation, signal

transfer, voltages, the layout of cables, physical port layout, etc.

- This layer is responsible for the topological layout of the network

(star, mesh, bus, or ring), communication mode (simplex, duplex,)
and speed of bit rate.

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- The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as a "bit".

2. Data Link Layer:

- This layer is mainly concerned with the establishment and

termination of the connection between two hosts (devices).
- This layer is responsible for reading and writing data from and onto the
line.

- Perform error detection and correction during communication

between two or more connected hosts.
This layer is further into TWO sub-layers

a. Medium access control {MAC) Layer: It is responsible for access

control and permissions for connecting networked devices.
b. Logical link control (LLC} Layer: It is responsible for error
checking, flow control, and frame synchronization.
- The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as a ''frame".

3. Network Layer:

This layer is responsible for address assignment and routing data to

various devices connected to different networks through logical paths.

- These logical paths may pass through other intermediate hosts

(nodes) before reaching the actual destination host.
The primary tasks of this layer include ad d r es s i n g , sequencing of
packets,

congestion control, error handling, and Internetworking.

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- The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as a

"Packet".

4. Transport Layer:

- This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery between hosts.

- Perform error recovery and flow control with acknowledgments for data
transfer.

- The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as a

"datagram".
5. Session Layer:

- This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts. Ex: video

conference.

- It is responsible for establishing, controlling, and terminating

communication

between networked hosts.

6. Presentation Layer:

- It is mainly responsible for data format conversions and

encryption tasks. Provide syntactic compatibility of the data
maintained across the network.
- This layer is also referred to as the syntax layer.

- The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as "data'

7. Application Layer:

- This layer is responsible for providing an interface to the application user.

- Applications such as file transfers, FTP (file transfer protocol), e-

mails, and other such operations are initiated from this layer.

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- This layer encompasses protocols that directly interact with the user.

- This layer deals with user authentication, identification of

communication hosts, quality of service, and privacy.
- The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as "data".

■ A networked communication between two hosts following the OSI model

is shown in Figure below.

Table 1.2 summarizes the OSI layers and their features, where POU stands for the
protocol data unit.

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2. Internet protocol suite {TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet

protocol)

• It is a four-layer model. It is derived from the OSI reference model.

• The TCP/IP model is created to allow communication over long distances
possible between two devices.
• TCP/IP is the international standard for internet communication.

The Internet protocol suite is a conceptual framework that provides levels of

abstraction for ease of understanding and development of communication and
networked systems on the Internet.

The protocol suite comprises the following FOUR layers.

1. Link/ Network access layer

2. Internet layer

3. Transport layer

4. Application layer.

1. Link Layer:

- A link layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model. It is also known as the
network interface layer.
This layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link layer
defined in the OSI reference model.

- It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.

- This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between
two devices on the same network.
- According to its design principles, the link layer is independent of the
medium in use, frame format, and network access, enabling it to be used

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with a wide range of technologies such as the Ethernet, wireless LAN etc.

2. Internet Layer:

- An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.

- An internet layer is also known as the network layer.

- It is responsible for addressing, address translation, data

packaging, data disassembly and assembly, routing, and packet
delivery tracking operations.
- The protocols associated with this layer are

• Internet Protocol (IP)

• Address Resolution Protocol {ARP).

• Internet Control Message Protocol {ICMP).

• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).

3. Transport Layer:

- The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, segmentation, flow

control, and error control of data that is being sent over the network.
- The two main protocols of this layer are Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to take care of connection-
oriented or connectionless services respectively between two or more
hosts or networked devices.
4. Application Layer:

- An application layer is a topmost layer in the TCP/IP model.

- This layer enables an end-user to access the services of the underlying

layers and defines the protocols for the transfer of data.
- The core protocols associated with this layer are

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

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• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Domain Name System (DNS)

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Etc.

