Modal Verbs and

Adverbs Argumentative
Text
1. If you are sick, you ______ go to work. You’ll infect everyone there.
2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights.
3. You _______ finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow.
4. She _______ hear much better with her new hearing aids.
5. ________ I order us a bottle of wine?
6. Sam _____________ to pick his daughter up from the school. She’s
taking the bus home.
7. You ______________ finish your tasks.
8. You ______________eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.
9. ______________ you mind walking a little faster? We’re going to be
late.
10. I’m sorry. I __________ help you. I don’t know how to do it.
1. If you are sick, you mustn't/shouldn't go to work. You’ll infect
everyone there.
2. Drivers must stop at red lights.
3. You don’t have to finish the proposal today. You can finish it
tomorrow.
4. She can hear much better with her new hearing aids.
5. Shall I order us a bottle of wine?
6. Sam needn’t to pick his daughter up from the school. She’s taking
the bus home.
7. You must finish your tasks.
8. You shouldn’t eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.
9. Would you mind walking a little faster? We’re going to be late.
10. I’m sorry. I can’t help you. I don’t know how to do it.
 Modal Adverbs

• One of the key jobs of adverbs is to add to the meaning

of verbs, it makes sense that modal adverbs add meaning
to modal verbs.
• Some examples of modal adverbs are: probably, possibly,
evidently, undoubtedly, precisely etc.
 Modal Adverbs and Modal Verbs
•"Scientists undoubtedly must continue researching alternative energy
sources to address the global energy crisis."
•"Engineers surely will face challenges in designing sustainable
infrastructure for growing cities."
•"Technologists certainly should prioritize cybersecurity to protect user
data from breaches."
•"Researchers probably might discover more efficient methods for waste
recycling in the coming years."
•"Developers clearly could innovate faster if they collaborate across
disciplines in technology and engineering."
 Modal Adverbs and Modal Verbs

•"Undoubtedly, we should invest more in education to improve societal

outcomes."
•"Certainly, the government must address the issue of income
inequality."
•"Possibly, stricter regulations could reduce pollution levels in the city."
•"Clearly, we ought to prioritize healthcare reform for the benefit of all
citizens."
•"Obviously, companies should take responsibility for their
environmental impact."
For SPA

Modal Adverbs and Modal Verbs

•"Artists surely must explore new mediums to keep their work relevant in
the digital age."
•"Performers undoubtedly should push creative boundaries to engage
modern audiences."
•"Designers clearly could incorporate sustainability in their creations to
influence cultural trends."
•"Musicians certainly might benefit from blending traditional and
contemporary styles in their compositions."
•"Writers probably will need to adapt their storytelling techniques to suit
evolving digital platforms."
 could
adverb
Need not
modal

Should/ought to
Evaluative Language and
Conjunctions in
Argumentative Text
 Should There Be More Schools in the
Philippines? (An excerpt)
It is a common knowledge that teachers in the
Philippines are underpaid that is why there is a limited
supply of teachers in both private and public schools. In
addition, some of the talented teachers would rather
choose to work abroad than in the Philippines because
there is that idea that they can have better opportunities
there.
 Moreover, there is only a limited number of people who
can go to school. Problems such as lack in money often
contribute to why this is happening. According to research,
students who belong to the poor sector have higher dropout
rates because they do not have the economic resources to
sustain their education (Meinardus, 2003). There is also that
thinking that it is better to just work than to study. Lastly, even
though the government can help in addressing this problem,
they cannot provide for everyone’s education because they
lack funds.
 Questions:

