Higher Nationals

Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)

INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
Programme title Higher National Diploma in Business Management

Assessor Internal Verifier

Unit 11 : Research Project
Unit(s)
Devise a project report based on the project proposal
Assignment title
Vidushan Ravindran
Student’s name
List which assessment Pass Merit Distinction
criteria the Assessor has
awarded.
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST

Do the assessment criteria awarded match

those shown in the assignment brief? Y/N

Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded

justified by the assessor’s comments on the Y/N
student work?
Has the work been assessed
Y/N
accurately?
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:

• Constructive?
Y/N
• Linked to relevant assessment
criteria? Y/N

• Identifying opportunities for

improved performance? Y/N

• Agreeing actions? Y/N

Does the assessment decision need

Y/N
amending?
Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier signature Date

Programme Leader signature (if
Date
required)
Confirm action completed
Remedial action taken

Give details:

Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier
Date
signature
Programme Leader
Date
signature (if required)
Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form

Student Name/ID

Unit Title Research Project

Assignment Number Assessor
Date Received 1st
Submission Date
submission
Date Received 2nd
Re-submission Date
submission
Assessor Feedback:

LO3 Analyse data using appropriate techniques to communicate research findings

Pass, Merit & Distinction P4 P5 M3 D2

Descripts

LO4 Reflect on the application of research methodologies and process.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P6 P7 M4 D3

Descripts

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and grades decisions have
been agreed at the assessment board.
Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student

Action Plan

Summative feedback

Feedback: Student to Assessor

Assessor signature Date

Student signature Date

Pearson
Higher Nationals in
Business
Unit 19: Research Project
Assignment 01
General Guidelines

1. A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use previous page as
your cover sheet and make sure all the details are accurately filled.
2. Attach this brief as the first section of your assignment.
3. All the assignments should be prepared using a word processing software.
4. All the assignments should be printed on A4 sized papers. Use single side printing.
5. Allow 1” for top, bottom , right margins and 1.25” for the left margin of each page.

Word Processing Rules

1. The font size should be 12 point, and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
2. Use 1.5 line spacing. Left justify all paragraphs.
3. Ensure that all the headings are consistent in terms of the font size and font style.
4. Use footer function in the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No, and Page Number
on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any reason.
5. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help editing your assignment.

Important Points:

1. It is strictly prohibited to use textboxes to add texts in the assignments, except for the compulsory information.
eg: Figures, tables of comparison etc. Adding text boxes in the body except for the before mentioned
compulsory information will result in rejection of your work.
2. Carefully check the hand in date and the instructions given in the assignment. Late submissions will not be
accepted.
3. Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.
4. Excuses of any nature will not be accepted for failure to hand in the work on time.
5. You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.
6. If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness, you may apply (in
writing) for an extension.
7. Failure to achieve at least PASS criteria will result in a REFERRAL grade .
8. Non-submission of work without valid reasons will lead to an automatic RE FERRAL. You will then be asked to
complete an alternative assignment.
9. If you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, reference them properly using HARVARD
referencing system to avoid plagiarism. You have to provide both in-text citation and a reference list.
10. If you are proven to be guilty of plagiarism or any academic misconduct, your grade could be reduced to A
REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the course
Student Declaration

I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present it as my own
without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further understand what it means to copy another’s work.

1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Edexcel UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in any of the assignments for this
program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspects of my program, will be my own, and where
I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding agreement between
myself and Edexcel UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not attached to the
attached.

Student’s Signature: [email protected] Date: 15th June 2024

(Provide E-mail ID) (Provide Submission Date)
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number

Unit Number and Title Unit 19 – Research Project

Academic Year 2021-22

Unit Tutor

Assignment Title Devise a project report based on the project proposal

Issue Date

Submission Date

IV Name & Date

Submission Format:

The submission should be in the form of an individual written report based on the research proposal made
in Assessment 01. This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font
size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all
work must be supported with research and referenced using Harvard referencing system.
Report format- Please provide a referencing list using Harvard referencing system. The recommended
word limit is minimum 4,500 words.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO3. Analyse data using appropriate techniques to communicate research findings;

LO4. Reflect on the application of research methodologies and process.

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Learner is now required to provide a comprehensive research project report based on the findings of
secondary and primary researches carried out based on the project proposal submitted in the previous
section.

The Learner requires to produce a detailed research project report covering following areas

 Conduct a research applying appropriate analytical tools to analyse research findings

and data.
 Draw conclusion based on the research findings.
 Coherently and logically communicate outcomes to the intended audience,
demonstrating how outcomes meet set research objectives.
 Communicate critical analysis of the outcomes and make valid, justified recommendations.
 Demonstrate critical self-reflection and insight on application of research methodologies that
results in recommended actions for improvements in the light of future research.
Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass Merit Distinction

LO3 Analyse data using appropriate techniques to communicate

research findings

P4 Conduct research using M3 Present the analysis of D2 Communicate to the

appropriate methods for a data utilising appropriate intended audience the research
business research project. analytical techniques, charts findings and outcomes,
including justified
P5 Analyse data from research and tables to meet the
recommendations.
findings to communicate research aim and
research outcomes in an communicate outcomes.
appropriate manner for the
intended audience.

LO4 Reflect on the application of research methodologies and

process.

P6 Reflect on the effectiveness

M4 Demonstrate self- D3 Demonstrate critical self-
of research methods applied in
reflection and engagement in reflection and insight that
meeting objectives of the the research project process, results in recommended
business research project. leading to recommended actions for improvements to
actions for future inform future research.
P7 Consider alternative
research methodologies and improvement.
lessons learnt in view of
outcomes.
Grading Rubric

Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback

P4 Conduct research using appropriate methods for a

business research project.
P5 Analyse data from research findings to communicate
research outcomes in an appropriate manner for the
intended audience.
P6 Reflect on the effectiveness of research methods
applied in meeting objectives of the business research
project.
P7 Consider alternative research methodologies and
lessons learnt in view of outcomes.
M3 Present the analysis of data utilising appropriate
analytical techniques, charts and tables to meet the
research aim and communicate outcomes.
M4 Demonstrate self-reflection and engagement in the
research project process, leading to recommended
actions for future improvement.
D2 Communicate to the intended audience the research
findings and outcomes, including justified
recommendations.
D3 Demonstrate critical self-reflection and insight that
results in recommended actions for improvements to
inform future research.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
Leading businesses across a range of industries are speeding up efforts to showcase their corporate social
responsibility (CSR) commitments due to increased concern over CSR. This concern is being pushed by the
firms' stakeholders, consumers, societies, and governments. However, since the focus of this discussion is on
promoting environmental sustainability, corporate social responsibility, or CSR, plays a critical role in
proactively addressing environmental issues. It does this by pushing companies to adopt sustainable practices,
lessen their ecological footprints, and support long-term environmental conservation.
This project examines the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in promoting environmental
sustainability, using Tea Tang as a case study. The project aims to explore how Tea Tang, one of the leading
tea producers, has integrated CSR practices into its operations and supply chain to support environmental
sustainability. By analysing Tea Tang's CSR initiatives, this project seeks to understand the impact of CSR on
environmental sustainability and identify best practices that can be applied by other companies in the tea
industry and beyond. This type of research has already been done in a different country but in Sri Lankan
context and specially for the tea industry this might be the first one. “Corporate social responsibility and
environmental sustainability: achieving firms sustainable performance supported by plant capability (Huayi
Li,Yen Ku Kuo,Muhammad Masood Mir, 2021)”
This study is backed up by literature reviews of previous studies, reviews of existing documents.
The body of this research contains the answers provided by the sample population and the descriptive analysis
along with the co-relation to the IV and DV.
1.2 Introduction to the organization.
Tea Tang is a tea export country, exporting tea to over 40 countries. They are a subsidiary of B.p.de Silva
holdings. With over 40 years of expertise in this industry, they have committed many CSR activities. The also
help victims of abused women to teach new skills and make them earn a living through their platform known
as Shakti Gallery. This intrigued me into finding if their CSR benefits the environment. The activities of his
organization is not available to the public in the format of the annual report, because I work closely o this
organization it won’t be a huge problem.
1.3 Significance of the study and problem statement.
Sri Lanka has seen a rise in environmental sustainability awareness and concern in recent years.
According to a statement published in the journal "Context is important in corporate social responsibility
research." Journal International of Corporate Social Responsibility.
(Tilt, C. A.2016). As businesses strive to align their practices with responsible and sustainable principles, the
role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) becomes pivotal. However, there remains a significant gap in
understanding the specific impact and efficacy of CSR initiatives in the context of environmental sustainability
within the tea industry. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming increasingly important as
companies work to match their operations with ethical and sustainable standards. Nonetheless, there is still a
great deal to learn about the precise effects and effectiveness of CSR programs in relation to environmental
sustainability in the tea sector. The study aims to ascertain the obstacles encountered, the accomplishments
attained, and the comprehensive efficacy of Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility tactics in encouraging
ecologically conscious behaviors in the tea industry.
The purpose of this study is to determine what, how, and why Tea Tang engages in corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and how it helps the environment. What additional difficulties does Tea Tang encounter
in putting into practice and maintaining environmentally friendly practices, and what strategic factors and
underlying motives influence the company's decision to embrace environmental sustainability-related CSR
initiatives?"
1.4 Research Objectives.
RO1 - To examine the current corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives implemented by Tea Tang,
specifically focusing on environmental sustainability practices.
RO2- To identify the underlying motivations and strategic considerations that drive Tea Tang's adoption of
CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability.
RO3 - To investigate the challenges and obstacles faced by Tea Tang in the implementation and maintenance
of environmentally sustainable practices, identifying key barriers and areas for improvement.
Main aim & Research objectives.
1.6 Constraints
Constraints are the limitations that would slow down the outcome of the project. Identification and addressing
constraints are important to ensure the validity of the research.
Financial constraint
This refers to the availability of funds that might restrict the scope of the research. Luckily, I did not have any
financial constraint. The reason being that the chosen case organization is the organization I work for, so I
could easily collect data during my free time or early office hours.
Data Access constraint
This refers to the quality but not limited to Inaccurate, Limited Access, biased data and temporal data. To
mitigate constraints such as incomplete or inaccurate data, as a researcher I could explain the research's scope
to get quality data. But it's hard to separate biased data. So, this is a huge issue that I personally couldn't
mitigate.
Time constraint
This refers to the limited time to conduct the study, even though I had sufficient time to conduct the study, the
questionnaire to be filled by the employees took more time than ever due to their busy schedules. Most of
them had to be reminded multiple times to get the questionnaire answered.
1.7 Chapter Outlines.
Chapter-1.
Chapter 1 includes the study's background, case organization, problem statement, research objectives and
constraints. This chapter serves as an introduction to the entire report where the reader can understand what
they are going to get through this report, so it can attract the target audience of this report instead of wasting
the reader's time. Understanding the case organization is important as it may vary for different industries. The
Chapter - 2.
The literature review chapter serves as a comprehensive compendium of the current understanding of the
research topic. By synthesizing and analyzing previous studies, the literature review enables researchers to
situate their work within broader scholarly conversation and build upon existing knowledge. This
comprehensive review encompasses an in-depth analysis that not only highlights the strengths and merits of
the existing literature but also critically evaluates its weaknesses, limitations, and methodological constraints.
Chapter – 3.
This chapter presents the framework and approach adopted to conduct the research, outlining the overall
design and methodology employed. This chapter will explain hypothesis, research process that have been
used, sample theory and rational, data collection instrument, survey questionnaire, research related question,
analysis method, role of researcher to ethical consideration. This will help the reader know the process
undertaken to do this research. This could give the reader a sense of trust in this report to keep on reading and
gain valuable information.

