Single-phase induction motors are the simple motors which operate on

single -phase A.C. and in which torque is produced due to induction of

electricity caused by the alternating magnetic fields. Single phase
induction motors are of different types based on their starting
conditions and various factors
 Construction of single phase motor

• Single-phase motors are the most familiar of all electric motors

because they are used in home appliances and portable machine
tools.
• In general , they are employed when 3-phase power is not available.
• There are many kinds of single-phase motors on the market, each
designed to meet a specific application
 Construction of single phase motor
• Single phase induction motor has
basically two main parts , one
rotating field and other stationary.
• The stationary part in single phase
motors is called stator while the
rotating part is called rotor.
Type of single phase motor

There are three major types for single

phase induction motor:

• Split phase - capacitor motors

• shaded-pole motors
• universal motors
 How a rotating field can be created from a
single phase power supply

• The major problem associated to the design of single-phase induction

motors is that, unlike three-phase power source, a single-phase
source does not produce a rotating magnetic field.
• Therefore the problems which we find are that the single-phase
motor is not self-starting and we cannot be sure in which direction
the rotation will take place.
• The single-phase induction motor operation
can be described by two methods:
• Double revolving field theory; and
• Cross-field theory.
• Double revolving theory is perhaps the easier
of the two explanations to understand
Double revolving field theory
• A single-phase ac current supplies the main
winding that produces a pulsating magnetic
field.
• Mathematically, the pulsating field could be
divided into two fields, which are rotating in
opposite directions.
• The interaction between the fields and the
current induced in the rotor bars generates
opposing torque
 Main winding flux

• The interaction between

the fields and the current -t +t
induced in the rotor bars Main winding
generates opposing
torque.
• Under these conditions,
with only the main field
energized the motor will
not start Starting winding

• However, if an external
torque moves the motor in
any direction, the motor Figure 7.43 Single-phase motor main winding
will begin to rotate.
generates two rotating fields, which oppose
and counter-balance one another.
 How a rotating field can be created from a
single phase power supply

• The principle of operation of a single-phase induction motor is quite

complex and it can be explained by the cross-field theory.

• As soon as the rotor begins turning, a speed electric magnetic field (

emf ), E is induced in the rotor conductors as they cut the stator flux
s ( see Figure 1).
How a rotating field can be created from a
single phase power supply

Figure 1 : Current induced in the rotor bars due

to rotation
 How a rotating field can be created from a
single phase power supply

• This voltage increases as the rotor speed increases.

• It causes currents to flow in the rotor bars facing the stator
poles.
• These currents produce an ac flux r which acts at right
angles to the stator flux s.
 Production of rotating field
• Figure 2 shows two windings A and B.

• These windings are displaced in such a way that the magnetic fields
produced in space are 90° apart.

• Let the magnetic field produced by the two windings be equal in

magnitude and 90° apart in time.
Production of rotating field

Figure 2 : Rotating Field

 Auxiliary winding and main winding in single phase
induction motor
• A split-phase motor is a single-phase induction motor with
two stator windings,

(i) a main stator winding (M)

(ii) auxiliary starting winding (A).
Split phase induction motor

Figure 3 : A split-phase induction motor

• Figure 3 shows two windings are set 900 apart along the
stator of the motor and the auxiliary windings is designed to
be switched out of the circuit at some set speed by a
centrifugal switch
 AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR

• The auxiliary winding is designed to have a higher resistance

or reactance ratio than the main winding, so that the current
in the auxiliary winding leads the current in the main
winding.
• The higher R/X ratio is usually accomplished by using smaller
wire for the auxiliary winding.