■ A networked communication between two hosts following the

TCP/IP model is shown in the Figure below

Comparison / Difference between OSI and TCP/IP model

OSI TCP/IP

7 layers model 4 layers model

OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. CP refers to Transmission Control Protocol.

OSI developed a model and then a protocol TCP/IP developed protocols then model.

It is a generalized network model It is a network-specific model

OSI is less reliable j TCP/IP is more reliable

'

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OSI has strict boundaries TCP/IP does not have very strict
boundaries.

OSI follows a vertical approach TCP/IP follows a horizontal approach.

CP/IP uses both the session and
OSI uses different session and presentation
presentation layer in the application layer
layers.
itself.

In the OSI model, the transport layer The transport layer in TCP/IP does not
provides assurance delivery of packets. provide assurance delivery of packets.
Connectionless & connection-oriented
The TCP/IP model network layer only
services are provided by the network layer
provides connectionless services.
in the OSI model.
Protocols are better covered and are easy to Protocols c a n n o t b e r e p l a c e d e a s i l y
in
replace with the technology change. TCP/IP model

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Chapter 4: Emergence of loT

Definition of loT: The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.

The vision of loT: to make the Physical Object intelligent, Smart & Behave alive
The Basic Elements of loT: Major components of IoT system are
• Things or Device
• Low-power embedded systems
• Sensors & Gateway.
• Cloud computing
• Network connection & Analytics.
• User Interface.

■ Smart and Hyperconnected Devices:

■ Smart devices: A device is said to be smart, then it has computing and
communication capabilities that can constantly connect to networks.
■ Hyper-connected Devices: Hyperconnectivity means devices remain
constantly connected to networks and streams of information.
■ Overview of IoT: The modern-day advent of network-connected devices has
given rise to the popular paradigm of the IoT. The present-day Internet
allows massively heterogeneous traffic through it. This network traffic
consists of images, videos, music, speech, text, numbers, binary codes,
machine status, banking messages, data from sensors and actuators,
healthcare data, data from vehicles, home automation system status and
controls messages, military communications, and many more. According
to statistics, the total number of connected devices globally is estimated to
be around 25 billion.
■ At present networking trends, and connected devices have rapidly increased
in numbers resulting in the number of devices exceeding the number of
humans on earth by multiple times.

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If all technologies and domains are moving toward smart management of

systems, the number of sensor/actuator-based systems is rapidly increasing. with
time, the need for location-independent access to monitored and controlled
systems keeps on rising. This rise in number leads to a further rise in the number
of
Internet-

connected devices. (Reference: Estimated birth of IoT By CISCO IBGS).

■ The original Internet intended for sending simple messages is now

connected with all sorts of "Things". These things can be legacy devices,
modern-day computers, sensors, actuators, household appliances, toys,
clothes, shoes, vehicles, cameras, and so on.
■ IoT is an anytime, anywhere, and anything (as shown in Figure 4.2) network
of Internet-connected physical devices or systems capable of sensing an
environment and affecting the sensed environment intelligently. This is
generally achieved using low-power and low-form-factor embedded
processors onboard the "things" connected to the Internet.

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Figure: The three characteristic features - anytime, anywhere, and anything - highlight the
robustness and dynamic nature of IoT

■ loT systems can be characterized by the following features

- Connectivity
- Massively scalable and Efficient
- Intelligence and Identity
- Dynamic and Self-Adapting
- No ambiguity in naming and addressing.
- Safety & Self-configuring
- The massive number of constrained devices, sleeping nodes, mobile
devices, and non-JP devices.
- Intermittent and often unstable connectivity.