Chapter – 4
This chapter dives into the empirical aspect of the research, focusing on data collection, analysis, and
interpretation. This chapter contains 4 sub-topics analyzing and giving out descriptive information for the
respondents and finally ends with the hypothesis.
Chapter – 5
This chapter consists of the conclusion of the above chapter’s key findings, insights, and contributions of the
study. It also explains the realization of the given objectives as we have achieved it or not. It gives a
comprehensive report of the primary and secodary research findings.
Chapter –6
In this chapter, actionable recommendations are provided based on the findings and conclusions drawn from
the research. These recommendations aim to guide others in making informed decisions or taking specific
actions. It emphasizes the importance of addressing the identified issues to achieve desired outcomes and
maximize the impact of the research findings.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction.
The LR (Literature Review), serves as the foundation for my research. The topics that have been taken are
relevant to my topic. The knowledge that have been proposed has been helpful to navigate my research into a
proper outcome.
2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Sustainability
It is discussed in different kinds of literature such as Turker (2009), Farooq et al. (2014), Shahzad et al. (2020)
CSR to the environment is specifically the activities organization performs to save the environment, climate,
wastages and reduce the wastage releases. Today, the corporate bodies are more focused on saving the
environment in their all dealings and forced by the regulatory authorities to meet the environmental standards,
which are assured through different ISO certifications. Performing social responsibilities towards the
environment is very helpful in achieving sustainable environmental development. But this can be achieved
through preservation and safeguarding nature. As a result of captivating active procedures intended for saving
in natural hazards and toxic waste (Mishra & Suar, 2010). Further in the study of Babiak and Trendafilova
(2011) highlighted that management practices are not left alone, and the organizations are also taking
initiatives to meet the challenges of sustaining the natural environment. They are making every effort to
decrease the effects on the climate and the environment. Moreover, the stakeholders attached to the
organizations are crucial for making CSR efforts to save the environment (Montiel, 2008). It is noted that
environmental CSR does provide not only environmental protection but also provides a competitive advantage
to the firms. It is also indicated by Madueno et al. (2016), Al-Abdin et al. (2018) in developing countries CSR
on the environment has considerable influence on the performance of the economy and environment.
2.3 CSR impact on its community
Another important aspect of CSR is to serve the community and it has been defined in multiple types of
research Abbas (2020), Shahzad et al. (2020), Battaglia et al. (2014), Farooq et al. (2014), Turker (2009) the
organizations working in the society so they need to give something back to the society for their betterment
in terms of the well-being of the society, like supporting the society financially and supporting and running
the NGO. In the literature Farooq et al. (2014) it has argued the organizations that operate in the community
always required strong backing from society to prosper more. Jamali et al. (2015) extended that, there were a
lot of organizations involved in the CSR activities, in terms of giving charity to the humanitarian grounds in
the developing countries. CSR to the community is helpful for the organizations to seek opportunities in their
operations. In return the organizations pay them back, in which they use the resources to prosper their business,
these activities help their businesses to sustain themselves (Arsić et al., 2017).In another research Chen et al.
(2017) highlighted that CSR to the community is termed as the responsibility of the organizations to help the
society to enhance their lifestyles, and provide the society with multiple opportunities (i.e., providing
educational opportunities, arts, climate prosperity, enhancing the air quality, and providing pure drinking
water and protection of the environment).
Conclusion.
The literature on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) underscores the vital role organizations play in
environmental sustainability and community development. Research by Turker (2009), Farooq et al. (2014),
and Shahzad et al. (2020) emphasizes the significance of CSR initiatives aimed at preserving the environment,
reducing wastage, and meeting regulatory standards. Such efforts, as noted by Mishra & Suar (2010) and
Babiak and Trendafilova (2011), not only mitigate environmental hazards but also confer competitive
advantages to firms. Moreover, Al-Abdin et al. (2018) and Madueno et al. (2016) highlight the substantial
impact of environmental CSR on both the economy and the environment in developing countries.
Similarly, research by Abbas (2020), Shahzad et al. (2020), and Battaglia et al. (2014) underscores the
importance of CSR in serving the community. Organizations, as argued by Farooq et al. (2014), must
contribute to societal well-being through financial support and NGO initiatives. Such investments, as noted
by Jamali et al. (2015) and Arsić et al. (2017), not only benefit communities but also create opportunities for
organizations to thrive. Chen et al. (2017) further advocate for CSR initiatives aimed at enhancing various
aspects of community life, including education, arts, climate resilience, and environmental protection.
Research Questions.
RQ 1 – What are the current corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives implemented by Tea Tang,
specifically focusing on environmental sustainability practices.
RQ 2 – What are the underlying motivations and strategic considerations that drive Tea Tang's adoption of
CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability.
RQ 3 - What are the challenges and obstacles faced by Tea Tang in the implementation and maintenance of
environmentally sustainable practices, identifying key barriers and areas for improvement.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Conceptual Framework.
A conceptual framework is a diagram that has a theoretical structure that provides an understanding of the set
of related phenomena.
The below conceptual framework shows the relationship of the research topic.

Research Hypothesis.
H1: There is no significant relationship between Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility initiatives and
environmental sustainability practices.
H1: Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility initiatives have a significant positive impact on environmental
sustainability practices.
H2: Tea Tang's adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability is primarily driven by
external pressures and compliance with regulations.
H2: Tea Tang's adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability is driven by a genuine
commitment to corporate values and a proactive approach to environmental stewardship.
H3: Tea Tang encounters no significant challenges in the implementation and maintenance of environmentally
sustainable practices.
H3: Tea Tang faces substantial challenges in the implementation and maintenance.
3.2 Research Process. (Research Onion)

Research philosophy.
Research philosophy - (Realism) - The emphasis on objectively revealing contextual realities, examining
causal relationships, offering useful implications for decision-making, and permitting a mixed methods
approach to fully comprehend the complex dynamics of Tea Tang's CSR justifies realism in the study of the
company's environmental sustainability practices and CSR initiatives. "What one wants to learn suggests how
one should go about it" is a quote from the book Qualitative research in information systems: challenges and
trends by author Trauth, E. M. (Trauth, 2001: 4). She suggests that the research challenge might be the most
significant aspect. This provides us with a realism viewpoint. Critique - In 1966 sociologists Peter Berger and
Thomas Luckmann wrote a book called The Social Construction of Reality. In it, they argued that society is
created by humans and human interaction, which they call habitualization. Habitualization describes how “any
action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern, which can then be … performed again in the
future in the same manner and with the same economical effort” (Berger and Luckmann 1966). Not only do
we construct our own society but we also accept it as it is because others have created it before us. Society is,
in fact, “habit.”
Research approach.
Research Approach - (Inductive) - The goal of inductive techniques is to facilitate the interpretation of
complex data by creating categories or summary themes from the raw data (a process known as "data
reduction"). Numerous assessments of qualitative data show the use of these methods. Some researchers have
clearly labeled their strategy as "inductive" (e.g., Backett & Davison, 1995; Stolee, Zaza, Pedlar, & Myers,
1999), while others employ the technique without doing so (e.g., Jain & Ogden, 1999; Marshall, 1999). An
inductive approach is justified for examining Tea Tang's CSR initiatives and environmental sustainability
practices due to its exploratory nature, suitability for capturing rich qualitative data in a context-specific
manner, flexibility in identifying emerging themes & development to derive meaningful insights from the
organizational. Myers (2009) embraced the idea that beginner researchers can become overwhelm by the
grounded theory. As it is time consuming and laborious process.
Research type.
Research Method - (Content analysis) - A highly adaptable research technique, content analysis has been
applied extensively in library and information science (LIS) studies with a wide range of goals and objectives.
The research method uses a variety of analytical tools to produce findings and contextualize them. It can be
utilized in qualitative, quantitative, or mixed modes of research frameworks. According to White and Marsh,
this approach dates back to the 1950s. (White & Marsh, 2006, p. 22) Content analysis is justified as it allows
for the systematic coding and quantification of textual or visual data, enabling the measurement of specific
variables and patterns related to corporate social responsibility in a structured and objective manner. Critique
- Content analysts typically use some guidelines for inference (based on existing theories, previous research,
or experience) and strict procedural (coding) rules to move from unstructured text to answers to their research
questions (White & Marsh,2006). Content analysis often focuses solely on the content itself, ignoring the
broader context in which the content is produced.
Research strategy.
Research Strategy - (Survey) - The journal "What is a survey" by Fritz scherun starts of as “Our “society,”
thus, requires a prompt and accurate flow of information on preferences, needs, and behavior. It is in response
to this critical need for information on the part of the government, business, and social institutions that so
much reliance is placed on surveys. Not only do surveys have a wide variety of purposes, they also can be
conducted in many ways—including over the telephone, by mail, or in person. Nonetheless, all surveys do
have certain characteristics in common. Unlike a census, where all members of the population are studied,
surveys gather information from only a portion of a population of interest—the size of the sample depending
on the purpose of the study. A survey research strategy is for examining Tea Tang's CSR initiatives and
environmental sustainability practices due to its ability to gather quantitative data efficiently, allowing for a
broad understanding of stakeholders' perceptions, preferences, and measurable outcomes in a structured and
systematic manner. Critique - non-sampling is a term used for incorrect results or population who are not
willing to participate. An estimate from a survey is unlikely to exactly equal the true population quantity of
interest for a variety of reasons. For one thing, the questions maybe badly worded. Scheuren, F., 2004
Choice.
Research Choice - (Mono-method) - The quality and scope of empirical approaches to the study of
organizations have been expanded throughout the past 10 years (e.g., Burrell and Morgan 1979; Van Maanen
1979; Mitroff and Mason 1981; Hackman 1982; Morgan 1986). According to the journal Breaking up the
Mono-Method Monopolies in Organizational Analysis, monomethod works better when tackling a specific
theoretical problem. A mono-method approach is suited for examining Tea Tang's CSR initiatives and
environmental sustainability practices due to its focused nature, allowing for a comprehensive exploration
through a singular method, ensuring depth in understanding within the organizational. Critique - The name
itself of this research choice tells us that One of the main critiques is that using a single method may provide
a limited perspective on the research question. Mono means one.
Time horizon.
Time – Horizon - (cross-sectional) - In a cross-sectional study, the researcher simultaneously assesses the
study participants' exposures and outcomes. In contrast to case-control studies, where participants are chosen
based on the outcome status, or cohort studies, where participants are chosen based on the exposure status,
cross-sectional study participants are chosen solely on the basis of the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria.
A few instances include Propionibacterium acnes strains that are resistant to antibiotics (Sardana et al., 2016)
In a tertiary care hospital in India, Sardana et al. assessed the antibiotic resistance in Propionibacterium acnes
isolates. In 2012–2013, the National AIDS Control Organization A cross-sectional time-horizon is justified
for examining Tea Tang's CSR initiatives and environmental sustainability practices as it enables a snapshot
analysis, capturing the current state of initiatives and practices, providing a comprehensive understanding of
the company's present approach to corporate social responsibility. Critique - If the data quality is compromised
and kept to a minimum it can lead to inaccurate results.
Data collecting methods.
Secondary Methods – 1. Literature Review - A literature review summarizes the body of knowledge already
known in a field; according to Rowley and Slack (2004), the goal of the literature is to represent the state of
the art in that discipline. In order to gather information about Tea Tang's environmental sustainability practices
and CSR initiatives, a literature review is necessary. It offers a thorough understanding of the theories,
frameworks, and empirical studies that have already been done, which informs the research design and
guarantees that the study adds to and expands upon the body of current knowledge. Critique - After going
through so many LR for this research, I have to say that we should be cautious of literature reviews that are
too broad or too narrow. We should use that has balance, or else our research might take the result to one end
of a spectrum.
2. Annual Report - Insights into the company's CSR initiatives and environmental sustainability practices over
time are provided by using Tea Tang's annual reports as a comprehensive and structured source of data. This
allows for a longitudinal analysis and ensures reliability in understanding the evolution and impact of these
initiatives. Critique - When going through the annual report we should make sure that the report doesn't use
complex words and sentence. Because they might be trying to hide something within the report not all
stakeholders would understand.
3. Case Study - Because a case study can offer an in-depth, context-specific exploration, capture rich
qualitative insights, and enable a nuanced understanding of the complexities surrounding corporate social
responsibility within the organization, it is a better tool for gathering data on Tea Tang's environmental
sustainability practices and CSR initiatives. Critique - There is a paradox, case study is generally held in low-
regard, or is simply ignored according to the book "The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research" The book
has also mentioned that "General, theoretical knowledge is more valuable, than concrete case knowledge."
Flyvbjerg, B., 2011
Primary Methods -
1. Online Survey - The journal "What is a survey" by Fritz scherun has also explained that a survey can be
collected in various forms. This hasn't been written but online can be also one of that form. (Scheuren, F.,
2004) A primary data collection approach is justified for examining Tea Tang's CSR initiatives and
environmental sustainability practices due to the need for tailored insights from a large employee base and
consideration of the company's busy season, ensuring the relevance and specificity of the gathered
information. Re-branding process has been undertaken so I should try not to disturb their work to gather
information, so this method would be reliable. Critique - non-sampling is a term used for incorrect results or
population who are not willing to participate. A survey estimate is unlikely to equal the true population
quantity of interest for many reasons. For one thing, the questions may be badly worded. Scheuren, F., 2004.
3.2 Sample theory & Rational
Population
In a research project, the population refers to the entire group of individuals or items that the researcher is
interested in studying. It encompasses all members who possess the characteristics of interest and about whom
the researcher wishes to draw conclusions. This population could be people, animals, plants, organizations, or
any other defined group relevant to the research question.
So, my research population would be -
 Tea Tang Employees
 Stakeholders
 CSR Leadership and Management
Population size
The population size in a research project refers to the total number of individuals or units that meet the criteria
for inclusion in the study. It represents the entire group from which a sample may be drawn to generalize
findings to a larger population.
100 Employees. The total number, from the security to the chairman equals up to 100 employees, certain
employees are working internships, and have been included in the population size. The population size is the
entire people that works in the organization whether they are relevant to the research or not.
Sample size
In a research project, the sample size refers to the number of participants or observations included in the study.
The research from sample size draws meaningful outcomes to the research project.
70 Employees. The relevant size for this research project only adds up to 70 employees. These are permanent
stuff from junior executives to chairman. Other employees such as cleaning department and security have
been excluded. Sample size is the relevant people to the research project. This sample size doesn’t include
others such as labours or security. (For the title that I have chosen)
Sampling Technique
Sampling technique is the method used to select a subset of individuals from a larger population for inclusion
in a research study. It determines how representative the sample is of the population and influences the
generalizability of study findings.
Probability Sampling (Stratified) - Considering the busy schedule of employees at Tea Tang, a practical and
efficient sampling technique would be stratified random sampling. In stratified random sampling, the
population is divided into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics that are relevant to the research.
In the case of Tea Tang, these strata could be different departments, job roles, or levels of involvement in CSR
initiatives. This allows for a representative sample to be drawn from each stratum. The advantages are- it
assures representation of all departments in the population needed. (Acharya, A.S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P.
and Nigam, A., 2013).
3.5 Data collection Instrument design
 How you have collected secondary data
I used case studies and annual reports to come with secondary data collection. Case studies from google
scholar is used by many students and teachers alike around the world. Most of them are free to read. The
annual report is given to me by the HR department because it was not published in the website this year due
to unknown reasons.
Advantages of using case studies and annual reports are - Both annual reports and case studies are usually
easily accessible at minimal or no cost, making them a cost-effective source of information. Which reduces
my financial constraint.
Annual reports offer comprehensive insights into a company's financial performance, strategic direction, and
operational activities. Similarly, case studies provide in-depth analysis and real-world examples, offering rich
contextual information. Which takes care of the Data collection constraint, because the annual report cannot
contain false information.
Produced by reputable sources such as companies themselves or academic institutions, annual reports and case
studies carry inherent credibility, enhancing the reliability of the data.
Limitations are, Researchers have no control over the content or format of annual reports or case studies,
which may restrict their ability to gather specific data or insights tailored to their research questions.
Findings derived from annual reports and case studies may have limited generalizability beyond the specific
context or organization studied. This restricts the applicability of the research findings to broader populations
or settings.
• How you are going to collect primary data
I am using online surveys and data analysis to get the primary source of data.
The advantages of these would be, conducting online surveys can be cost-effective compared to traditional
methods like face-to-face interviews or postal surveys. There are often no printing or postage costs, and data
can be collected and analyzed quickly.
Participants will feel more comfortable giving honest answers in an online survey than face-to-face
interviews.
Data collected through online surveys can be analyzed in real-time, allowing researchers to quickly identify
trends.
The limitations are, Participants might not respond truthfully, they might give answers that they think would
be socially acceptable.
Technical issues and various devices could stop participants from completing the survey, leading to
incomplete data.
Survey questionnaire
A survey questionnaire is structures set of questions formed to collect information from the respondents
for the purpose of the research.
General Questions
Nature of the Value 1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5
question
Gender Male Female
Note: The general questions that I have added to my questionnaire are only regarding gender.
Research related questions
Nature of the question Value 1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5
Dependent and Independent Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly
variable question Disagree Agree

