MUSLIM MINDANAO INTEGRATED COLLEGE ACADEMY, INC.
Name: WENDEL T. LONTUA Date: March 19, 2022
Subject: EDCO 206 – Career Guidance
Type of Exam: Final Examination
Questions:
1. Give at least four major career guidance theories and discuss its impact to career
issues in the Philippines both local, national, and global.
2. Come up with a career brochure illustrating the impact of its career to environmental
situations.
3. Discuss the concepts of career planning including career counseling skills and
techniques. Point out the consideration to multicultural career.
Answers:
1. Nowadays, may it be local, national, or international, workplaces are dramatically
changing. Reasons are, first, the continuing distribution of organizations with more
distributed workstyles and workplaces. Second the availability of enabling
technologies and social collaboration tools. Dynamic platforms now are being
combined and synthesized with massive range of tools in doing it, thus it becomes
cheaper and ubiquitous. Third the shortage of knowledge workers. As the generation
advances alongside with technologies, organizations or companies must compete
with workers who are more adept in flexible workplaces. Fourth, there is already a
demand for more flexible workstyles and workplaces. With the emergence of
technological innovations, workplaces must be flexible in working set ups to be
industry-responsive workplaces. And because of all these trends, there is already a
pressure for more sustainable organizations and workstyles.
Because of these drastic change in workplaces and work in general, adjustments
and adaptations are the utmost concern. And this is where Career guidance and
counseling takes it vital role in the spotlight. The pressures, excitements, and the
likes brought by the change will eventually distort or shift what and how individual
role in the society should project.
According to the Factor-trait Theory of Frank Parsons, the first comprehensive
theory addressing career exploration, believes that traits play a vital role in
someone’s productivity in the workplace. Traits such as interests, attitudes, hobbies,
and the likes likely constitute to content and satisfaction thus employees tend to stay
longer than expected. Supported by Holland’s Hexagonal Model, a theory for
personality types particularly in the career field. Holland identified six personality
types and believed that most of the people belong to, these are Realistic,
Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. The Hexagonal model
only signifies that most likely if one’s personality type fits or matches the career, he
will be satisfied and eventually become successful.
Moreover, the Theory of Work-Adjustment (TWA) by Davis and Lofquist 1984
emphasizes satisfaction and needs, and that a person reacts on environmental
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MUSLIM MINDANAO INTEGRATED COLLEGE ACADEMY, INC.
Name: WENDEL T. LONTUA Date: March 19, 2022
Subject: EDCO 206 – Career Guidance
Type of Exam: Final Examination
stimuli and the other way around. For instance, between employers or worker
environment and employees or person. This means that if an employer expects to
much from an employee or if work is boring and uninspiring, an employee will
respond by looking for other work. Thus, balancing the variables Person (P) and
Environment (E) should be maintained. Whilst the Self-Concept Theory of Career
Development by Donald Super implicates in career guidance and counseling in way
that it helps students or individuals clarify self-concept. During this process students
increase their self- knowledge and therefor increase their vocational maturity too.
This will help them relate their self-knowledge to occupational occupation.
Lastly, the Social Cognitive Theory (SCCT) of Albert Bandura which emphasizes
the role of learning experiences, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in the
career development process has been applied in vocational psychology to help
explain how individuals’ career interests develop, how they make career choices,
and how they determine their performance.
Hence, Career Guidance should be a service of an office where anyone of any ages
can access for free. The school of course frontlines this service but not all have the
chance to be in school and yet are aspiring to land a stable job. So, career guidance
services should be enjoyed by all. In the first place, happy and productive workers
lead to a more resilient and progressive society.
2.
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MUSLIM MINDANAO INTEGRATED COLLEGE ACADEMY, INC.
Name: WENDEL T. LONTUA Date: March 19, 2022
Subject: EDCO 206 – Career Guidance
Type of Exam: Final Examination
3. Career planning is a lifelong process that focuses on making choices to help you
manage your work and personal life. Good career planning requires information
about a person, the workplace, and its commitment to work. Moreover, career
planning can help you prepare to enter the workforce, plan for education, deal with
changing workplace demands, anticipate trends or changes, plan to upgrade or
maintain your skills, and plan for career advancement.
The first step in the career planning process is Self-Exploration. This self-
assessment involves exploring what you like to do, what you do best, what personal
attributes are your greatest assets, and what values about work, relationships,
leisure time, and lifestyle are determining factors in the decision making. Then
translating these assessments into one’s personal goals. Then this is followed by
Decision-making. And this could be a rigorous process since it is holistically
influenced by various factors such as environmental factors.
Aside from the internal and external factors which affect career decision-making,
cultural factors also play an influential impact. As Robert Drummond and Charles
Ryan postulated, that cultural issue is one of the factors in the environment which
influenced certain individual’s career especially in a multicultural society. According
to Nancy Arthur and Mary MacMahon, 2012, ncreasing recognition of cultural
influences on career development requires expanded theoretical and practical
perspectives. Theories of career development need to explicate views of culture and
provide direction for career counseling with clients who are culturally diverse. The
Systems Theory Framework (STF) is a theoretical foundation that accounts for
systems of influence on people's career development, including individual, social,
and environmental/societal contexts. Through applications of the STF, career
counselors are challenged to expand their roles and levels of intervention in
multicultural career counseling.
Hence, a counselor needs to be genuine to understand the client. The basic skills a
counselor should possess during career counseling sessions are communication
skills, problem-solving skills, self-awareness, rapport building skills, acceptance,
active listening, and high regard to confidentiality.
Likewise, a counselor needs to adopt effective and efficient techniques to facilitate
meaningfully the career counseling sessions. A counselor should develop a
therapeutic relationship, clearly define goals, significantly create a room for self-
exploration, comprehensively understand the job market, and help the client turn life
themes to career goals.