• IoT is speculated to have achieved faster and higher technology

acceptance as compared to electricity and telephony. These
speculations are not ill-placed as evident from the various statistics
shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1: The global IoT spending across various organizations and industries and its

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subsequent projection until the year 2021

Figure 2: The IoT market share across various industries

Evolution of IoT

• The evolution of IoT started with the first connected network ARPANET.
• A coke vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University connected to the
university ARPANET in 1982 was the first connected device.
• When Tim Berners-Lee proposed the framework of the World Wide Web
in 1989, the way for the internet of things was paved.
• In 1990 John Romkey connected a toaster to the internet and it could be
switched on and off over it.
• The term IoT was coined by Kevin Ashton, current director of Auto-ID
Labs, MIT, in 1999. Heis called the "Father of the Computer'
• Figure 4.6 shows the sequence of technological advancements for
shaping the IoT as it is today. These sequence of technical developments
toward the emergence of IoT are described in brief:

Figure 4.6 The sequence of technological developments leading to

the shaping of the modern-day IoT

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■ ATM {Automated Teller Machines):

- ATMs are cash distribution machines, which are linked to a user's bank
account.
- ATM became operational and connected online for the first time in 1974.
• WWW (World Wide Web)
- It is a global information-sharing and communication platform.
- The WWW became operational for the first time in 1991.
■ Smart Meters:
In 2000, power meters were capable of communicating remotely with the
power grid.
They enabled remote monitoring of subscribers' power usage and eased
the process of billing and power allocation from grids.
■ Digital Locks:
- Digital locks are used in home-automation systems.
- Digital locks are controlled by smartphones remotely.
■ Connected Healthcare:
- Healthcare devices connect to hospitals, doctors, and relatives to alert
them of medical emergencies and take preventive measures.
- The devices may be simple wearable appliances.
- The connected nature of these systems makes the availability of medical
records and test results much faster, cheaper, and more convenient for
both patients as well as hospital authorities.
■ Connected Vehicles:
- Connected vehicles may communicate to the Internet or with other vehicles.
- These vehicles self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system
failures.

■ Smart Cities:
- This is a city-wide implementation of smart sensing, monitoring, and
actuation systems.

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- The city-wide infrastructure communicating amongst itself enables

unified and synchronized operations and information dissemination.
- Some of the facilities which may benefit are parking, transportation, and
others.
■ Smart Dust:
- These are microscopic computers, they can be used in numerous
beneficial ways, where regular computers cannot operate.
- For example, smart dust can be sprayed to measure chemicals in the soil
or even to diagnose problems in the human body.
■ Smart Factories:
- These factories can monitor plant processes, assembly lines, and
distribution lines, and manage factory floors all on their own.
The reduction in mishaps due to human errors in judgment or
optimized processes is drastically reduced.
■ UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles):
UAVs are used in public domain solutions like surveillance, deliveries,
stock maintenance, asset management, and other tasks.
■ loT spans various domains and applications.
• IoT is being used in vivid and diverse areas such as
1. Smart parking, smartphone detection, traffic congestion, smart lighting
2. Waste management, smart roads, structural health, urban noise maps
3. River floods, water flow, silos stock calculation, water leakages,
4. Radiation levels, explosive and hazardous gases, perimeter access control
5. Snow level monitoring, liquid presence, forest fire detection, air pollution
6. Smart grid, tank level, photovoltaic installations, NFC (near-field
communications] payments, intelligent shopping applications,
7. Landslide and avalanche prevention, early detection of earthquakes, supply chain control, smart
product management, and others.

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Technological interdependencies of IoT with other domains and

networking paradigms.

Figure 4.7. The interdependence and reach of IoT over various application domains and networking paradigms

■ Figure 4.7 shows the various technological interdependencies of

loT with other domains and networking paradigms such as
i. M2M (Machine to Machine) communication
ii. CPS (Cyber Physical System]
iii. Internet of the environment (IoEJ)
iv. Internet of People (IoP)
v. Industry 4.0.
i. M2M (Machine to Machine) communication:

- The M2Mparadigm signifies a system of connected machines

and devices, which can talk amongst themselves without human
intervention.

- The communication between the machines can be for updates on

machine status (stocks, health, power status, and others),
collaborative task completion, overall knowledge of the systems and
the environment, and others.