Data analysis method.

(Content analysis) - Content analysis is a highly flexible research method that has been widely used in library
and information science (LIS) studies with varying research goals and objectives. The research method is
applied in qualitative, quantitative, and sometimes mixed modes of research frameworks and employs a wide
range of analytical techniques to generate findings and put them into context. Apparently, this method goes
back to 1950s as it is mentioned by White and Marsh. (White & Marsh, 2006, p. 22).
Critique - Content analysts typically use some guidelines for inference (based on existing theories, previous
research, or experience) and strict procedural (coding) rules to move from unstructured text to answers to their
research questions (White & Marsh,2006). Content analysis often focuses solely on the content itself, ignoring
the broader context in which the content is produced.
It is widely accepted and the most frequently employed technique for data analysis in research methodology.
It can be used to analyse the documented information from text, images, and sometimes from the physical
items. This method would be easy to the topic that I have chosen.
The tool that I have chosen for this research is the SPSS by IDM.
Descriptive – Descriptive analyzing are used to describe the characteristics of a dataset.
Frequency-
 Mean -
 Median -
 Mode -
 Standard deviation -
Correlation – Correlation analysis is used to assess the strength and direction of the relationship between
Dependent and Independent variables.
Pearson correlation – Pearson correlation ranges from -1 to 1.
 The positive value values indicate a positive relationship. (as one variable increases, the other tends to
increase).
 Negative values indicate a negative relationship (as one variable increases, the other tends to
decrease).
 Values close to 0 indicate little to no linear relationship.
 The closer the value is to -1 or 1, the stronger the relationship.

Inferential – Inferential statistics are used to make inferences or predictions about a population based on a
sample of data
Chi-square testing - It assesses whether there is a significant association between two categorical variables.
The test produces a p-value.
If the p-value is less than the chosen significance level (commonly 0.05), then there is evidence to reject the
null hypothesis, indicating a significant relationship between the variables.
If the p-value is greater than the significance level, then there is insufficient evidence to reject the null
hypothesis, suggesting no significant relationship between the variables.
3.6 Role of the researcher.
The researcher's role in this study is to design, collect, analyze, and interpret data on the role of corporate
social responsibility (CSR) in promoting environmental sustainability, using Tea Tang as a case study. The
researcher will ensure the validity and reliability of the study by using appropriate research designs, measures,
and statistical techniques. The researcher will also ensure that the study is conducted ethically and in
accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study's findings will be reported clearly and
transparently, contributing to the understanding of the impact of CSR on environmental sustainability in the
tea industry. (Nurudeen okikiola, 2023)
3.7 Validity & Reliability.
Validity
Validity The study uses a strong research design that places a strong emphasis on internal validity through
careful consideration of confounding variables (Campbell & Stanley, 1963). External validity is further
ensured by the meticulous sample selection procedure, which suggests a deliberate approach to extrapolating
outside the tea growers under study (Cook & Campbell, 1979). Notably, the measures utilized to assess
corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability undergo thorough validation, ensuring
both construct and content validity. This suggests that the selected measures fully cover pertinent content areas
and faithfully convey the intended concepts (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Furthermore, the study
demonstrates a dedication to harmonizing its metrics with generally recognized standards by evaluating
criteria validity in relation to known metrics of corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability
(Cook & Campbell, 1979). This further strengthens the study's scientific rigor. To further ascertain the
reliability of these measures, Cronbach's alpha testing could be beneficial, providing insights into the internal
consistency and reliability of the employed measurement scales (Cronbach, 1951).

Reliability
To ensure the reliability of the research project on "The role of corporate social responsibility in promoting
environmental sustainability: A Case study of Tea Tang," several measures are implemented. The use of
consistent measurement tools, such as standardized surveys contribute to the reliability of data collection.
Reliability is maintained through rigorous training and alignment of assessment criteria among researchers
involved in the case study. Stability in the operational definitions of key constructs, such as corporate social
responsibility and environmental sustainability, is rigorously maintained throughout the study. Furthermore,
the reliability of data sources, including employee surveys, is verified to ensure the consistency and accuracy
of the information gathered. These comprehensive efforts collectively reinforce the reliability of the research
project, providing a solid foundation for drawing meaningful conclusions about the impact of Tea Tang's
corporate social responsibility initiatives on environmental sustainability.
Cronbach Alpha
A measure of internal consistency, or how closely connected a group of things is to one another, is called
Cronbach's alpha. It is regarded as a scale reliability metric. It is not implied that the measure is unidimensional
by a "high" alpha value. (OARC Stats, n.d).
3.8 Generalizability
The inclusion of diverse stakeholders, such as employees, suppliers, and local communities, enhances the
applicability of results to various groups affected by or involved in CSR initiatives. Additionally, transparency
in the research design, methodologies, and findings enhances the transferability of insights to similar contexts
within the tea industry or other corporate settings. These collective efforts bolster the generalizability of the
research, allowing for broader implications and relevance beyond the specific case study of Tea Tang.
3.9 Ethical consideration
Ethical considerations in research refer to the rules guiding research involving human participants or sensitive
data. These considerations makes sure that researchers prioritize the privacy of individuals involved in the
study, as well as the integrity of the research process itself.
To mitigate risks I have done the following -
Informed Consent: I will ensure that all participants in interviews and surveys provide information with
consent, clarifying the purpose of the study and the use of their data.
Confidentiality: By Guarantying the confidentiality of sensitive information obtained from interviews and
surveys to encourage open and honest responses, I would be able to get as many details as possible.
Data Security: Stringent measures will be implemented to safeguard the security of all collected data. This
includes secure storage, encrypted transmission, and restricted access to ensure protection against
unauthorized use or disclosure. Compliance with relevant data protection regulations and ethical standards
will be prioritized.
Conflict of Interest: A commitment to transparency will be upheld, and any potential conflicts of interest will
be declared and managed appropriately. Full disclosure will be made regarding any affiliations, relationships,
or biases that might influence the research, ensuring the integrity of the study and the unbiased interpretation
of findings.
Voluntary Participation: Participants will be invited to engage in the research voluntarily, with no coercion or
pressure to participate. It will be explicitly communicated that their involvement is entirely optional, and they
have the right to withdraw from the study at any stage without facing negative consequences.
Anonymity: No names or any information regarding the participants will ever be published.
Vulnerable groups – Because, the data will not be provided for the public, vulnerable groups such as new
junior employees specially women have not to fear anything.
Social responsibility – By developing strategies to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive
contributions, this would not bring any harm to the organization or the participants' reputation.
Humane treatment of subjects – No one will be forced to provide the information, even if they didn’t provide
any, they won’t be treated poorly for not helping with the research project.

CHAPTER 04: RESEARCH INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Respondent analysis
4.1.1 Respondent analysis based on Gender.
This descriptive analysis is for the question “What is your Gender?”. The respondents' general question is
based on gender only. Out of the 59 total responses 32 answers were male which makes a 54.2% out of 100.
And the females were 45.8% out of 100%. It has been noted that even though there is a gap of equality
respondents represent, the sample answers provided for the questionnaire has both male and female
respondents' answers.

4.1.2. Overall Analysis

4.2 Dependent & Independent variable analysis

4.2.1 Independent Variable 01 Analysis
Independent variable 01 - CSR initiatives implemented by Tea Tang.
Q1 - To what extent do you believe that an increase in the number of CSR programs implemented by
Tea Tang positively contributes to the company's environmental sustainability?
The respondents provided answer from the scale and strongly agree to disagree for this question. It indicates
that most of them have chosen the strongly disagree answer which makes up to 40.7% out of 100%. The next
biggest percentage is 30.5% out of 100%, which is strangely answered agree. These are 2 both extremes on
the scale of answer. The mean value of the data set as 2.31 which is closer to 2 and that shows that the average
number of respondents have selected strongly disagree answer. The standard deviation is 1.29 which is closer
to 1, which shows that respondents tend to choose other answers from the mean value. Therefore, it is
concluded that average number of respondents strongly disagree that the increase in CSR initiatives by Tea
Tang does not contribute to a positively to sustainable environment.

Q2 - How strongly do you agree that higher financial investment by Tea Tang in CSR activities positively
influences the company's environmental sustainability?
The data shows that most of them have chosen the disagree answer which makes up to 35.6% out of 100%.
The next biggest percentage is 27.1% out of 100%, which is answered as neutral. The data shows that the
respondents did not feel any huge difference as the previous question which had both ends. The mean value
of the data set as 2.61. Mean value is 2.61 suggests that while "disagree" may be the most frequently chosen
response, the overall distribution of responses is not heavily skewed towards "disagree." The standard
deviation is 1, which shows that given that the mean is 2.61 and the most common response is "disagree,"
and considering the standard deviation of 1, it's likely that while there is a tendency towards disagreement on
average, there are also respondents who strongly disagree, some who are neutral, and others who slightly
agree. Therefore, it is concluded that average number of respondents disagree that “higher financial
investment by Tea Tang in CSR activities positively influences the company's environmental sustainability
statement” is false.
Q3 - To what extent do you believe that increased employee engagement in CSR activities at Tea Tang
positively influences the company's environmental sustainability?
This data is interesting. There are 2 equal amounts of answers answered, both the answers have 27.1 % out
of 100%. And the answers are disagree and neutral. The mean value of the data set as 2.58. Mean value is
2.58, this suggests a distribution where responses are spread out around the middle of the scale, with neither
strong agreement nor strong disagreement being prevalent. The standard deviation is 1.086, The standard
deviation being moderate implies that while there is some spread in responses, it's not excessively wide,
indicating a relatively consistent pattern of responses around the mean. Therefore, it is concluded that average
number of respondents are not positive about increasing employee engagement in CSR activities at Tea Tang
positively influences the company's environmental sustainability.

Q4 - How strongly do you agree that collaboration with stakeholders in CSR initiatives positively contributes
to Tea Tang's environmental sustainability efforts?
This data is slightly positive. The most common answer is neutral with 30.5% out of 100%. The 2 nd most
common answer is agree with 28.8% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.71. Mean value is
2.71, a mean value of 2.71 suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean
value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined
towards neutrality or agreement. The standard deviation is 1.068. 1.068 suggests that the while there is some
spread in responses, it's not excessively wide. This suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or
agreement, there is still diversity in respondents' opinions. Some respondents may strongly agree or disagree,
while others may be closer to neutrality. Therefore, it is concluded that average number of respondents are
positive about collaboration with stakeholders in CSR initiatives positively contributes to Tea Tang's
environmental sustainability efforts.