• Smaller wire is permissible in the auxiliary winding because it

is used only for starting and therefore does not have to take
full current continuously
Forward reverse rotation in single phase
induction motor
• To reverse it, we need to change the direction of the rotating magnetic field
produced by the main and starter windings.
• And this can be accomplished by reversing the polarity of the starter winding.
Basically, we need to swap the connections on either end of the starter winding.
Sometimes it's just the winding, Sometimes the winding, switch and capacitor are
reversed. The order of the switch and capacitor don't matter, as long as thy are in
wired in series.
• You could also reverse the motor by reversing the main winding (same effect).If
you were to switch the main and starter windings, as one does with a split phase
motor, the motor will also reverse. However, it will not run at full power and is
also likely to burn out. The starter winding is not suitable for continuous
operation.
Capacitor start-run reverse
connections
Principle operation with equivalent circuit and
vector diagram
a. Split-phase motor
b. Capacitor start motor
c. Shaded-pole motor
d. Universal Motor
Split phase
motor
• The stator of a split-phase induction
motor is provided with an auxiliary or
starting winding S in addition to the main
or running winding M. The starting
winding is located 90° electrical from the
main winding and the picture of split
phase induction motor
Capacitor start motor
 Phasor diagram

Capacitor Start Motor

 START CAPACITOR MOTOR
• A capacitor-start motor having cage rotor & two stator windings-
main winding & auxiliary winding.

• Starting capacitor (Cs) is connected in series with the auxiliary

winding so that the current through the main winding (Im) lags
behind the current of auxiliary winding (Ist) by an angle 90°.
• As soon as the motor reaches 70 to 80 per cent of synchronous
speed, the auxiliary winding as well as the starting capacitor (Cs) is
disconnected from the supply automatically by the centrifugal switch
(Sc) which is mounted on the shaft.
• Therefore , the capacitor (Cs) is used only for starting purposes
• To obtain the high starting torque , the value of starting capacitor
must be large.
• The starting capacitor is of electrolytic type and is of the order of
250µF

• Capacitor-start motors are more expensive than split-phase motors,

and they are used in applications where a high starting torque is
absolutely required. Typical applications for such motors are
compressors, pumps, air conditioners and other pieces of equipment
that must start under a load.
• Characteristics:
• • Increased operating torque.
• • Reduced noise and vibration.
• • Improved motor efficiency and power
factor.
• • Solid state relays cannot be used with capacitor start/ capacitor run
motors.
Shaded pole
• A small portion of each pole is covered with a short-circuited, single-
turn copper coil called the shading coil.
• The sinusoidal varying flux created by ac (single-phase) excitation of
the main winding induces in the shading coil. As a result, induced
currents flow in the shading coil producing their own flux in the
shaded portion of the pole
Shaded pole
Single Phase Induction Motor – Shaded Pole

• The motor has two Shorted

coil
salient poles excited Shaded
pole
by ac current.
Unshaded Squirrel cage Unshaded

•
pole rotor pole
Each pole includes a
small portion that has Shaded
pole
a short-circuited Shorted
coil
winding.
Main winding
• This part of the pole is
called the shaded pole
Figure Concept of single-phase
shaded pole motor.

8/20/2020 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 32

 Shaded-pole motors
• A shaded-pole induction motor is an induction motor with only a
main winding.
• Instead of having an auxiliary winding, it has salient poles, and one
portion of each pole is surrounded by a short-circuited coil called a
shading coil.
• A time varying flux is induced in the poles by the main winding. When
the pole flux varies, it induces voltage and a current in the shading
coil which opposes the original change in flux.
Arrangement of shaded pole
• The shaded pole produces a
weak starting torque and is used
with fractional horse power
motors, such as fan motors and
shaving motors.