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ii. CPS (Cyber Physical System):

- The CPS is a closed control loop system for sensing, processing, and
actuation using a feedback mechanism.
- CPS helps in maintaining the state of an environment through the
feedback control loop.
Humans have a simple supervisory role in CPS-based
systems; most of the ground-level operations are automated.
iii. IoE (Internet of Environment):
- The IoE paradigm is mainly concerned with minimizing and even
reversing the ill effects of the permeation of Internet-based technologies
on the environment
- The major focus areas of this paradigm include smart and sustainable
farming, sustainable and energy-efficient habitats, enhancing the
energy efficiency of systems and processes, and others.
- In brief, any aspect of IoT that concerns and affects the environment
falls under the purview of IoE.
iv. IoP (Internet of people):
- IoP is a new technological movement on the Internet which aims to
decentralize online social interactions, payments, transactions, and
other tasks while maintaining the confidentiality and privacy of its
user's data.
- A famous site for IoP states that as the introduction of Bitcoin has
severely limited the power of banks and governments, the acceptance
of IoP will limit the power of corporations, governments, and their spy
agencies.
v. Industry 4.0:
Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial
revolution of digitization in the manufacturing industry.
- This paradigm strongly puts forward the concept of smart factories,

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where machines talk to one another without much human involvement.

- The digitization and connectedness in Industry 4.0 translate to better
resource and workforce management, optimization of production time
and resources, and better upkeep and lifetimes of industrial systems.

IoT versus M2M

loT M2M
Abbreviation for Machine-to-Machine
Abbreviation for Internet of Things communication
Devices are necessary to rely on the Devices and communication are not
Internet dependent on the Internet.
The Internet of Things is the main
domain framework M2M is a Sub domain of IoT
M2M is communication and device-
IoT is Information and service-centric centric.
The connection type is a point to The connection type is a point to point
multipoint and vice versa
Many users can connect at a time over Communicate with a single machine at a
the Internet time
System Involves the usage of both
Mostly hardware-based technology
Hardware and Software.
It has more devices scalability A limited number of devices' scalability
It uses either proprietary or non-IP- based
It uses IP-based protocols
protocols
It supports Open type APIs (Application
It does not support open-type AP is
programming interfaces)
Business type: 82 C (Business to Business type: Only 82B (Business to
Customers) and 828 , Business) is used
IoT versus CPS

IoT CPS
Abbreviation for Internet of Things Abbreviation for Cyber-Physical Systems
IoT does not compulsorily need a
CPS uses a feedback system.
feedback system
In IoT systems, Cyber components are In the CPS system, Cyber components are
absent. present.
Here focused on how physical objects Here both the cyber part and the physical
can be connected to the internet. part work together

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It is purely automation, no human Sensor, actuators work in the feedback

assistance is required. loop in the human intervention
IoT is a package of sensing, control, CPC is a package of sensing,
actuation, and applications control,
actuation, and feedback
It comprises the things that are unique It seamlessly integrates computation,
IDs and are connected to the internet networking, and physical process.
The Internet of Things is the main CPS is a Sub domain of IoT.
domain framework
IoT versus WoT

IoT WoT

Abbreviation for Internet of Things Abbreviation for Web of Things

From the developer's point of view,
IoT gives better value to the developers WoT
empowers access and authority over IoT
assets and applications.
Every IoT devices have a different A single protocol is used for
Protocol multiple/various IoT devices.
Devices can be connected to any form of WoT is made to handle and use the
internet potential of IoT
Programming is difficult because of the Programming is easy so it doesn't have
multiple protocols multiple protocols.
All the protocols and standards are WoT can be accessed freely by anyone,
private and cannot be accessed publicly anytime.
IoT is tied in with making a system of
WoT attempts to coordinate
items, things, individuals, frameworks,
IoT components to the Web.
and applications.
The scope of IoT applications is much
WoT can be thought of as an application
broader; IoTalso includes non-IP-based
layer-based hat added over the network
systems that are not accessible through
layer.
the web.
It deals with actuators, sensors, It deals with web servers and Protocols.
computation, and communication WoT is made up of applications that are
Interfaces. Digitally Augmented made for Io Devices.
objects
make IoT