Q5 - To what extent do you believe that a longer duration of CSR programs at Tea Tang positively contributes
to the company's environmental sustainability?
This data is similar and opposite to the previous question. The most common answer is neutral again with
32.2% out of 100%. The 2nd most common answer is disagree with 28.8% out of 100%. The mean value of
the data set as 2.75. Mean value is 2.75, a mean value of 2.75 suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly
towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average,
respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagreement. The standard deviation is 0.993. The
standard deviation of approximately 0.993 suggests that there is relatively low variability in responses around
the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that responses are clustered closely around the mean value, it
suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the responses are quite consistent,
with fewer extreme responses indicating strong agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that
average number of respondents are negative about a longer duration of CSR programs at Tea Tang positively
contributes to the company's environmental sustainability.
4.2.2 Independent Variable 02 Analysis
Independent variable – 02 - Adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability.
Q1 - Do you agree that Tea Tang's motivations for adopting CSR practices align with the company's
commitment to environmental sustainability?
The most common answer is neutral with 39.0% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer is agree with
27.1% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.80. Mean value is 2.80, suggests that the overall
tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests
that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or agree. The standard deviation is 0.996.
The standard deviation of approximately 0.996 suggests that there is relatively low variability in responses
around the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that responses are clustered closely around the mean
value, it suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or agreement, the responses are quite
consistent, with fewer extreme responses indicating strong agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is
concluded that average number of respondents are positive that Tea Tang's motivations for adopting CSR
practices align with the company's commitment to environmental sustainability.

Q2 - How strongly do you agree that Tea Tang's strategic considerations in adopting CSR practices are
conducive to achieving environmental sustainability goals?
The most common answer is neutral with the same percentage of 39.0% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common
answer is agree, this time with 23.7% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.72. Mean value is
2.72, suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the
upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or agree.
The standard deviation is 1.005. The standard deviation of about 1.005 suggests moderate variability in
responses around the mean. Moderate variability implies that while responses are not tightly clustered around
the mean, they are not excessively spread out either. This suggests that while the mean leans towards
neutrality or agreement, there is still a fair amount of diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents
expressing stronger agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that average number of
respondents are positive that Tea Tang's strategic considerations in adopting CSR practices are conducive to
achieving environmental sustainability goals.

Q3 - To what extent do you agree that the financial investment made by Tea Tang in CSR adoption positively
contributes to the company's environmental sustainability efforts?
The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 44.1% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with 22.0% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.51. Mean value is 2.51, suggests
that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper half of
the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagree. The
standard deviation is 0.972. The standard deviation of about 0.972 suggests that there is relatively low
variability in responses around the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that responses are clustered
closely around the mean value, it suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or agreement, the
responses are quite consistent, with fewer extreme responses indicating strong agreement or disagreement.
Therefore, it is concluded that average number of respondents are negative that financial investment made
by Tea Tang in CSR adoption positively contributes to the company's environmental sustainability efforts.
Q4 - How strongly do you agree that the active involvement of Tea Tang's employees in CSR adoption
initiatives contributes to the company's environmental sustainability?
The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 45.8% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with 23.7% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.66. Mean value is 2.66, suggests
that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper half of
the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagree. The
standard deviation is 0.921. The standard deviation of about 0.921 suggests that there is relatively low
variability in responses around the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that responses are clustered
closely around the mean value, it suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the
responses are quite consistent, with fewer extreme responses indicating strong agreement or disagreement.
Therefore, it is concluded that average number of respondents are negative that that the active involvement
of Tea Tang's employees in CSR adoption initiatives contributes to the company's environmental
sustainability.

Q5 - To what extent do you agree that Tea Tang's CSR adoption aligns with its environmental goals and
contributes to overall environmental sustainability?
The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 47.5% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with 18.6% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.64. Mean value is 2.64, suggests
that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper half of
the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagree. The
standard deviation is 0.961. The standard deviation of about 0.961 suggests there is low variability in
responses around the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that responses are clustered closely around
the mean value, it suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the responses are
quite consistent, with fewer extreme responses indicating strong agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is
concluded that average number of respondents are negative that Tea Tang's CSR adoption aligns with its
environmental goals and contributes to overall environmental sustainability.

4.2.3 Independent Variable 03 Analysis

Independent variable 03 – Implementation & maintenance of environmentally sustainable practices.
Q1 - To what extent do you agree that the number of collaborative projects undertaken by Tea Tang positively
contributes to the company's commitment to environmental sustainability?
The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 39.0% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with 30.5% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.75. Mean value is 2.75, which
suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper
half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagree.
The standard deviation is 0.902. The standard deviation of about 0.902 suggests there is low variability in
responses around the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that responses are clustered closely around
the mean value, it suggests that while the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the responses are
quite consistent, with fewer extreme responses indicating strong agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is
concluded that average number of respondents are negative that Tea Tang's CSR adoption aligns with its
environmental goals and contributes to overall environmental sustainability.
Q2 - How strongly do you agree that the stakeholder satisfaction rate with Tea Tang's CSR initiatives reflects
the company's positive impact on environmental sustainability?
The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 40.7% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with same 30.5% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.55. Mean value is 2.55, which
suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper
half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagree.
The standard deviation is same as the previous question, 0.902. The standard deviation of about 0.902
suggests there is low variability in responses around the mean. A lower standard deviation indicates that
responses are clustered closely around the mean value, it suggests that while the mean leans towards
neutrality or disagreement, the responses are quite consistent, with fewer extreme responses indicating strong
agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that average number of respondents are negative that
the stakeholder satisfaction rate with Tea Tang's CSR initiatives reflects the company's positive impact on
environmental sustainability.

Q3 - To what extent do you agree that the percentage of supply chain engagement in CSR activities
contributes to Tea Tang's environmental sustainability goals?
This data set like any other questions has the most positive answer. The most common answer is agree with
a percentage of 30.5% out of 100%. The 2nd most common answer is neutral, with 28.8% out of 100%. The
mean value of the data set as 2.73. Mean value is 2.73, which suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly
towards agree. The mean value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average,
respondents are slightly inclined towards agree. The standard deviation is same as the previous question,
1.080. The standard deviation of approximately 1.080 suggests that there is moderate variability in responses
around the mean. Moderate variability implies that while responses are not tightly clustered around the mean,
they are not excessively spread out either. This suggests that while the mean leans towards agreement, there
is still a fair amount of diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing stronger agreement
or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that average number of respondents agree that the percentage of
supply chain engagement in CSR activities contributes to Tea Tang's environmental sustainability goals.

Q4 - How strongly do you agree that the number of partnerships with NGOs positively influences Tea Tang's
efforts toward environmental sustainability?

The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 40.7% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with same 22.0% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set as 2.59. Mean value is 2.59, which
suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper
half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or disagree.
The standard deviation is 1.002. The standard deviation of about 1.002 suggests moderate variability in
responses around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that responses are somewhat spread out around
the mean value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the standard deviation suggests
that there is diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing stronger agreement or
disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that the average number of respondents disagree that the number of
partnerships with NGOs positively influences Tea Tang's efforts toward environmental sustainability.
Q5 - To what extent do you agree that the frequency of consultations with stakeholders contributes to Tea
Tang's success in achieving environmental sustainability through CSR initiatives?

The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 33.9% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is disagree, with same 27.1% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set is same as previous question with
2.59. Mean value is 2.59, which suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean
value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined
towards neutrality or disagree. The standard deviation is 1.009. The standard deviation of about 1.009
suggests moderate variability in responses around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that responses are
somewhat spread out around the mean value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the
standard deviation suggests that there is diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing
stronger agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that the frequency of consultations with
stakeholders contributes to Tea Tang's success in achieving environmental sustainability through CSR
initiatives.

4.2.4 Dependent Variable Analysis

Dependent variable - Environmental sustainability
Q1 - To what extent do you believe that Tea Tang faces significant challenges in the implementation of
sustainability practices?

This descriptive analysis is for the question related to the dependent variable. The most common answer is
neutral with a percentage of 32.2% out of 100%. The 2nd most common answer is agree, with same 28.8% out
of 100%. The mean value of the data set is same as previous question with 2.75. Mean value is 2.75, which
suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean value being close to the upper
half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or agree. The
standard deviation is 1.044. The standard deviation of about 1.044 suggests moderate variability in responses
around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that responses are somewhat spread out around the mean
value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or agreement, the standard deviation suggests that there is
diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing stronger agreement or disagreement.
Therefore, it is concluded that the respondents are positive that that Tea Tang faces significant challenges in
the implementation of sustainability practices.

Q2 - How strongly do you agree that Tea Tang encounters obstacles in maintaining its sustainability practices
once implemented?

This data also has 2 answers answered in the same percentage. The most common answers are neutral &
disagree with a percentage of 28.8% out of 100% for both answers. The mean value of the data set is 2.63.
Mean value is 2.63, which suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality. The mean
value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined
towards neutrality or disagree. The standard deviation is 1.049. The standard deviation of about 1.049
suggests moderate variability in responses around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that responses are
somewhat spread out around the mean value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the
standard deviation suggests that there is diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing
stronger agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that the respondents are negative that Tea
Tang encounters obstacles in maintaining its sustainability practices once implemented.

Q3 - Do you agree that there are areas for improvement in Tea Tang's current sustainability practices?
Question number 3’s data also has 2 answers answered in the same percentage. The most common answers
are neutral & disagree with a percentage of 30.5% out of 100% for both answers. The mean value of the data
set is 2.53. Mean value is 2.53, which suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards neutrality.
The mean value being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly
inclined towards neutrality or disagree. The standard deviation is 1.023. The standard deviation of about
1.023 suggests moderate variability in responses around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that
responses are somewhat spread out around the mean value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or
disagreement, the standard deviation suggests that there is diversity in individual opinions, with some
respondents expressing stronger agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that there are areas
for improvement in Tea Tang's current sustainability practices.

Q4 - How strongly do you agree that active employee engagement contributes significantly to the success of
Tea Tang's sustainability practices?
The most common answer is disagree with a percentage of 30.5% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is neutral, with 27.1% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set is previous question with 2.56. Mean
value is 2.56, which suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards disagreement. The mean value
being close to the upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards
neutrality or disagree. The standard deviation is 1.055. The standard deviation of about 1.055 suggests
moderate variability in responses around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that responses are
somewhat spread out around the mean value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or disagreement, the
standard deviation suggests that there is diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing
stronger agreement or disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that the respondents are negative that active
employee engagement contributes significantly to the success of Tea Tang's sustainability practices.

Q5 - To what extent do you agree that external factors, such as market trends or regulatory changes, influence
Tea Tang's ability to sustain its environmental practices?
The most common answer is neutral with a percentage of 42.4% out of 100%. The 2 nd most common answer
is neutral, with 22.0% out of 100%. The mean value of the data set is 2.71. Mean value is 2.716, which
suggests that the overall tendency leans slightly towards disagreement. The mean value being close to the
upper half of the scale suggests that, on average, respondents are slightly inclined towards neutrality or agree.
The standard deviation is 1.009. The standard deviation of about 1.009 suggests moderate variability in
responses around the mean. Moderate variability indicates that responses are somewhat spread out around
the mean value. While the mean leans towards neutrality or agreement, the standard deviation suggests that
there is diversity in individual opinions, with some respondents expressing stronger agreement or
disagreement. Therefore, it is concluded that external factors, such as market trends or regulatory changes,
influence Tea Tang's ability to sustain its environmental practices.

4.4 Correlation Analysis.

4.4.1 Independent Variable 01 - Correlation Analysis
Correlations
To what extent do you dv
believe that an
increase in the number
of CSR programs
implemented by Tea
Tang positively
contributes to the
company's
environmental
sustainability?
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation 1 .097
believe that an
increase in the number Sig. (2-tailed) .467
of CSR programs
implemented by Tea
Tang positively
contributes to the N 59 58
company's
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation .097 1
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .467
N 58 58

According to the test output, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.097. Further, the test indicates
a very weak positive linear relationship between the two variables being compared. In practical terms, this
suggests that there is almost no linear association between the variables. Programme selection at the 0.467
level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson
correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence,
correlation between independent variable Number of CSR Programs and dependent variable when making
the environmental sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv How strongly do you
agree that higher
financial investment by
Tea Tang in CSR
activities positively
influences the
company's
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 .128
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .339
N 58 58
Pearson Correlation .128 1
How strongly do you Sig. (2-tailed) .339
agree that higher
financial investment by
Tea Tang in CSR
activities positively
influences the N 58 59
company's
environmental
sustainability?

The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.128. Further, the test indicates a relatively weak
positive linear relationship between two variables. Programme selection at the 0.339 level in 2-tailed test.
Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation values, it was
observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent
variable Financial Investment in CSR and dependent variable environmental sustainability has identified as
a weak positive correlation.

