Written Report

On

THE FORCE OF FRICTION

(topic)

Submitted By:
12 - STEM Cleophas
(Strand and section)
Rod Andrew N. Lumingkit
Laurence Maasin
Matthew Gabriel Militante
(Students)

Submitted to:
Mr. Elmer C. Mayol
(teacher)
The Force of Friction
Definition of terms
 Dynamics: The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of
bodies under the action of forces.
 Inertial Reference Frame: A frame of reference that is not accelerating.
It is a set of time-space coordinate systems that are stationary or with
constant velocity.
 Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of
motion.
 Mass: The quantity of matter in an object.
 Force: A push or pull that can change an object’s velocity, cause
stationary objects to move, stop moving objects, or change the
direction of a moving object.
 Newton: The unit of force, defined as the amount of force that, when
acting on a 1 kg mass, produces an acceleration of 1 m/s².
 Contact Forces: Forces that occur when objects are in direct contact
with each other.
 Noncontact Forces: Forces that can act even when objects are
separated by a distance.
 Normal Force: The force exerted by a surface on an object
perpendicular to the surface.
 Tension Force: A stretching force exerted along the length of a
material.
 Frictional Force: A force that opposes the relative motion of two
surfaces in contact.
 Friction: Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces
in contact.
 Static Friction: The force that prevents an object from moving when a
force is applied to it.
 Kinetic Friction: The force that opposes the motion of an object that is
already moving.
 Coefficient of Friction: A dimensionless quantity that represents the
ratio of the force of friction to the normal force.
 Free-Body Diagram: A diagram that shows all the forces acting on an
object.

WHAT IS FORCE OF FRICTION?

--The Force of Friction refers to the resistance to motion that occurs when two surfaces
are in contact and slide or attempt to slide against each other.
-- In simpler terms, It’s a force that always acts in the opposite direction of the intended
motion.
-- Friction is like a force that's holding the box in place, making it hard to move. It's
caused by the tiny bumps and grooves on the box and the floor rubbing against each
other. Think of it like this: the more bumpy the surfaces are, the harder it is to slide them
past each other. That's why it's easier to push a box on a smooth, polished floor than
on a rough carpet.

Inertial Reference Frame is a set of time-space coordinate system that is

Stationary or with constant velocity. It is a frame of reference that is not
accelerating.

Free-Body Diagram is a construct of simplified diagram showing all forces

Acting on each object involved in the problem.

Isaac Newton’s Laws of Motion. First, the law of inertia which states that, an
Object at rest remains at rest, an object in motion continues in motion with
constant
Velocity (that is constant speed in a straight line) unless the object
experiences a net
External force. Second, the law of acceleration which states that, the
acceleration of
An object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on the
object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass. Lastly, the law of
interaction which states
That, if two objects interact, the magnitude of force exerted on object 1 by
object 2 is
Equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by
object 1,
And these tow forces are opposite in direction.

The unit of force is newton, named after Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727),
whose

Work contributed much to the modern understanding of force and motion.

The

Newton (N) is defined as the amount of force that, when acting on a 1 kg

mass,

Produced an acceleration of 1 m/s2. Therefore, 1 N = 1 kg x 1 m/s2.

Classification of Forces

1. Contact Forces- occurs when the bodies interacting is touching each

other.

A. Normal force (Fn) – exerted on an object by a surface which it

is in contact with.

The word “normal” means that its direction is always perpendicular to the
surface

B. Tension force (FT) or (T)– a stretching force exerted along the

length of a material

Ex. Force on a string

C. Frictional Force (Ff)– acts parallel to the surface opposite to

the direction of motion

Of the body.
 2. Noncontact Forces (at a distance/field force) -long-range forces that
can act even

If the bodies are separated by an empty space.

A. Gravitational force – attractive force between two objects with

mass.

Force F = m a ; N = kg x m/s2 Weight W = m g: N = kg x m/s2

B. Nuclear force – force present inside the nucleus of an atom

C. Electrical force – attraction or repulsion between electrical

charges

D. Magnetic force – attraction or repulsion between magnetic

fields

Force is a vector quantity because the effect of a force depends on its

magnitude

And direction. Diagrams that show force vectors as arrows are called force
diagrams.

All forces are drawn as if they act on that point, no matter where the force
applied.

Net external force – on an object the total force resulting from a

combination of

External forces sometimes called the resultant force.

Free-Body Diagrams – used to analyze only the forces affecting the

motion of a

Single object.

STEPS ON CREATING A FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

1. Identify the Object of Interest:

 - Clearly define the object you want to analyze. This could be a
single object, a system of objects, or even a part of a larger
system.

2. Isolate the Object:

- Imagine the object separated from its surroundings. Draw a

simple representation of the object, usually as a box or a shape
that resembles it.

3. Identify All Forces Acting on the Object:

- Gravity (Weight): Every object has a weight, which is the force of gravity
acting on its mass. This force always acts vertically downwards towards the
center of the Earth. Represent it as a vector labeled W or mg (where ‘m’ is
the object’s mass and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity).
- Normal Force: This force acts perpendicular to a surface that the object is
in contact with. It prevents the object from falling through the surface.
Represent it as a vector labeled N.
- Applied Forces: These are forces directly applied to the object by external
agents (like a push or pull). Represent them as vectors labeled F, with a
subscript indicating the source of the force (e.g., F_applied, F_friction).
- Friction: This force opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It acts
parallel to the surface and can be either static friction (preventing motion) or
kinetic friction (opposing motion). Represent it as a vector labeled f.
(- Tension: This force acts along a string, rope, or cable when it is pulled
taut. Represent it as a vector labeled T.
- Air Resistance: This force opposes the motion of an object through the air.
It is often negligible for objects moving at low speeds but becomes
significant at higher speeds. Represent it as a vector labeled F_air.)