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 BETCK205H Introduction to IOT

Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies

IoT is a paradigm built upon complex interdependencies of technologies. The figure below can
divide the IoT paradigm into FOUR planes:

(1) Services plane

(2) Local connectivity plane
(3) Global connectivity plane
(4) Processing plane
The description of each plane is as follows:

(1) The service plane: It is composed of two parts:

a. Things or devices: The things may be wearable, computers,
smartphones, household appliances, smart glasses, factory machinery,
vending machines, vehicles, robotics, etc.

b. Low-power connectivity: The low-power and low-range

connectivity is used to connect the things in local implementation.
Commonly use such as WiFi, Zigbee, RFJD, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN,
LoRA, DASH, lnsteon, and others. The range of these connectivity
technologies is severely restricted; they are responsible for the
connectivity between the things of the loT and the nearest hub or
gateway to access the Internet.

(2) Local connectivity: It is responsible for distributing Internet access

to multiple local IoT deployments. This distribution may be based on
the physical placement of the things, based on the application
domains, or even based on providers of services. Services such as
address management, device management, security, sleep schedule,
and others fall within the scope of this plan. The local connectivity
plane falls under the purview of IoT management as it directly deals
with strategies to use/reuse addresses based on things and
applications.

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 BETCK205H Introduction to IOT

(3) Global connectivity: This Plane plays a significant role in enabling IoT
in the real sense by allowing for worldwide implementations and
connectivity between things, users, controllers, and applications. This
plane also falls under the purview of IoT management as it decides
how and when to store data, when to process it, when to forward it,
and in which form to forward it. The Web, data centers, remote
servers, Cloud, and others make up this plane.
(4) The processing plane can be considered a top-up of the basic IoT
networking framework. The continuous rise in the usefulness and
penetration of IoT in various application areas such as industries,
transportation, healthcare, and others is the result of this plane. The
members in this plane are IoT tools. The various sub-domains of this
plane include intelligence, data conversion, learning cognition,
algorithms, visualization, and analysis of various computing paradigms
such as "big data", "machine learning", and others, which fall within
the scope of this domain.

Figure depicts The IoT planes, various

enablers of IoT, and the complex
interdependencies among them

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 BETCK205H Introduction to IOT

loT Networking Components

■ IoT networking components are broad categories into SIX types

(1) IoT node (2) IoT router (3) IoT LAN (4) IoT WAN (5) IoT gateway (6) IoT
proxy. shown in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9 A typical IoT network ecosystem highlighting the various networking components

■ The description of each component is as follows

(i) loT Node: These are the networking devices within an IoT LAN. Each of
these devices is typically made up of a sensor, a processor, and a radio. The
nodes may be connected to other nodes inside a LAN directly or using a
common gateway for that LAN.
(ii) loT Router: An IoT router is a networking equipment that the routing of
packets between various entities in the IoT network, it keeps the traffic
flowing correctly within the network.
(iii) loT LAN: The local area network (LAN) enables local connectivity like
within a building or an organization. Typically consist of short-range
connectivity technologies. IoT LANs may or may not be connected to the
Internet.

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 BETCK205H Introduction to IOT

(iv) loT WAN: The wide area network (WAN) connects various network
segments such as LANs. They are typically organizationally and
geographically wide, with their operational range lying between a few
kilometers to hundreds of kilometers.
(v) loT Gateway: An IoT gateway is simply a router connecting the IoT LAN to
a WAN or the Internet. Gateways can implement several LANs and WANs.
Their primary task is to forward packets between LANs and WANs.
(vi) loT Proxy: Proxies actively lie on the application layer and perform
application layer functions between IoT nodes and other entities. Typically,
application layer proxies are a means of providing security to the network
entities under it.

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