Correlations
dv To what extent do you
believe that increased
employee engagement
in CSR activities at Tea
Tang positively
influences the
company's
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 -.017
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .897
N 58 58
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation -.017 1
believe that increased
employee engagement Sig. (2-tailed) .897
in CSR activities at Tea
Tang positively
influences the
company's N 58 59
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is -.017. Further, the test indicates a relatively weak
linear relationship between two variables. Programme selection at the 0.897 level in 2-tailed test. Further,
when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation values, it was observed
that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent variable
Employee Engagement in CSR Activities and dependent variable environmental sustainability has identified
as a weak negative correlation.
Correlations
dv How strongly do you
agree that collaboration
with stakeholders in
CSR initiatives
positively contributes to
Tea Tang's
 environmental
sustainability efforts?
Pearson Correlation 1 .090
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .500
N 58 58
How strongly do you Pearson Correlation .090 1
agree that
collaboration with Sig. (2-tailed) .500
stakeholders in CSR
initiatives positively
contributes to Tea N 58 59
Tang's environmental
sustainability efforts?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.090. The value of 0.90 is close to 1, suggesting that
the variables have a strong linear relationship. Programme selection is at the 0.500 level in 2-tailed test.
Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation values, it was
observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent
variable Stakeholder Collaboration and dependent variable environmental sustainability has identified as a
weak positive correlation.

Correlations
dv To what extent do you
believe that a longer
duration of CSR
programs at Tea Tang
positively contributes to
the company's
environmental
sustainability?

Pearson Correlation 1 -.057

dv Sig. (2-tailed) .670
N 58 58
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation -.057 1
believe that a longer
duration of CSR Sig. (2-tailed) .670
programs at Tea Tang
positively contributes to
the company's N 58 59
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is -0.057. Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.057
indicates a very weak and likely insignificant negative linear relationship between the variables. Programme
selection is at the 0.670 level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per
the standard Pearson correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where
0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent variable CSR Program Duration and dependent variable
environmental sustainability has identified as a weak negative correlation.
Correlations
dv Do you agree that Tea
Tang's motivations for
adopting CSR
 practices align with the
company's
commitment to
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 .346**
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .008
N 58 58
Do you agree that Tea Pearson Correlation .346** 1
Tang's motivations for
adopting CSR Sig. (2-tailed) .008
practices align with the
company's
commitment to N 58 59
environmental
sustainability?
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.346**. The value 0.346 signifies a positive linear
relationship between the two variables. Since it's less than 0.5, it indicates a moderate correlation. Programme
selection is at the 0.008 level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per
the standard Pearson correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where
0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent variable Motivations for CSR Adoption and dependent
variable environmental sustainability has identified as moderate positive correlation.
Correlations
dv How strongly do you
agree that Tea Tang's
strategic
considerations in
adopting CSR
practices are
conducive to achieving
environmental
sustainability goals?
Pearson Correlation 1 .162
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .228
N 58 57
How strongly do you Pearson Correlation .162 1
agree that Tea Tang's
strategic Sig. (2-tailed) .228
considerations in
adopting CSR
practices are
conducive to achieving N 57 58
environmental
sustainability goals?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.162. The value 0.162 is close to 0, indicating a weak
correlation. Since it is positive, it suggests that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to increase
slightly as well, but this relationship is not strong. Programme selection is at the 0.228 level in 2-tailed test.
Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation values, it was
observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent
variable Strategic Considerations in CSR Adoption and dependent variable environmental sustainability has
identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
 dv To what extent do you
agree that the financial
investment made by
Tea Tang in CSR
adoption positively
contributes to the
company's
environmental
sustainability efforts?
Pearson Correlation 1 .077
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .566
N 58 58
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation .077 1
agree that the financial
investment made by Sig. (2-tailed) .566
Tea Tang in CSR
adoption positively
contributes to the
company's N 58 59
environmental
sustainability efforts?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.077. The correlation coefficient of 0.077 suggests a
very weak positive linear relationship between the two variables. Programme selection is at the 0.566 level
in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation
values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation
between independent variable Financial Investment in CSR Adoption and dependent variable environmental
sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv How strongly do you
agree that the active
involvement of Tea
Tang's employees in
CSR adoption
initiatives contributes to
the company's
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 -.048
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .721
N 58 58
How strongly do you Pearson Correlation -.048 1
agree that the active
involvement of Tea Sig. (2-tailed) .721
Tang's employees in
CSR adoption
initiatives contributes to
the company's N 58 59
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is -0.048. The value of -0.048 is very close to 0,
indicating a very weak linear relationship between the two variables. Programme selection is at the 0.721
level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson
correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence,
correlation between independent variable Employee Involvement in CSR Adoption and dependent variable
environmental sustainability has identified as a weak negative correlation.
Correlations
dv To what extent do you
agree that Tea Tang's
CSR adoption aligns
with its environmental
goals and contributes
to overall
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 .053
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .695
N 58 58
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation .053 1
agree that Tea Tang's
CSR adoption aligns Sig. (2-tailed) .695
with its environmental
goals and contributes
to overall N 58 59
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.053. The value 0.053 is very close to 0, suggesting
a very weak linear relationship between the two variables. Programme selection is at the 0.695 level in 2-
tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation
values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation
between independent variable Alignment with Environmental Goals and dependent variable environmental
sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv To what extent do you
agree that the number
of collaborative
projects undertaken by
Tea Tang positively
contributes to the
company's
commitment to
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 .193
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .146
N 58 58
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation .193 1
agree that the number
of collaborative Sig. (2-tailed) .146
projects undertaken by
Tea Tang positively
contributes to the
company's N 58 59
commitment to
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.193. The magnitude of the correlation (0.193)
suggests a very weak linear relationship. Correlation coefficients close to 0 indicate a weak or no linear
relationship. Programme selection is at the 0.695 level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of
the relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r)
is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent variable Collaborative Projects
Number and dependent variable environmental sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv How strongly do you
agree that the
stakeholder
satisfaction rate with
Tea Tang's CSR
initiatives reflects the
company's positive
impact on
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 .197
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .141
N 58 57
How strongly do you Pearson Correlation .197 1
agree that the
stakeholder Sig. (2-tailed) .141
satisfaction rate with
Tea Tang's CSR
initiatives reflects the
company's positive N 57 58
impact on
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.197. The value of 0.197 is relatively close to 0,
suggesting a weak linear relationship. The closer the coefficient is to 0, the weaker the linear relationship.
Programme selection is at the 0.141 level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the
relationship as per the standard Pearson correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in
the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence, correlation between independent variable Stakeholder Satisfaction Rate
and dependent variable environmental sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv To what extent do you
agree that the
percentage of supply
chain engagement in
CSR activities
contributes to Tea
Tang's environmental
sustainability goals?
Pearson Correlation 1 .146
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .276
N 58 58
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation .146 1
agree that the
percentage of supply Sig. (2-tailed) .276
chain engagement in
CSR activities
contributes to Tea N 58 59
Tang's environmental
sustainability goals?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.146. The magnitude of 0.146 suggests that the
relationship is weak. In other words, the two variables are not strongly linearly related. Programme selection
is at the 0.276 level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard
Pearson correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence,
correlation between independent variable % Supply Chain Engagement and dependent variable
environmental sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv How strongly do you
agree that the number
of partnerships with
NGOs positively
influences Tea Tang's
efforts toward
environmental
sustainability?
Pearson Correlation 1 .168
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .207
N 58 58
How strongly do you Pearson Correlation .168 1
agree that the number
of partnerships with Sig. (2-tailed) .207
NGOs positively
influences Tea Tang's
efforts toward N 58 59
environmental
sustainability?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.168. The magnitude of the correlation coefficient
(0.168) suggests the strength of the relationship. In this case, the correlation is weak. Programme selection is
at the 0.207 level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard
Pearson correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence,
correlation between independent variable NGO Partnerships Number and dependent variable environmental
sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.
Correlations
dv To what extent do you
agree that the
frequency of
consultations with
stakeholders
contributes to Tea
Tang's success in
achieving
environmental
sustainability through
CSR initiatives?
Pearson Correlation 1 .201
dv Sig. (2-tailed) .135
N 58 57
To what extent do you Pearson Correlation .201 1
agree that the
frequency of Sig. (2-tailed) .135
consultations with
stakeholders
contributes to Tea
Tang's success in
achieving N 57 58
environmental
sustainability through
CSR initiatives?
The test output, showed that Pearson Correlation (r) is 0.201. Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.201
suggests a weak positive linear relationship between the two variables. Programme selection is at the 0.135
level in 2-tailed test. Further, when consider the strength of the relationship as per the standard Pearson
correlation values, it was observed that Pearson Correlation (r) is in the segment where 0.5 >r. Hence,
correlation between independent variable Consultation Frequency and dependent variable environmental
sustainability has identified as a weak positive correlation.

4.5 Chi-Square Testing.

4.5.1 Hypothesis 01.
H0: There is no significant relationship between Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility initiatives and
environmental sustainability practices.
H1: Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility initiatives have a significant positive impact on environmental
sustainability practices.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent

IV_1_Average * v 58 98.3% 1 1.7% 59 100.0%

IV_1_Average * v Crosstabulation

Count
v Total
1.40 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00

1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1.60 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
1.80 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
2.00 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
2.20 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 7
2.40 1 1 2 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9
IV_1_Average 2.60 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
2.80 0 1 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7
3.00 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4
3.20 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
3.40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
3.60 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4.00 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 7
Total 2 5 5 16 9 7 4 2 3 1 1 3 58
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 192.530a 132 .000
Likelihood Ratio 114.022 132 .869
Linear-by-Linear
.347 1 .556
Association
N of Valid Cases 58
a. 156 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .02.

Interpretation.
The test has been carried out for 58 valid cases out of 58 responds. The null hypothesis (H0) and alternative
hypothesis (H1) of the Chi-Square Test of Independence are interpreted based on the Pearson Chi-square
value for Asymptotic Significance (2-sided). As per the output of the test, the Pearson Chi-square value (p)
is 0.000 for rounded three decimal points. Then mathematically the value can be represented as p < 0.001
(Kent University, 2020).
• Since the p-value is less than the chosen significance level α = 0.05, the Null Hypothesis (H0) was rejected
(There is no significant relationship between Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility initiatives and
environmental sustainability practices.) and concluded that There is a relationship between Tea Tang’s
corporate social responsibility initiatives & environmental sustainability practices
• Based on the results, following can be stated:
• There was a significant association between Influence of programme marketing and students’ degree
programme selection [Χ2 (1) = 293.162, p < 0.001].

4.5.2 Hypothesis 02.

H2: Tea Tang's adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability is primarily driven by
external pressures and compliance with regulations.
H2: Tea Tang's adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability is driven by a genuine
commitment to corporate values and a proactive approach to environmental stewardship.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent

IV_2_Average * v 57 96.6% 2 3.4% 59 100.0%

IV_2_Average * v Crosstabulation

Count
v Total
1.40 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00

1.40 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
1.60 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
1.80 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
2.00 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2.20 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5
2.40 1 2 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
IV_2_Average 2.60 0 0 1 0 5 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 10
2.80 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
3.00 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 10
3.20 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 6
3.40 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
3.60 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
3.80 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
 4.00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
Total 2 5 5 16 9 6 4 2 3 1 1 3 57
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 158.336a 143 .180
Likelihood Ratio 107.567 143 .988
Linear-by-Linear
2.272 1 .132
Association
N of Valid Cases 57
a. 168 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .02.

The test has been carried out for 59 valid cases out of 59 responds. There are 2 missing cases in this testing.
The null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1) of the Chi-Square Test of Independence are
interpreted based on the Pearson Chi-square value for Asymptotic Significance (2-sided). As per the output
of the test, the Pearson Chi-square value (p) is 0.180 Then mathematically the value can be represented as p
> 0.001 (Kent University, 2020).
• Since the p-value is more than the chosen significance level α = 0.05, the Null Hypothesis (H0) is accepted
(Tea Tang's adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability is primarily driven by external
pressures and compliance with regulations.) and the alternative hypothesis has been rejected. (Tea Tang's
adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability is driven by a genuine commitment to
corporate values and a proactive approach to environmental stewardship.)
• Based on the results, following can be stated:
• There was a significant association between Influence of programme marketing and students’ degree
programme selection [Χ2 (1) = 293.162, p < 0.001].
4.5.3 Hypothesis 03.
H3: Tea Tang encounters no significant challenges in the implementation and maintenance of
environmentally sustainable practices.
H3: Tea Tang faces substantial challenges in the implementation and maintenance of environmentally
sustainable practices, which may hinder the effectiveness of their initiatives.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent

IV_3_Average * v 56 94.9% 3 5.1% 59 100.0%

IV_3_Average * v Crosstabulation

Count
v Total
1.40 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00

1.60 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2.00 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 5
2.20 1 0 2 4 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 10
IV_3_Average
2.40 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 7
2.60 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
2.80 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 11
 3.00 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6
3.20 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
3.40 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 5
3.60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
4.00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
Total 2 4 5 16 9 7 4 2 2 1 1 3 56
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 107.395a 110 .553
Likelihood Ratio 86.675 110 .951
Linear-by-Linear
5.621 1 .018
Association
N of Valid Cases 56
a. 132 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .02.