1. Why do talented teachers choose to work abroad?

2. Are the opinions of the essayist best? Explain your
answer concisely.
3. What is the function of the underlined words in
every paragraph?
 What is It
Language plays a vital role in expressing one’s ideas and
feelings; to argue a point; to express reasons; to provide
directions; and many others. When persuaders want to convince
their audience to believe that their own opinion is best; that
their claims are logical; that they are truly honest and
trustworthy; they are using evaluative language these are words
and structures that add judgment and help develop an
argument.
 Evaluative language
can be expressed explicitly (directly) or implicitly (indirectly). When
the writer or speaker provides no obvious linguistic clues, but
exploits the audience’s ability to recognize any comment on it, it is
implicitly evaluated. When evaluation is achieved through
grammatical, textual, and lexical means it is explicitly evaluated.
• On the other hand, once you develop an argument,
conjunctions are also important. They link ideas
and identify the line of reasoning such as adding
more emphasis, putting the same idea in a different
way, and introducing an alternative point of view,
etc.
 Adding more to a point already made

(Moreover, furthermore, again, further, what is

more, in addition, besides, above all, as well (as),
Either, neither… nor, not only…)
 Writing in lists

• (First (ly), second(ly), yet another, in addition, finally, to

begin with, in the second place, moreover, additionally,
also, next, then, lastly, finally).
 Putting the same idea in a different way

• (In other words, rather, or, better, in that case,

to put it (more) simply, in view of this, with
this in mind, to look at this another way)
 Introducing examples

• (that is to say, in other words, for example, for

instance, namely, as follows, as in the following
examples, such as, particularly, in particular,
notably)
 Introducing an alternative viewpoint

• (by contrast, another way of viewing this,

alternatively, again, rather, on the other hand, in
comparison, on the contrary, in fact, though,
although)
Returning to emphasize your earlier viewpoint

• (However, despite, in spite of, though, after

all, at the same time, on the other hand,
although x may have a good point)
 Summing up the idea stated

• (In brief, on the whole, to sum up, thus, in

conclusion, as a whole)
 Should Children be Allowed to Play Violent Video Games?
(An excerpt)
• Children are not able to separate the virtual and real world fully. That
distinction is very blurry for the undeveloped young mind. They often
confuse the two concepts, thus, believing that what is acceptable in virtual
world would be also fine in the real one. 1. (Likewise, Therefore), they
carry that aggressive violent attitude into their daily lives, harming the people
around themselves. And afterwards, when they have to pay for the
consequences of their actions, they cannot understand what they have done
wrong. 2. (Likewise, Thus), the opponents strongly disapprove the use of
violent video games by children as dangerous and unpredictable.
3. (Thus, Although), the two opposing sides of this argument would
never agree to compromise, the parents of young people still must make
the decision that would work the best for their children. It is true that
video games are just games, 4. (Moreover, However), it is a fact that
they can be harmful if used thoughtlessly and without parental attention.
It would be desirable to try reaching a certain balance in this matter.
Games should be regarded as games, which must be playing sparingly. 5.
(Despite, Moreover), the parents have to understand that instead of
forbidding such video games, they must provide enough alternative, such
as travelling, time outside, family board games, movies, reading, arts and
sports.
 Declarative Statements, Rhetorical Questions,
and Passive Voice in Argumentative Text
• A declarative sentence is a sentence that makes a statement, provides a fact,
offers an explanation, or conveys information.
• Internet should be made free to everyone..
• The government is doing everything to protect its people
against this deadly Corona virus.
• Study shows that physical distances slows down the
spread of the virus.
 A rhetorical question - is a type of question that
doesn’t’ need to be answered. It is usually used to
emphasize a point or idea.
• Is it really fair to continue using fossil fuels when
renewable energy alternatives are readily available?
• Why should we accept rising income inequality as
inevitable when policies can be enacted to address it?
• How can we ignore the growing evidence of climate
change when its impacts are felt worldwide every day?
The passive voice is another language feature present in argumentative texts.
It usually comes in the form (verb be + past participle of the main verb)
depending on the tense, like was formulated, were discussed, and will be
presented, has been raised, etc.
• The negative effects of social media on mental health are often
overlooked by society.
• An alternative route was opened to the public.
• Communication has been revolutionized by the Internet.
• The new product can be bought at any drugstore.