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Lecture 01

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9 views

Lecture 01

Uploaded by

ziaddramykamal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Concepts

&
Classifying
DE’s
What is the Differential Equation?
Differential equation is an equation that involves ordinary or
partial derivatives. When the DE involves ordinary derivatives
it is called ordinary differential equation (ODE) for example:
dy
x + 2 y sin x = y cos x
dx
d3y dy
7 3 + 2y = 4 y ln x
dx dx
But, when the DE involves partial derivatives it is called partial
differential equation (PDE) for example:

u u
+ = x2 + y 2
x y
The Solution of Differential Equation

The solution of the DE is to find a function y = f ( x )


satisfy the given DE for example.

2
d y Solution
+ y=0 y = 2sin x

(explicit solutions)
2
dx

dy
y Solution y
x = y+
dx
xe x  ln x + e x +5=0 (Implicit solutions)
Classifications of Differential Equations
(i) Types of DE’s:
We have two types of DEs ordinary differential equations
(ODE’s) and partial differential equations (PDE’s) according
to the number of independent variables.

d2y
2
+ y=0 (ODE’s)
dx

( x sin y )dx + ( x + y cos x)dy = 0 (ODE’s)

 3u u
+ = x 2
+ y 2
(PDE’s)
x3 y
(ii) Order of DE’s:
The order of the DE equal to the highest derivative in the
given DE for example,

d2y
+ y=0 (order = 2)
dx 2

3u u
+ = x 2
+ y 2 (order = 3)
x3 y
5
d y
2
 2  + y = 0 (order = 2)
 dx 
(iii) Degree of DE’s:
The degree of the DE is the highest exponent of the highest
derivative appearing in the DE for example,

5
d y
2
 2  + y = 0 (degree = 5)
 dx 

 3u u
+ = x 2
+ y 2
(degree = 1)
x3 y
2 5
d y d y
3 2
+
 3   2  + y 7
=y (degree = 2)
 dx   dx 
(iv) Linearity of DE’s:
The nth order linear ODE takes the form:

dny d n −1 y dy
an + an −1 + ... + a1 + a0 y = f ( x )
dy n
dx n −1 dx

The linear DE has the following two properties:

1- y and all its derivatives are of the first degree.

2- all the coefficients an , an−1 ,..., a1 and a0


function of the independent variable x only or constants.

If the DE not linear it said to be nonlinear.


d2y
2
+y=0 Linear
dx

2 5
d y d y
3 2
+
 3  2 + y 7
=y Nonlinear
 dx   dx 

yy + xy + x 2 y = y Nonlinear

y + xy + x 2 y = y Linear

y  + xy  + x 2 y  = e y Nonlinear
Note

dny d n −1 y dy
In the DE: an + an −1 + ... + a1 + a0 y = f ( x )
dy n
dx n −1 dx

f ( x) = 0 DE said to be homogeneous.

f ( x)  0 DE said to be non-homogeneous.

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