The test has been carried out for 59 valid cases out of 59 responds. There are 3 missing cases in this testing.
The null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1) of the Chi-Square Test of Independence are
interpreted based on the Pearson Chi-square value for Asymptotic Significance (2-sided). As per the output
of the test, the Pearson Chi-square value (p) is 0.553 Then mathematically the value can be represented as p
> 0.001 (Kent University, 2020).
• Since the p-value is more than the chosen significance level α = 0.05, the Null Hypothesis (H0) is accepted
(Tea Tang encounters no significant challenges in the implementation and maintenance of environmentally
sustainable practices.) and the alternative hypothesis has been rejected. (Tea Tang faces substantial
challenges in the implementation and maintenance of environmentally sustainable practices, which may
hinder the effectiveness of their initiatives.)
• Based on the results, following can be stated:
• There was a significant association between Influence of programme marketing and students’ degree
programme selection [Χ2 (1) = 293.162, p < 0.001].

CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Realization of the research objectives.
5.2.1. RO 1 – Critical Evaluation
Number of CSR programs.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.097. So, it shows that by increasing the number of CSR
activities promotes environmental sustainability. A similar study found that there is a positive relationship
between corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and environmental sustainability in Turkey (Demir,
C., 2019). Specifically, companies that engage in more CSR activities tend to demonstrate better
environmental sustainability performance. This suggests that CSR initiatives contribute to improving
environmental outcomes within the Turkish context. This study was conducted in a broad range of sectors
within the Turkish economy. This likely includes manufacturing, services, finance, and others, as the study
aimed to provide insights into the relationship between CSR activities and environmental sustainability across
different industries.
The primary research findings and the secondary research findings both show that there is a positive
relationship between Number of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and environmental
sustainability. This has proven by different researchers which the researches were conducted for different
fields and in different contexts. Therefore, it can be concluded that number of CSR activities promotes
sustainable environment.
Financial Investment in CSR.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.128. So, it shows that by increasing the investment on
the CSR activities, promotes environmental sustainability. A study found evidence suggesting that companies
engaging in CSR practices tend to exhibit better environmental sustainability performance (Belal, A.
R.,2007). While the specific effect of investment in CSR activities is not explicitly examined, CSR practices
often involve investments in environmentally friendly technologies, processes, and initiatives.

The primary research findings and the secondary research findings both show that there is a positive
relationship between incraese in investment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and
environmental sustainability. This has proven by different researchers which the researches were conducted
for different fields and in different contexts.
Employee Engagement in CSR activities.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
negative correlation, with the correlation reading of -0.017. So, it shows that by having employees participate
in the CSR activities has no effect on promoting environmental sustainability. A study found that contrast
my finding. The study says that there is a positive relationship between employee participation in corporate
social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and environmental sustainability depending on various context (Jones,
D. A.,2017). Factors such as organizational culture, leadership support, and the nature of CSR initiatives can
influence the extent to which employee involvement contributes to environmental sustainability efforts.
Though the secondary findings all shows contract findings compared this research finding that can be
considered as this research conducted in a different context where all the other researchers conducted in
different contexts and therefore research findings can be differ based on the context and based on the
respondents selected.
Stakeholder collaboration.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.090. So, it shows that by collaborating with the
stakeholders it evidently promotes environmental sustainability. A study found that collaborating with
stakeholders positively influences environmental sustainability outcomes for small businesses in the food and
drink industry. (Phillips, W.,2009). Stakeholder collaboration facilitates the exchange of knowledge,
resources, and best practices, which can lead to the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and the
reduction of negative environmental impacts.
The primary research findings and the secondary research findings both show that there is a positive
relationship between collaborating with stakeholders of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and
environmental sustainability. This has proven by different researchers which the research were conducted for
different fields and in different contexts.
CSR program duration.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
negative correlation, with the correlation reading of -0.057. So, it shows that by increasing the CSR program
duration doesn't promote environmental sustainability. There is a contrasting study. The study found that
there is a positive relationship between numbers of CSR activities and environmental sustainability (Demir,
C.2017). The study identifies several factors that influence environmental sustainability, such as corporate
governance, financial performance, and industry characteristics. It suggests that these factors may play a
more significant role in promoting environmental sustainability.
Though the secondary findings all show contract findings compared this research finding that can be
considered as this research conducted in a different context where all the other researchers conducted in
different contexts and therefore research findings can be differ based on the context and based on the
respondents selected.
5.2.2 - RO2: Adoption of CSR initiatives related to environmental sustainability.
Motivations for CSR Adoption
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a moderate
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.346**. So, it shows that by having the motivation to do
a CSR actually promote environmental sustainability. There is no direct study but a study found that MNC
subsidiaries in Bangladesh are motivated to engage in CSR activities to align themselves with global CSR
initiatives and standards. This includes environmental sustainability goals set by international organizations
and frameworks (Khan, A., 2013). MNC subsidiaries undertake CSR activities, including those related to
environmental sustainability, to enhance their corporate image and reputation both locally and
internationally. While this study specifically focuses on motivations for CSR reporting, the motivations
identified can apply to broader CSR activities, including those aimed at promoting environmental
sustainability. It suggests that motivations such as alignment with global standards, desire for social
recognition, regulatory compliance, and ethical considerations can incentivize companies to prioritize
environmental sustainability within their CSR initiatives.
Strategic Considerations in CSR Adoption
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.162. So, it shows that by planning and doing the CSR
activities and its goal is important. This successful adoption would lead to promote environmental
sustainability. A study emphasizes the importance of strategically integrating CSR initiatives into corporate
strategy (Bansal, P., 2005). The study also further says that firms that strategically adopt CSR initiatives
focused on environmental sustainability can gain a competitive advantage. By implementing environmentally
friendly practices, such as reducing carbon emissions, minimizing waste, or adopting renewable energy
sources, companies can enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and differentiate their products or
services in the market.

Overall, the study underscores the strategic considerations in CSR adoption and highlights how firms can use
CSR as a driver for environmental sustainability. Which also supports my research question.
Financial Investment in CSR adoption.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.077. So, it shows that companies like Tea Tang should
invest to adopt the CSR initiatives to promote sustainably environment. A study supports my findings which
investigates the relationship between financial investment in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives
and environmental sustainability performance over time and it is positive as my findings. The study found
evidence suggesting that financial investment in CSR initiatives positively influences environmental
sustainability performance (Schaltegger, S., 2017). The study highlights the importance of targeted
investments in CSR initiatives that directly address environmental challenges. Financial resources allocated
to initiatives such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, and implementing
sustainable production practices have a significant impact on enhancing environmental sustainability
performance.
Therefore the secondary research supports my findings that there is a positive relation between financial
investment in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and environmental sustainability performance.
Employee Involvement in CSR Adoption
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
negative correlation, with the correlation reading of -0.048. So, it shows that there s no link between the
employees engagement in CSR adoption and the sustainable environment has no link. Because, if they refuse
the organization aways has an option to find someone else who would share the same goals as the company.
There is a contractory study which disproves my finding. The revealed a positive relationship between
employee involvement in CSR initiatives and environmental sustainability. When employees are actively
engaged in CSR activities, including those related to environmental initiatives, companies tend to achieve
better environmental sustainability outcomes(Jones, 2017). Employees who are actively involved in CSR
initiatives often develop a greater awareness of environmental issues and challenges. This heightened
environmental consciousness can lead to the adoption of more sustainable behaviors both at work and in
employees' personal lives, further promoting environmental sustainability.
Overall, the findings suggest that employee involvement in CSR adoption plays a significant role in
promoting environmental sustainability within organizations, which disproves my findings.
Alignment with Environmental Goals
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.053. So, it shows that there's a link between the
alignment with the environmental goals and promoting the sustainable environment. A study found a positive
association between corporate environmental responsibility (CER) and firm performance. Firms that
demonstrated higher levels of CER performance tended to experience better financial outcomes (King, A.
A., 2001). This suggests that alignment with environmental goals can contribute to business success and
financial performance. When companies align their operations, practices, and goals with environmental
objectives, they can contribute to the preservation and enhancement of natural resources, reduction of
pollution, and mitigation of climate change. This alignment can lead to tangible improvements in air and
water quality, biodiversity conservation, and overall ecosystem health.
5.2.3 - RO3 - Implementation and maintenance of environmentally sustainable practices
Collaborative Projects Number
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.193. So, it shows that there's a link between the number
of collaborative projects and promoting the sustainable environment. A study highlights the importance of
collaborative environmental governance in achieving collective action for sustainable resource management
(Bodin, Ö., 2009). It identifies factors such as trust, communication, and institutional arrangements that
contribute to the success of collaborative projects. Effective collaboration among diverse stakeholders is
essential for addressing complex environmental challenges and promoting sustainability.
Stakeholder Satisfaction Rate.
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.197. So, it shows by satisfying the stakeholder rate, it
improves the environments sustainability. A study explores the relationship between corporate social
responsibility (CSR), stakeholder engagement, and sustainable supply chains. It finds that involving
stakeholders in CSR initiatives, including environmental sustainability efforts, can lead to improved
environmental performance throughout the supply chain (Seuring & Müller, 2008). Stakeholder engagement
fosters collaboration, innovation, and knowledge sharing, contributing to more sustainable business
practices.
Therefore, the secondary research supports my finding saying that there is a positive relationship between
corporate social responsibility (CSR) & stakeholder engagement.
% Supply Chain Engagement
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.146. So, it shows that there is a positive link between
% supply chain management and environments sustainability. The study investigates the impact of
sustainable supply chain management practices on corporate financial performance using the FTSE4Good
Index (Grewal, C., 2018). It finds a positive relationship between environmental sustainability initiatives in
the supply chain and corporate financial performance, suggesting that investments in sustainable supply chain
management can yield financial benefits for companies.
NGO Partnerships Number
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.168. So, it shows that by partnering with NGO it could
evidently promote environments sustainability. A study discusses partnerships between NGOs, corporations,
and governments for sustainable development.(Cashore, B., 2000). It highlights the role of partnerships in
addressing environmental challenges and achieving sustainability goals, emphasizing the importance of
collaborative governance mechanisms in promoting environmental sustainability. There fore this secondary
research supports my findings.
Consultation frequency
Based on the primary research findings result it appeared that, the Number of CSR programs have a weak
positive correlation, with the correlation reading of 0.201. So, it shows that by having a huge consultation
frequency it promotes sustainable environment. A study proposes an evaluation framework for assessing
public participation in environmental decision-making processes.(Chess, C., et al., 1999). It suggests that
effective public consultation should be evaluated based on social goals, such as inclusiveness, fairness,
transparency, and empowerment, to determine its effectiveness in achieving sustainable environmental
outcomes. Therefore supporting my finding strongly.
5.3 Contribution to the Knowledge
Reflect on the effectiveness of research methods applied for meeting objectives of the business research
project
 Research philosophy (realism).
Realism, philosophies effectiveness was not as strong as expected but not bad either. The philosophy
provided a foundation for the research.
It has a major impact on how the research designs, questions and research ethics were formed. In other
words, it is appropriate to research things as they are in their natural settings, and by attempting to
make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them that are real.
(Denzin and Lincoln (2000: p. 8)).

 Research approach (Inductive).

Inductive research helped me with observing the CSR initiatives done by Tea Tang. This approach
helped me to generalize the conclusion to all conditions. This approach gave me freedom to determine
the course of research without any prior theory being applied.

 Research type(quantitative).
Quantitative is fast, focused and scientific. It helped with gathering a huge data and convert them into
numerical. Which made the interpretation of the data set very easy for this research as the sample size
was huge.

 Research strategy (survey / case study).

The previous survey and the case study gave a real understanding of my objectives and how to navigate
towards it, by cross checking with previous studies. This method was helpful because as a researcher
I knew what to expect on the outcome.

 Choice (mono).
 Mono-method haelp me focus on the approach to research, allowing an in-depth exploration of the
research question. This method also reduce the time because it helped me what iam looking for and
ensured that the data collection and analysis are consistent.

 Time horizon (cross sectional).

Cross-sectional study didn't cost me much of my time. It allowed me to collect data from a large pool
of subjects and comare the differences. It was less burdensome compared to other studies such as
longitudinal studies, making them more accessible.

 Data collecting methods (Survey questionnaire).

Surbey questionnaire is the best way to collect data if the researcher is trying to gather data from a
large sample size. I had a sample size of 59 and it was helpful, because it was sent via email all at once
to the Tea tang employees.

Consider alternative research methodologies and lessons learnt in view of the outcomes
 Research Philosophy (Interpretivism): Interpretivism is better because it can cover a broader
perspective on the meanings and interpretations of CSR initiatives. interpretivism encourages researchers
to explore and understand the complexities of human experiences and social interactions from the
perspective of the participants themselves. This will easily allow on how the participants feel about the
CSR initiatives.

 Research Approach (Mixed Methods): Mixed methods approach could combine quantitative and
qualitative data to gain deeper insights into the CSR initiatives. Because mixed methods combine both the
qualitative and quantitative research methods. It would allow me to explore research questions from
multiple perspectives, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.

 Research Type (Qualitative): Qualitative research could provide a richer understanding of the
motivations and perceptions behind CSR initiatives. Qualitative might be time-consuming but we can
really understand the answer and have a proper expected outcome. This would also eliminate certain issues
such as the respondents answering the questionnaire without properly understanding the question because
there is no one to explain it to them.