A basic shaded-pole
induction motor
Shaded Pole
• This opposition retards the flux changes under the shaded portions of
the coils and therefore produces a slight imbalance between the two
opposite rotating stator magnetics fields. The net rotation is in the
direction from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole face.
• The effect of shaded coil is to retard a portion of flux in the poles in
time phase,so that there is a sweeping of the flux across the pole face
in the direction of the shading of the coil.
• The fluxes in the unshaded part of the pole and in the shaded part of
the pole cuts the rotor conductors and induces currents,which in turn
produce a torque sufficient to start the motor.
Shaded pole
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Simple construction • Low starting torque
• Low cost • Low motor efficiency
• Low maintenance • Not easy to reverse direction.
• Simple speed control
Applications:
• Small evaporator fan motors
• Pumps
• Appliances
Cutaway view of shaded-pole induction motor
Close up views of the construction shaded-pole
induction motor
Universal motor
• The universal motor is a type of electric motor that can operate on either AC or DC power and
uses an electromagnet as its stator to create its magnetic field.[1] It is a commutated series-
wound motorwhere the stator's field coils are connected in series with the rotor windings
through a commutator. It is often referred to as an AC series motor.
• The universal motor is very similar to a DC series motor in construction, but is modified slightly to
allow the motor to operate properly on AC power. This type of electric motor can operate well on
AC because the current in both the field coils and the armature(and the resultant magnetic fields)
will alternate (reverse polarity) synchronously with the supply. Hence the resulting mechanical
force will occur in a consistent direction of rotation, independent of the direction of applied
voltage, but determined by the commutator and polarity of the field coils. [2]
• Universal motors have high starting torque, can run at high speed, and are lightweight and
compact. They are commonly used in portable power tools and equipment, as well as many
household appliances. They're also relatively easy to control, electromechanically using tapped
coils, or electronically. However, the commutator has brushes that wear, so they are much less
often used for equipment that is in continuous use. In addition, partly because of the
commutator, universal motors are typically very noisy, both acoustically and electromagnetically
 Universal Motors
• While most motors operate from either AC
or DC, some can operate from either
• These are universal motors and resemble
series-wound DC motors, but are designed
for both AC and DC operation
• typically operate at high speed (usually >
10,000 rpm)
• offer high power-to-weight ratio
• ideal for portable equipment such as hand
drills and vacuum cleaners
Construction
Changes should be employed to work in both ac and dc
Operation
When motor is connected to an a.c. supply, the same alternating current flows
through the field and armature windings.
The field winding produces an alternating flux fhat reacts with the current
flowing in the armature to produce a torque.
Since both armature current and flux reverse simultaneously, the torque always
acts in the same direction.
It may be noted that no rotating flux is produced in this type of machines; the
principle of operation is the same as that of a d.c. series motor.
Characteristics
The operating characteristics of an a.c. series motor are similar to those of a d.c.
series motor.
(i) The speed increases to a high value with a decrease in load. In very small
series motors, the losses are usually large enough at no load that limit the
speed to a definite value (1500 - 15,000 r.p.m.).
(ii) The motor torque is high for large armature currents, thus giving a high
starting torque.
(iii) At full-load, the power factor is about 90%. However, at starting or when
carrying an overload, the power factor is lower
Applications
The fractional horsepower a.c. series motors have high-speed (and
corresponding small size) and large starting torque. They can, therefore, be used
to drive:
(a) high-speed vacuum cleaners (b) sewing machines
(c) electric shavers (d) drills
(e) machine tools etc.
 The applications of single phase motor

TYPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TYPICAL TYPICAL

APPLICATION DRIVE
Shaded- Low cost Speed slightly Fans, Single
pole
motor Long life below appliances, phase AC
synchronous record
Low starting players
torque
Small ratings
low efficiency
 TYPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TYPICAL TYPICAL
APPLICATION DRIVE

AC High Speed Appliance Single

induction power slightly s phase
– Squirrel high below Stationary AC
cage,
split-
starting synchronous Power
phase torque Starting Tools
capacitor- switch or
start relay
required
 TYPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TYPICAL TYPICAL
APPLICATION DRIVE

AC Moderate Speed slightly Appliance Single

inductio power below s phase
n– Low synchronous Stationary AC
Squirrel
cage
starting Starting Power
motor, torque switch or Tools
split- relay required
phase,
auxiliary
start
winding
 TYPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TYPICAL TYPICAL
APPLICATION DRIVE

Universal High Maintenanc Handheld Single

motor starting e (brushes) power phase
torque, Shorter tools, AC or
compact, lifespan blenders, DC
high Only small vacuum
speed, ratings are cleaners,
usually economic insulation
acoustical blowers
ly noisy
Application of Single Phase Motor