Grammar (Callan 4)
Irregular verbs
When forming the past of some verbs, putting -ed after it isn’t the way to do it. Those
are called irregular verbs.
F uture tense
Simple future with will
I will eat I I’ll eat
YOU will eat YOU You’ll eat
HE will eat HE He’ll eat
SHE will eat SHE She’ll eat
IT will eat IT It’ll eat
WE will eat WE We’ll eat
YOU will eat YOU You’ll eat
THEY will eat THEY They’ll eat
F orms of have
1. Do you have a pen?
2. Have you got a pen?
3. Did you have a pen?
4. Had you got a pen?
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F orms of a verb
P resent P ast P ast participle
walk walked walked
cut cut cut
sit sat sat
see saw seen
P resent perfect
Have + past participle
We form the present perfect with the verb “have“ and the past participle. For example,
we say “I have arrived“ or “She has written“.
The present perfect has three common uses:
1. We use it to talk about our experiences. If I say “I have eaten Chinese food“, it
means I have experience of “eating Chinese food“. If I say “I have been to Paris“,
it means that I have experience of “being in Paris“.
2. We also use the present perfect to talk about the duration of an action up to now.
If I say “I have lived here for three years“, it means that I’m living here now and I
started living here three years ago.
3. We can also use the present perfect to talk about the result now of a past action.
For example, “I have eaten too much“ means that I feel bad (or guilty) now. “She
has arrived“ means that she is here now.
P resent perfect V S P ast simple
PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
before/up to now specific past time
he has lived here for he came here two
two months months ago
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The difference between the present perfect and the past simple is that we use the
present perfect when we are thinking about time before and up to now, whereas we use
the past simple when we are thinking about a specific past time. For example, “I have
been here for twenty minutes; I arrived here twenty minutes ago“.
F uture (going to)
One use of “to be going to” is to say what we think will happen because of something
we know now. For example, “The sky is very dark now; I think it’s going to rain”, or “John
is a very good student; he’s going to do well in his exams”.
Another use of “to be going to” is to speak about our future intentions. For example, “I’m
going to keep studying English for a few more years”.
has been V S has gone
1. “Mr Brown has been to Scotland“ and 1. “Mr Brown has gone to Scotland“.
The first sentence, “Mr Brown has been to Scotland“, means that he has visited
Scotland in his life but is not there now. The second sentence, “Mr Brown has gone to
Scotland“, means he is in Scotland; he isn’t here now.
1st Conditional
“If” + present + “will do” = real possibility
This sentence means that I think there is a real possibility that I will go to the park
tomorrow, and, if I do, I will play football. The construction of the 1st conditional is “If“ +
present + “will do”. It communicates that we think something is a real possibility.
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2nd Conditional
“If + past + “would do” = only imagining
This sentence means that I think it is very improbable that I will go to the park tomorrow;
I am only imagining it. The construction of the 2nd conditional is “If“ + past + “would do”.
It communicates that we are only imagining something.
It is important to understand that, in the 2nd conditional, we use the past simple after
“if“, but we are not thinking about past time; we are thinking about now, the future or
general time.
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