Forces

A force may produce a change in size and

shape of a body give an acceleration or

deceleration or a
change in direction depending
upon the direction of force

Force is measured in newtons n si units

Force mass x alleleration

F ma

i In is the amount of force needed to give 2kg

an acideration of Imps

The Resultant Force Fr

When two or more forces acts on a

point the net effect of these forces is

known as resultant force

Force is a vector quantity

fore direction
ve
right or
top
ve for ie left or down direction
 10h
IN for opposite directions we subtract
and direction is always towards
greater fore Fr ION 5h
5N

5h
for same directions we add
say
the fortes and direction is towards
the direction of forces
FR SN 5h
this ve
10N show
a
sign
Fr is acting
in left direct

Resistive Fories
forces which resists or opposes the
motion such as friction

Friction
the fore between two surfaces which impedes
motion and results in heating

i Air resistance is a form of friction

 Is friction useful or useless

It depends in some cases friction is

useful and in some cases its not

Useful Useless
walking inside car
engine
air on tar
griping objects drag
writing
braking in vehicles

Inebriants are used to reduce the friction

it is car's engine
where useless e
g engine oil in

lubstants FUN rough surface

these gaps and
make the surface
smooth

Lubricants can be in different forms

solid lubricants I graphite

semi solid lubricants wax
oil
liquid lubricants
 Newton's Laws of Motion

Ist law
The state of motion for an
object
remains constant until or unless an external
force acts on it

Explaination
lit if the object is it will not
stationary
not move until an external force acts on

it
Iii if the object is moving with the constant
velocity it will keep on
travelling with the
same velocity until an external force acts
on it

2nd Law
Forte equals to rate of change of
momentum
Of

Force is directly proportional to acceleration

and their direction is same
always

F ma araathematical representation
of newton's 2nd law
 3
if object A extorts some force
on object B object B will exert same amount
of force on object A but in opposite direction

anomedaction
readforce
force bytable

Feight

Weight

Remember
whenever we use F ma
2
this force is always
your resultant force
 Elastic Deformation

I
w w
final length extension
original length
H the
length of the spring 9th of
the spring
without any load son with specific load w length In due to

If to A
finafength
extension
orginglength

Hooke's Law
Extension is directly proportional to load
it is under the limit of
as
long as propotionality

Force X extension

F X r

F Ks

i K is known as spring constant

 k
Spring Constant
Load required to have unit extension
per

units Nlm of Mom

Force Extension Graph

Force
in

j ftp.brepadint
Plasyformation
Efffumation

extension

Limit of propotionality
Load till which force is directly proportional
to extension Hooke's Law is obeyed till this point
beyond this point hooke's law is not obeyed as

force is not directly propotional to extension

Elastic limit
Load after which the spring will not
come back to its original position after being
stretched
 Break Point
load at which the spring will break

in Elastic deformation
it is known as temperory deformation
once the load is removed spring goes back to
its original position happens till elastic limit

Iii Plastic deformation

it is known as permenant deformation
once elastic limit is crossed this will cause

plastic deformation in it if load is removed

the spring goes back but not to its original position

EE

i
t
I
i
i
of
p gradient shows
a l graph spring constant

extension
em
 Fore extension graphs of different materials

Forte
in
mittherials
e.ggiant

ducterian e.gcopper

polymentaterian
e.grubber

extension
1cm

Spring combinations

Series Parallel

extension is increased extension is reduced

Kt k t ka
I I
t t t
Force length Graphs

EI
these graphs don't
start from origin
as spring has
original length at on
load
n
to length
original fml
length of spring

i NOTE
Please be careful with axsis
usually
examiner switch the axsis every thing is
reversed if this happens
e
g gradient shows I
shape is changed

i
F
lo

F
 Circular Motion
in circular
Any object moving a
path
is known to follow circular motion

An object at steady speed in a circular orbit even

though it is moving with the constant speed still we

say its accelerating as its direction is changing at
every moment
Remember even though it is accelerating still it never comes

closer to the center

always tangent
to circularpath

direction
o
ferocity

velocity a
acentripetal
force

Centripetal force
It is force acting towards the center
of the circular path
it is the force needed for circular motion not caused
due to it
 Circular motion is not possible without centripetal
force first there have to be centripetal force than
circular motion
This centripetal force in not a new force it is

already existing force which acts as a centripetal

force

i son i

a
tension in the string is gravitational forte between friction between tyres
acting as a centripetal sun and Earth is acting and road acts as
e centripetal force as
as a centripetal force car moves in roundabout

i If suddenly the centripetal force for the object is

gone it will start to travel in the direction of

its velocity e
g

as string snaps n a
centripetal force a
r
is gone and
object will start
to travel in this 7
direction suddenly
string
the current direction snaps
of velocity t
i Directions

velocity tangential to the circular path

centripetal towards the center of the circular path
fore
acceleration always aciderating towards the center
2nd law of newton direction of force a acceleration is same

What happens if centripetal force increases

There are two possibleoptions

1 a

speed of the object radius of the circular

will increase given that path will decrease
given
its radius and mass that its speed and
will remain constant mass will remain constant
 Turning effect of forces

Moment
A moment is the measure of the turning
effect on a body

Moment Force x perpendicular distance

from a fixed point to
force
Moment F x hd

SI units Newton meter nm

Therefore
increasing force or

distance from the pivot increases the

moment of the force

Turning a bolt is far easier

with a longer wrench because
snortrench
the perpendicular distance from
long wrench pivot fixed point is massively
increased and so its turning effect
 Principle of moment
In equilibrium
i the resultant torte on the system is zero

hi the resultant moment on the is zero

system
clockwise moment anticlockwise moment

Im 0.5m
k y
it 210N

70N 140N
i
i s
this tree will
create clockwise
Mi's force will m.my
create anticlockwise moment 140 0.5
moment
moment 70 1 7ohm
70mm

clockwise moment equals to anticlockwise moment so resultant

moment is zero

i pivot is exerting the upward force of 210N so resultant

force also equals to zero

resultant of these
Io go forces is zero

i Thus this is in equilibrium balanced

system
 Center of gravity center of mars

The imaginary point in a

body where
entire
weight or mass of the body seems to
be acting

Every object ion be balanced on its center of

mass

For regular objects the center of gravity lies at

the exact geometric center

on

Forirregularobject lamina the center of mass can be

determined
by plumb line method

Iii i
hang a plumb line and draw repeat the same procedure
line on it wherever these line interse
That point is com
 How to realise wether the object will topple or

return back to its original position if displaced

com com
COM

I base I
1

if center of mass if center of mass

lies inside the lies outside the
base area the object base area the
will return back to
object will topple
original position

Stability
Stability of an object depends upon
two factors
his position of center of mass lower the center of mass
more stable the object
will be
is base area Greater the base area more stable
the object will be

Coma
Corey
base
I base 1 more stable
lower center of mass
larger base area
 Resultant vectors

sons o
som

Fr toso 20N
i vectors at 90 degrees

Bon
n

ion app ion Find resultant force and its

TO son s direction

step 1 complete rectangle

step 2 draw the diagonal
this digonal shows the resultant
vector

step 3 The length of diagonal is your resultant

use
paythagoras theorm to find Fr

Fr 102 30
FR 100 900

FR 1000 31 62 N

step 4 Find O using trignometric identities for direction

Tano
PYE
direction 184 with horizontal
O tan 18.40
This can be done
by drawing scale diagrams

i
n s
5 3 scale 1cm 5N
ish a
3cm Ir
25N
l
son

5 83cm 5.83 x 5N 29.15N

FR 29.15N

I Remember these resultant methods can be applied to

vector quantity
any