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Module 2-4 Electrical Networks Transfer Function

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69 views

Module 2-4 Electrical Networks Transfer Function

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ganironremalyn01
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2.

4 Electrical Network Transfer Functions


In this section, we formally apply the transfer function to the mathematical modeling of
electric circuits including passive networks and operational amplifier circuits.
Subsequent sections cover mechanical and electromechanical systems.

Equivalent circuits for the electric networks that we work with first consist of three
passive linear components: resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 2 Table 2.3 summarizes
the components and the relationships between voltage and current and between voltage
and charge under zero initial conditions.

We now combine electrical components into circuits, decide on the input and output, and
find the transfer function. Our guiding principles are Kirchhoff’s laws. We sum voltages
around loops or sum currents at nodes, depending on which technique involves the least
effort in algebraic manipulation, and then equate the result to zero. From these
relationships we can write the differential equations for the circuit. Then we can take the
Laplace transforms of the differential equations and finally solve for the transfer function.

Simple Circuits via Mesh Analysis


Transfer functions can be obtained using Kirchhoff’s voltage law and summing voltages
around loops or meshes.3 We call this method loop or mesh analysis and demonstrate it
in the following example.

Passive means that there is no internal source of energy.


2

A particular loop that resembles the spaces in a screen or fence is called a mesh.
3
Let us now develop a technique for simplifying the solution for future problems. First,
take the Laplace transform of the equations in the voltage-current column of Table 2.3
assuming zero initial conditions.
Notice that this function is similar to the definition of resistance, that is, the ratio of
voltage to current. But, unlike resistance, this function is applicable to capacitors and
inductors and carries information on the dynamic behavior of the component, since it
represents an equivalent differential equation. We call this particular transfer function
impedance. The impedance for each of the electrical elements is shown in Table 2.3.

Let us now demonstrate how the concept of impedance simplifies the solution for the
transfer function. The Laplace transform of Eq. (2.61), assuming zero initial conditions, is

Notice that Eq. (2.71), which is in the form

[Sum of impedances] I(s) = [Sum of applied voltages] (2.72)

suggests the series circuit shown in Figure 2.5.

Also notice that the circuit of Figure 2.5 could have been
obtained immediately from the circuit of Figure 2.3 simply by
replacing each element with its impedance. We call this altered
circuit the transformed circuit. Finally, notice that the
transformed circuit leads immediately to Eq. (2.71) if we add
impedances in series as we add resistors in series.

Thus, rather than writing the differential equation first and then taking the Laplace
transform, we can draw the transformed circuit and obtain the Laplace transform of the
differential equation simply by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the transformed
circuit. We summarize the steps as follows:

1. Redraw the original network showing all time variables, such as v(t), i(t),
and vC(t), as Laplace transforms V(s), I(s), and VC(s), respectively.
2. Replace the component values with their impedance values. This
replacement is similar to the case of dc circuits, where we represent
resistors with their resistance values.

We now redo Example 2.6 using the transform methods just described and bypass the
writing of the differential equation.
Simple Circuits via Nodal Analysis
Transfer functions also can be obtained using Kirchhoff’s current law and summing
currents flowing from nodes. We call this method nodal analysis. We now demonstrate
this principle by redoing Example 2.6 using Kirchhoff’s current law and the transform
methods just described to bypass writing the differential equation.
Simple Circuits via Voltage Division
Example 2.6 can be solved directly by using voltage division on the transformed network.
We now demonstrate this technique.

The previous example involves a simple, single-loop electrical network. Many electrical
networks consist of multiple loops and nodes, and for these circuits we must write and
solve simultaneous differential equations in order to find the transfer function, or solve
for the output.

Complex Circuits via Mesh Analysis


To solve complex electrical networks—those with multiple loops and nodes—using mesh
analysis, we can perform the following steps:
1. Replace passive element values with their impedances.
2. Replace all sources and time variables with their Laplace transform.
3. Assume a transform current and a current direction in each mesh.
4. Write Kirchhoff’s voltage law around each mesh.
5. Solve the simultaneous equations for the output.
6. Form the transfer function.
Example 2.10
Transfer Function-Multiple Loops
PROBLEM: Given the network of Figure 2.6(a), find the transfer fw1ction,
!2(s)/V(s).
SOLUTION: 'The first step in the solution is to convert the network into Laplace
transfonns for impedances and circuit variables, assuming zero initial conditions.
The result isshown in Figure 2.6(b). The circuit with which weare dealing requires
two simultaneous equations to solve for tl1e transfer functio1L TI1ese equations can
be found by swnming voltages arow1d each mesh tluough which the assumed
currents,/ ,(s) and l2(s), flow. Around Mesh 1, where /1(s) flows,

R,/1(s) + fa/ 1(s) - Lsfi(s) = V(s) (2.78)


Arow1d Mesh 2, where Ii(s) flov,rs,

(2.79)

11(,)

(b)

FIGURE 2.6 a. Two-loop


electrical network
b. transformed two-loop
electrical net work
c. block diagram (<)
Students who are performing the MATLAB exercises and want to explore the added capability of MATLAB’s
Symbolic Math Toolbox should now run ch2sp4 in Appendix F. You will learn how to use the Symbolic Math
Toolbox to solve simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule. Specifically, the Symbolic Math Toolbox will be
used to solve for the transfer function in Eq. (2.82) using Eq. (2.80).
Complex Circuits via Nodal Analysis
Often, the easiest way to find the transfer function is to use nodal analysis rather than
mesh analysis. The number of simultaneous differential equations that must be written
is equal to the number of nodes whose voltage is unknown. In the previous example we
wrote simultaneous mesh equations using Kirchhoff’s voltage law. For multiple nodes we
use Kirchhoff’s current law and sum currents flowing from each node. Again, as a
convention, currents flowing from the node are assumed to be positive, and currents
flowing into the node are assumed to be negative.

Before progressing to an example, let us first define admittance, Y(s), as the reciprocal of
impedance, or

When writing nodal equations, it can be more convenient to represent circuit elements
by their admittance. Admittances for the basic electrical components are shown in Table
2.3. Let us look at an example.

5In general, admittance is complex. The real part is called conductance and the imaginary part is called
susceptance. But when we take the reciprocal of resistance to obtain the admittance, a purely real
quantity result. The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance.

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