 Research Strategy (Surveys and Case studies): Experimental design could be used to test specific
hypotheses related to the effectiveness of CSR initiatives. I will not trade the Survey and Case studies for
a different option. This proved to be very effective in my research. And the research and case studies that's
available to the public should not be faked by any researcher or organization. And it is also less time-
consuming

 Choice (mixed and multi methods):

 Time horizon (longitudinal): My alternative for the time horizon would be longitudinal. This approach
lets the researcher to observe changes and developments over time, providing a deeper understanding of
how variables evolve and interact. This would help me to know how the CSR initiatives being impacted
to the sustainable environment, if there is any side-effects so to speak. Is there any negligence...etc.

 Data collecting methods (interview questions and observation): The data collecting methods as
mentioned previously in the alternative for the research type – Qualitative, interviews come under that
 type. It makes the respondents to understand the idea better and give a proper answer without being bias.
Or misunderstood.

Lessons learned.
5.4 Research Limitations.
Data Validity - The research limitations were the data that were given from the participants. The data could
be biased or given without the proper understanding of the question. This could hugely affect the final
hypothesis. Certain employee might have given a biased answer towards the orgainzation due to their loyalty
towards Tea Tang.
The time limitation – I couldn’t complete the research in the given time. The data that came from the
participant took a very long time, which effected my report submission date. It is not appropriate for me to
force the participants to fill the questionnaire, because I am from a different department, any unnecessary
quarrel with them might bring problems to my work-life.
5.5 Personal Reflection.
Benefits that author got from the research.
As an author I learned how to make proper research using the appropriate methods and to analyse and describe
the data set. I as a researcher have also understood the importance of validity, constraints and limitations, and
how it would effect the outcome and the readers. If the research is wrong it might bring a different conclusion
to the future researcher who uses this study to do their research, and it would create a ripple like effect making
all the resraches incorrect.
Benefits that organization got from the research.
The chosen organization - Tea Tang, might be able to do any corrections on their initiatives. By looking at the
hypothesis given, Tea Tang can tell how their employees feel about certain questions regarding, financial,
stakeholder ship, NGO...etc towards CSR. This might help them to do the initiatives that would efficiently
affect the sustainability of the environment.

What things do you think worked well and why? Evaluate all aspects of the project (e.g. initial inception,
project activities and project outcomes) from a range of perspectives.
The initial inception worked well under the scope of the project. The objectives and the scope were clearly
defined from the beginning, which helped in setting expectations and planning the resources.
This worked well because I work in the organization that I have chosen for this research. I found out the key
details from my colleagues which ensured that potential risks were identified early, and a realistic timeline
was established.
Project activities. Proper and agile methodologies were used. Allowing for flexibility in time and adapting to
change requirements.
The methodologies that were used did not interfere with any other work for the participants, it didn't take
much of their time.
The outcome of the project achieved its key variables. Because the DV & IV were created after the proper
research on the organization, the research methods and their gaps, it allowed for the required outcome to be
produced.
What problems emerged during the project and how were they tackled? Was there timely identification
of issues and resolution during the project process?
There was no big issue than the time issue which I have mentioned already. The time issue cannot be tackled
easily with the quantitative data, there could be certain limitations such as the employees being busy and
forgetting about it, ignoring it and other types of rude employees.
What did you learn from undertaking the project?
As described earlier I did learn how to create an effective report. Undertaking the project allowed me to
understand the intricacies of interpreting Pearson correlation values and their significance in hypothesis
testing. It also gave me insights into Research methodologies and how they can be effectively applied in
various scenarios.
The study on 'The role of corporate social responsibility in promoting environmental sustainability: A Case
study of Tea Tang' yielded several significant insights. Firstly, it became evident that there is no statistically
significant relationship between Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility initiatives and its environmental
sustainability practices. This finding challenges the conventional wisdom that robust CSR programs inherently
lead to improved environmental outcomes.
Secondly, Tea Tang's adoption of CSR initiatives focused on environmental sustainability is predominantly
motivated by external pressures and regulatory compliance rather than internal strategic initiatives. This
suggests that while the company is responsive to external expectations, the integration of sustainability into
core business practices may require further internal alignment and commitment.
Lastly, the research revealed that Tea Tang faces minimal challenges in both the implementation and
maintenance of environmentally sustainable practices. This operational ease contrasts with the commonly
perceived barriers to sustainable practices in corporate settings, highlighting potential areas for optimizing
resource allocation and enhancing sustainability performance.
In conclusion, the project underscored the complexities and nuances involved in linking CSR efforts to
environmental sustainability outcomes, emphasizing the need for continued research and strategic alignment
to achieve lasting environmental impacts."
But I also learned that having a report and using it as a valid source sometimes could end up in danger. We
need to question many things instead of taking the report as a face value. Government could play a huge role
on manipulating the research, there was a study done where the doctors claimed smoking cigarette does not
have any harm in the body. So, we need to understand what the agenda of the researcher is, is he a trustable
person, is he affiliated with other 3rd party to promote or destroy a study for the sake of money.
What strengths and weaknesses of your performance did you identify?
My strength that I identified was my ability to read and understand the case study without any help.
Researching from other sources was easier and I was able to instantly identify the pros and cons of the
methodology which helped me in a huge way to construct my Chapter 1,2 and 3.
My weakness is the research investigation & analysis. The findings of correlation was a huge task for me as a
researcher.
How will this inform and support your continuous professional development?
Conducting the study on Tea Tang's corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and their impact on
environmental sustainability has been a significant learning experience that will greatly inform and support
my continuous professional development. The study's findings have provided me with a nuanced
understanding of the relationship between CSR initiatives and environmental sustainability. Recognizing that
external pressures and regulatory compliance primarily drive CSR adoption highlights the importance of
understanding the broader context in which businesses operate. This insight will inform my approach to
advising or implementing CSR strategies in future roles, ensuring they are both effective and aligned with
organizational and societal expectations.
Understanding that Tea Tang encounters no significant challenges in implementing and maintaining
sustainable practices will guide my approach to problem-solving and strategy development in real-world
scenarios. It highlights the importance of effective planning and resource management, skills that are
transferable to various professional contexts.
 CHAPTER 06: RECOMMENDATION
6.1. RO1 - Recommendation.

Number of CSR activities.

Because, the number of CSR activities have been proved to be effective, I as a researcher is going to
recommend diversifying the CSR activities.
Recommendation: Introduce a variety of CSR programs that target different aspects of environmental
sustainability, such as reducing carbon footprint, water conservation, and waste management.
By diversifying CSR initiatives to include reducing carbon footprint, water conservation, and waste
management, Tea Tang can comprehensively address various aspects of environmental sustainability. This
approach not only ensures a more significant overall impact but also helps in meeting diverse stakeholder
expectations and regulatory requirements, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and resilient business
model. Research indicates that organizations that implement a wide range of sustainability practices are better
positioned to mitigate environmental risks and enhance their overall sustainability performance (Porter &
Kramer, 2011).

Advantages Disadvantages
 Proactively addressing various  Managing a diverse range of initiatives
environmental issues helps ensure can be complex and resource-intensive,
compliance with existing and future requiring careful coordination and
regulations, reducing legal risks and monitoring.
positioning the company as a leader in
sustainability (Bansal & Roth, 2000).  Regulatory landscapes can be complex
and constantly changing, requiring ongoing
 Addressing multiple aspects of investment in compliance and monitoring
sustainability (carbon footprint, water efforts.
conservation, waste management) ensures a
broad and meaningful environmental impact.
This can enhance the company's overall
environmental performance and contribute to
global sustainability goals (Porter & Kramer,
2011).

Recommendation.
Establish a Dedicated CSR Team.
Create a dedicated CSR team responsible for planning, coordinating, and monitoring various initiatives. This
team should include individuals with expertise in environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance, and
project management.
A dedicated team can ensure focused attention on CSR goals and streamline efforts across different initiatives,
leading to more effective management and coordination (Epstein & Buhovac, 2014). This approach also
enables the organization to build specialized knowledge and skills, enhancing the overall efficiency and impact
of CSR activities (Dahlsrud, 2008).
Financial Investment in CSR.
Recommendation: Align CSR Goals with Business Objectives, ensure that CSR initiatives are closely aligned
with the core business strategy and objectives. This alignment can help in securing more internal support and
funding for CSR activities.
Aligning CSR goals with business objectives could ensure the success and sustainability of CSR initiatives.
This alignment helps in integrating CSR into the company's strategic framework, leading to better resource
allocation, enhanced stakeholder engagement, and improved overall performance.
When CSR initiatives are aligned with business objectives, they become part of the strategic agenda rather
than isolated activities. This integration ensures that CSR efforts support the company’s long-term goals and
contribute to competitive advantage. As Porter and Kramer (2006) state, “CSR can be much more than a cost,
a constraint, or a charitable deed—it can be a source of opportunity, innovation, and competitive advantage”.

Advantage Disadvantage
 CSR initiatives that are aligned with  Aligning CSR too closely with
business objectives are more likely to support immediate business objectives can lead to a
the company’s overall strategic goals. This short-term focus, potentially neglecting
ensures that CSR efforts contribute to long- longer-term societal and environmental
term business success and sustainability. benefits.

 Aligning CSR with business objectives  There is a risk that CSR initiatives may
ensures that resources are used more become superficial or performative, aimed
effectively. Companies are more likely to more at enhancing the company's image
invest in CSR initiatives that are seen as rather than achieving genuine social or
strategic priorities, leading to better funding environmental impact.
and resource management.

Recommendation.
Ensure that CSR values are deeply embedded in the company’s culture. This involves training employees,
encouraging ethical behavior, and integrating CSR principles into daily business operations.
A strong CSR culture promotes genuine engagement and prevents initiatives from being merely performative.
Burke and Logsdon (1996) argue that integrating CSR into the organizational culture enhances the
effectiveness and authenticity of CSR efforts .
Recommendation: Ensure that senior management and leaders are visibly supportive and involved in CSR
initiatives. Their active participation can inspire and motivate employees to follow suit.
Senior management and leaders play a crucial role in fostering employee engagement in CSR activities. Their
active participation and visible support can inspire employees and lead to greater involvement in CSR
initiatives.
According to a study by Aguinis and Glavas (2012), leadership involvement in CSR positively influences
employees' perceptions and attitudes towards CSR. They found that when employees perceive strong
leadership support for CSR initiatives, they are more likely to engage in such activities themselves. This is
because leadership involvement signals the importance of CSR within the organization and sets a positive
example for employees (Aguinis & Glavas, 2012).

Advantage Disadvantage
When senior management actively If senior management involvement in CSR
participates in CSR activities, it can inspire initiatives is perceived as superficial or
and motivate employees to engage in similar insincere, it may undermine employee trust
activities. This can create a positive and commitment. Employees may view it as
organizational culture centered around social a checkbox exercise rather than a genuine
responsibility. commitment to social responsibility.
 Employees may feel a stronger sense of Involvement in CSR activities can require
commitment to the organization when they significant time and resources from senior
see that leaders are committed to CSR. This management. This may divert attention from
can lead to higher employee morale and job other critical business priorities.
satisfaction.

Recommendation.
Ensure that senior management connects personally with CSR initiatives. They should share stories and
experiences that demonstrate their genuine commitment to social responsibility (Aguinis & Glavas, 2012).
Stakeholder collaboration.
Clearly identify all stakeholders relevant to your CSR initiatives. This includes internal (employees,
management) and external stakeholders (customers, suppliers, local communities).
"Identifying and understanding stakeholders is a fundamental step in the CSR process. Stakeholders include
those both within and outside the organization who can significantly impact or be impacted by the
organization's activities, products, or services." (Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability (ISEA), 2024).

Advantage Disadvantage
 When all stakeholders are identified, it  Managing a diverse range of stakeholders
becomes easier to engage with them can be complex, requiring significant
effectively, ensuring their interests and resources and coordination.
concerns are considered.
 Stakeholders may have conflicting
 Understanding stakeholders allows for interests, making it challenging to satisfy all
the development of more targeted and parties simultaneously.
impactful CSR strategies that address key
concerns and priorities.

Recommendation.
Conduct a thorough stakeholder analysis to identify key stakeholders, their interests, and their level of
influence. This will help prioritize stakeholders and focus resources where they are most needed (Freeman,
1984).
Not all stakeholders are equal in terms of their influence or interest in your organization. By conducting a
thorough analysis, you can identify key stakeholders who have the most significant impact on or are most
affected by your organization's activities. This allows you to prioritize your efforts and resources accordingly.
CSR program duration.
Recommendation: Consider implementing CSR programs with a long-term perspective rather than short-term
initiatives. Long-term CSR programs allow companies to build trust and strong relationships with
stakeholders, which is crucial for sustainable business practices. According to Porter and Kramer (2011),
"Sustainability issues are at their core relationships, both with stakeholders and with the natural environment.
Long-term relationships of mutual respect and trust are essential" (Porter & Kramer, 2011, p. 64).Long-term
CSR initiatives have the potential to address complex social and environmental issues more effectively.
Advantage Disadvantage
 Building long-term CSR programs helps  Implementing long-term CSR programs
foster trust and strong relationships with can require significant initial investment,
stakeholders, which are essential for which may be a burden for smaller
sustainable business operations. companies.
  Long-term initiatives allow companies to  The benefits of long-term CSR programs
tackle the root causes of social and may take time to materialize, leading to
environmental problems rather than delayed returns on investment.
providing short-term fixes.