4. Draw Force Vectors:

- For each force, draw an arrow originating from the center of the object. The
length of the arrow should represent the magnitude of the force, and the
direction of the arrow should accurately represent the direction of the force.
- Label each arrow with the name of the force (e.g., W, N, F_applied, etc.).

5. Add a Coordinate System:

- Choose a coordinate system that is convenient for analyzing the

problem. Usually, a horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axis is used.

6. Consider the Net Force:

- The free body diagram can be used to determine the net force
acting on the object. This is the vector sum of all the forces
acting on the object.

Forces Acting on a Body in Equilibrium and its Free-Body Diagram

A body is in state of equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with a constant

velocity.
By the Newton’s law of inertia, the net force acts on it must be zero. That is,
for a
Body to be in a state of equilibrium, the vector sum of all the forces that act
on it
Must be zero.
∑F=0
Thus, for a body to be in a state of equilibrium, the summation of forces in
each
Component must also be zero. This is sometimes called the first condition for
Equilibrium.

∑ F x = 0 and ∑ F y = 0

Example Problem 1.

A box with a weight of 1 Newton rests on a table. Find the normal force that
the
Table exerts on the apple.

Given: Weight (W) = 1 Newton Unknown: Normal force (Fn) =?

Solution:

Example Problem 2.
 THE FORCE OF FRICTION

Static Friction – the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two
contacting surfaces that are at rest with respect to one another. Examples
are a box resting on the ground, your books on the table, your backside
against the chair, desk
not moving, standing still, pencil on the table, car parked on a steep hill.

Kinetic Friction – the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two
contacting surfaces that are moving past one another with a finite relative
speed.
Examples are rubbing both hands together to create heat, a washing
machine pushed
along a floor, an iron being pushed across the dress, the frame and the edge
of door
sliding against one another, the bottom of a trashcan sliding against the
concrete.
against the concrete.

A car drives with its tires rolling freely. Is friction between the tires and the
road
(a) Static or (b) kinetic?

Reasoning and Discussion

A reasonable sound answer is that because the car is moving, the friction
Between its tires and the road must be kinetic friction -but this is not the
case.
Actually, the friction is static because the bottom of the tire is in static
contact
With the road. To understand this, watch your feet as you walk. Even though
you are
Moving, each foot is in static contact with the ground once you step down on
it.
Your foot does not move again until you lift it up and move it forward for the
next
Step. A tire can be thought of as a succession of feet arranged in circle, each
of which
Is momentarily in static contact with the ground.
Answer: (b) The friction between the tires and the road is static friction.
The only way to achieve kinetic friction with a wheel or tire is if the same
point of tire
Was locked in contact with the ground as a car kept moving. Then the tire
would be
Skidding and leaving black marks of rubber. This is the tire SLIDING (kinetic
friction)
Across the ground instead of ROLLING (static friction).
Static = point moves as ground moves with it (means tire rolls). Point in
contact has
No velocity. Kinetic = point locks and skids against ground having velocity
Source: Walker, James S. “Physics 4th Edition”. Pearson Education,
Inc.2010.page 155-156

Friction opposes the applied force

The force of static friction is always equal to and opposite in direction to the
Component of applied force that is parallel to the surface (Fs = -Fapplied). As
the applied
Force increases, the force of static friction also increases and vice versa.
When the
Applied force is as great as it can be without causing the object to move, the
force of
Static friction reaches its maximum value, Fs, max.
Kinetic Friction is less than static friction
when an applied force exceeds Fs,max, the object begins to move with an
Acceleration to the same direction as the force, there is still a frictional force
acting
On the object as it moves, but that force is less than Fs,max. this retarding
frictional
Force is known as kinetic friction (Fk). The net force is equal to the difference
between
The applied force and the force of kinetic friction.
Mathematically, Fnet = (Fapp – Fk)

Force of Friction is proportional to the normal force

The magnitude of the force of friction is proportional to the magnitude of the
Normal force exerted on an object by a surface. Greater normal force results
to greater
Friction.
Friction depends on the surfaces in contact
The direct relationship between normal force and the force of friction is a
good
Approximation of the friction between dry, flat surfaces that are at rest or
sliding past
One another. Under different conditions, the frictional force may depend on
different
Factors. The force of friction also depends on the composition of the surfaces
in
contact. The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces on
the
Particular surfaces in contact is called the coefficient of friction, represented
by the
Symbol µ, lower case Greek letter mu.

The coefficient of friction is a ratio of forces

Coefficient of static is the ratio of the maximum value of the force of static
Friction to the normal force. µs = Fs
Fn
Coefficient of kinetic is the ratio between force of kinetic friction to the
normal
Force.
µk = Fk
Fn
If the value of µ and the normal force on the object are known, then the
Magnitude of the force of friction can be calculated directly.

Ff = µFn

Where: Fn = normal force the unit is Newton

Ff = frictional force the unit is Newton

µs = coefficient of static friction

µk = coefficient of kinetic friction

Written Report
On
THE FORCE OF FRICTION
(topic)

Submitted By:

12 – STEM Cleophas
(Strand and section)

Rod Andrew N. Lumingkit

Laurence Maasin
Matthew Gabriel Militante
(Students)

Submitted to:

Mr. Elmer C. Mayol

(teacher)