6.2. RO2 – Recommendation.

Motivation in CSR adoption.
Recommendation: Enhance Awareness and Education.
Implement regular training sessions to educate employees about the importance and benefits of CSR. This can
foster a culture of responsibility and commitment throughout the organization. Studies have shown that well-
informed employees are more likely to support and participate in CSR initiatives (Aguinis & Glavas, 2012) .
Promote Success Stories, share success stories of how CSR activities have positively impacted the company
and society. This can serve as a motivational tool, demonstrating the tangible benefits of CSR initiatives (Du,
Bhattacharya, & Sen, 2010).
Advantage Disadvantage
 Educated employees are more likely to  Developing and implementing training
support and actively participate in CSR programs can be costly and time-consuming.
initiatives.
 Not all employees may engage equally,
 Awareness programs can foster a culture leading to uneven awareness and
of responsibility and ethical behavior within commitment across the organization.
the organization.

Recommendation
Leverage e-learning platforms and digital tools to deliver CSR training. E-learning provides benefits such as
reducing costs associated with travel, materials, and facilitators. Digital platforms can reach a large number
of employees simultaneously. Employees can access training at their own pace and convenience, increasing
engagement. Studies have shown that e-learning can be a cost-effective and scalable solution for training,
allowing organizations to reach a broader audience with consistent content (Clark & Mayer, 2016).
Strategic Considerations in CSR Adoption
Recommendation: Align CSR with Core Business Strategy
Aligning Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with the core business strategy is essential for several
reasons. It ensures that CSR activities are not seen as peripheral or unrelated to the main business operations
but as integral components that contribute to the company's overall success. When CSR is aligned with the
core business strategy, it becomes a part of the company’s DNA rather than a separate or add-on activity. This
integration helps in leveraging the company's existing capabilities and resources to address social and
environmental issues effectively (Porter, M.E., & Kramer, M.R. 2006).
Advantages Disadvantages
 Aligning CSR with the core business  Aligning CSR with core business strategy
strategy enhances a company's reputation by can be resource-intensive. It requires
demonstrating a genuine commitment to significant investment in terms of time,
social and environmental issues. This can money, and human resources.
lead to increased customer loyalty and trust.
 Implementing CSR initiatives that are
 When CSR initiatives are strategically aligned with the business strategy can be
aligned with business goals, they can create complex, requiring coordination across
unique competitive advantages by various departments and integration into
existing business processes.
 differentiating the company from its
competitors.

Recommendation.
Conduct a Comprehensive CSR Audit. Begin with a thorough audit of existing CSR activities and their
alignment with the core business strategy. This audit should identify gaps, redundancies, and opportunities for
integration. It will provide a clear understanding of current resources and help in planning efficient allocation.
Engage internal teams and external consultants to conduct the audit and develop a detailed report with
actionable insights (Epstein, M.J., & Buhovac, A.R. 2014).
Financial Investment in CSR adoption.
et aside a specific percentage of your annual revenue for CSR activities. This ensures that CSR initiatives are
not underfunded and can be effectively planned and executed. Research indicates that companies with
dedicated CSR budgets tend to have more successful and impactful programs (Bhattacharya, Sen, & Korschun,
2011). By allocating a fixed percentage of revenue to CSR, companies ensure that there is a stable and reliable
source of funding for these activities. This prevents CSR initiatives from being underfunded or deprioritized
during financial downturns or competing priorities within the company.
Advantage Disadvantage
 Ensures a steady and reliable source of  Allocating a percentage of revenue may
funding for CSR initiatives. strain financial resources, particularly for
smaller or financially constrained
 Prevents underfunding and allows for companies.
long-term planning and execution.
 Limits flexibility in allocating funds to
other strategic priorities.

Recommendations.
Begin with a modest percentage of revenue allocated to CSR and gradually increase it as financial stability
and capacity grow. According to research, small companies can start with targeted CSR initiatives that align
with their business goals and gradually expand their commitment as they grow (Source: EY, 2020).
Employee Involvement in CSR Adoption
Foster open communication channels and transparency regarding CSR initiatives.
Open communication and transparency can build trust among stakeholders, including employees, customers,
and investors. According to a study by Turker (2009), transparency in CSR activities can enhance trust and
credibility with stakeholders. Openness about CSR initiatives can help manage corporate reputation
effectively. A study by Bhattacharya et al. (2008) suggests that transparent communication about CSR efforts
can enhance corporate reputation and brand image.
Advantage Disadvantage
 Open communication builds trust and  Disclosing sensitive CSR information
credibility with stakeholders, including may provide competitors with insights into
employees, customers, investors, and strategies and operations.
communities.
 Transparent communication can
 Transparent CSR initiatives can enhance highlight shortcomings or failures in CSR
corporate reputation and brand image. efforts, leading to negative publicity.

Recommendation.
Clearly define environmental sustainability goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-
bound (SMART). This helps in focusing efforts and measuring progress (Kaplan & Norton, 1996)." Kaplan
and Norton's Balanced Scorecard framework (1996) emphasizes the importance of setting SMART goals to
effectively manage and measure organizational performance. When applied to environmental
sustainability. SMART goals provide clear metrics against which progress can be measured. This facilitates
tracking and accountability, allowing organizations to assess whether they are on track to meet their
sustainability objectives.
Advantage Disadvantage
 SMART goals provide clarity on what  SMART goals may become too rigid and
needs to be achieved and ensure that efforts may not allow for flexibility in response to
are focused on specific environmental changing circumstances or emerging
outcomes. opportunities.

 SMART goals are measurable, which  The focus on achieving short-term

allows organizations to track progress over SMART goals may sometimes detract from
time and assess the impact of sustainability longer-term strategic sustainability
initiatives. planning.

Recommendation
Balance SMART goals with the need for flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances and emerging
opportunities. According to Tavares and Tavares (2014), "A strict focus on SMART goals can hinder
organizational agility and flexibility, limiting the ability to respond to changing environmental conditions and
emerging sustainability opportunities" (Tavares & Tavares, 2014).
6.3. RO3 – Recommendation
Collaborative Projects Number.
Encourage dialogue between different sectors (business, government, civil society). According to the United
Nations Global Compact, fostering dialogue between sectors allows for the exchange of knowledge and best
practices, which are essential for developing effective CSR initiatives (UN Global Compact, 2020).
Collaborative dialogue can spur the development of innovative CSR projects by combining diverse
perspectives and expertise from different sectors.
Advantage Disadvantage
 Dialogue facilitates the exchange of  Different sectors may have varying levels
knowledge and expertise among sectors, of resources and capabilities, which can
enabling a deeper understanding of issues hinder effective collaboration and limit the
and potential solutions (UN Global Compact, scope of CSR projects (Harvard Kennedy
2020). School, n.d.).

 Collaboration fosters creativity and  Managing conflicts of interest and

innovation, leading to the development of disagreements between sectors can be
new and more effective CSR projects challenging, potentially undermining the
(European Commission, 2019). effectiveness of collaborative efforts
(European Commission, 2019).

Recommendations
Implement structured conflict resolution mechanisms and protocols that address conflicts of interest openly
and transparently. Clear roles and responsibilities ensure that each sector understands its contributions and
commitments to the project. This alignment helps in optimizing the use of resources and capabilities, reducing
inefficiencies and misunderstandings (European Commission, 2019).
Capacity-building initiatives improve the capabilities of less-resourced sectors, enabling them to contribute
more effectively to CSR projects. This promotes a more balanced and sustainable collaboration among sectors
(UN Global Compact, 2020).
Stakeholder Satisfaction Rate.
Ensure clear and regular communication with stakeholders. Use various channels such as meetings,
newsletters, and social media to keep stakeholders informed (Mitchell, Agle, & Wood, 1997). Mitchell, Agle,
and Wood (1997) argue that clear and regular communication fosters stronger relationships with stakeholders.
By using various channels such as meetings, newsletters, and social media, organizations can reach different
stakeholder groups effectively. Clear communication enhances transparency, which is crucial for building
trust and credibility with stakeholders. Regular updates through newsletters and social media ensure that
stakeholders are informed about the organization’s activities and progress.
Advantage Disadvantage
 Effective communication fosters stronger  Managing multiple communication
relationships with stakeholders, enhancing channels requires significant time and
their engagement and commitment. resources.

 Clear communication builds trust and  Excessive communication can

credibility by providing stakeholders with overwhelm stakeholders with too much
information about organizational activities information, leading to disengagement.
and decisions.

Recommendations.
Focus on delivering clear and concise messages that align with organizational goals and stakeholder interests
(Fieseler and Fleck 2013). By focusing on delivering clear and concise messages that are aligned with
organizational goals and stakeholder interests, you can reduce the volume of information being communicated.
This helps in preventing stakeholders from feeling overwhelmed and ensures that they receive the most
important and relevant information.

% Supply Chain Engagement.

Implement a comprehensive supplier code of conduct that includes CSR expectations and guidelines for
suppliers. This can enhance supply chain engagement in CSR initiatives (Du, Bhattacharya, & Sen, 2010). A
supplier code of conduct outlines the ethical and CSR expectations that suppliers must adhere to when
conducting business with your organization. It typically includes commitments to environmental
sustainability, fair labor practices, and ethical business conduct. By clearly communicating CSR expectations,
you set a standard for suppliers to follow. This helps align their practices with your organization's CSR goals,
ensuring consistency across the supply chain and reducing risks related to unethical practices (Du,
Bhattacharya, & Sen, 2010).
Advantage Disadvantage
 Provides clarity on CSR expectations and  Some suppliers may struggle to meet the
ethical standards for suppliers. requirements initially, requiring support and
guidance.
 Empowers suppliers with the knowledge
and skills to implement CSR practices  Requires coordination and alignment of
effectively. goals and resources among multiple parties.

Recommendation.
Offer comprehensive training programs to suppliers on CSR principles and practices.
Training will equip suppliers with the necessary knowledge and skills to understand and implement CSR
requirements effectively (Hahn, 2013). Offering comprehensive training programs to suppliers on CSR
principles and practices is essential. These programs should cover topics such as environmental management,
labor rights, ethical sourcing, and community engagement. By educating suppliers, you empower them with
the knowledge and skills needed to understand CSR requirements and implement them effectively.
NGO Partnerships Number
Ensure that the NGO's mission aligns closely with your CSR goals. This alignment increases the likelihood of
successful collaboration (Gupta, 2020). When an NGO's mission aligns closely with a company's CSR goals,
it means that both organizations are working towards similar social or environmental objectives. This
alignment ensures that their efforts are complementary rather than conflicting. Successful collaboration refers
to the ability of both the company and the NGO to work together effectively towards achieving shared goals.
When their missions are aligned, they are more likely to collaborate successfully because they have a common
understanding and purpose.
Advantages Disadvantages
When the missions align, both the company and Narrowing down NGO partners based on
the NGO can work towards shared social or mission alignment may limit the pool of potential
environmental objectives more effectively, collaborators, potentially excluding
resulting in a greater impact on the targeted organizations with different but complementary
issues. expertise or approaches.

Alignment fosters a shared vision between the If not managed carefully, closely aligned
company and the NGO, promoting better missions could lead to overlapping initiatives or
understanding and cooperation in achieving CSR redundant efforts, which may waste resources or
goals. create confusion.

Recommendation.
While aligning NGO partners' missions with corporate CSR goals is crucial for effective collaboration, it's
important to avoid overly restrictive criteria that could limit potential collaborators. Companies should
consider including NGOs with different but complementary expertise or approaches to maximize impact
(Smith, 2021). Additionally, proactive management and coordination are essential to mitigate the risk of
overlapping initiatives and ensure efficient resource allocation.
Consultation frequency
Increase the frequency of consultations with stakeholders, including both internal and external parties, to
ensure alignment of CSR projects with stakeholder expectations and to gather feedback for continuous
improvement. Regular consultations ensure that CSR projects are aligned with the expectations and needs of
stakeholders. This alignment is vital for the projects to have a meaningful impact and to gain support from
key stakeholders. Frequent consultations allow for the collection of ongoing feedback. This feedback helps in
understanding how stakeholders perceive the CSR initiatives, what improvements can be made, and what new
initiatives might be necessary (Kumar, R., & Mirchandani, 2012).
Advantage Disadvantage
 Regular consultations ensure that CSR  Increased consultations require time and
projects are aligned with stakeholder resources.
expectations and needs.
 This can strain organizational resources,
 This alignment increases the likelihood especially if not managed efficiently.
of stakeholder support and engagement.

Recommendation.
Prioritize consultations with key stakeholders who have the greatest impact on or are most affected by CSR
initiatives. By focusing resources on stakeholders who are most critical to the success of CSR projects,
organizations can ensure that their efforts are targeted where they will have the most significant impact. This
approach helps in optimizing the use of limited resources and ensures that consultations are meaningful and
effective.
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