BROAD CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES

DEFINITION OF BASIC TERMS:

- the collection of or set of units or entities from whom one obtains the
data.
– Consist of categories or attributes which
have non-numerical characteristics. Express a categorical attribute and
- is a characteristic that is observable or measurable in every unit of the answer questions “what kind”. Examples: hair color, name of section,
universe. gender, etc.

– Consist of numbers representing counts

or measurements. It has actual units of measure and answers questions
- the set of all possible values of a variable.
such as “how much” or “how many”.

- a subgroup of a universe or of a population.

- is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an experiment.
- it is a set of possible values from a random experiment. The set of
- is any activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions. possible values is called the Sample Space.
- a variable X is a random variable if the value that it assumes,
corresponding to the outcome of an experiment, is a chance of a random
event.
- the set of all outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space. - a random variable is denoted with a capital letter (to avoid confusion with
the Algebra type of variable).
- the probability distribution of a random variable X tells what the possible
values of X are and how probabilities are assigned to those values.
 - Variable - a random variable whose possible values form a finite or
Let Heads = 0 and Tails = 1; and we have a Random Variable "X": countable set of numbers. Examples: the number of students in a class, the
year when a certain student was born, etc.

- a random variable that can assume infinite number of values in one or

In short, X = {0, 1} more intervals. Examples: the amount of sugar in an orange, the time
So: required to run a mile, etc.
• We have an experiment (such as tossing a coin)
• We give values to each event
• The set of values is a Random Variable
COUNTABLE OR INFINITE?
Random Variable X = "The score shown on the top face". - Assuming that the possible values of
X could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, and 3; and the random variable Z are 0, 1,
So, the Sample Space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and 2.

- If distance is a random variable,

then we have an infinite number of distances that cannot be equated to
A random variable is NOT like an algebra variable. A random variable has a the number of whole numbers.
whole set of values and it could take on any of those values randomly.

ITS PROBABILITY…..
- The probabilities Pi must satisfy two
requirements: every probability Pi is a number between 0 and 1, and the
sum of all the probabilities is 1.

- Continuous random variables,

on the other hand, take on values that vary continuously within one or more
real intervals, and have a cumulative distribution function (CDF) that is
absolutely continuous. As a result, the random variable has an uncountable
infinite number of possible values, all of which have probability 0, though
ranges of such values can have nonzero probability. The resulting
probability distribution of the random variable can be described by a
probability density, where the probability is found by taking
the area under the curve.

STEPS IN FINDING RAN vAR:

- Equate the possible outcomes to letters or numbers
- Para malaman nyo ilan dapat yung sample space may formula KEME
ASHSAHSHA may theory kami Xn bale X yung number ng possible outcomes
tas n yung combinations nila
- Example is head or tails tapos 3 times yon so bale 2^3 yon = 8
Bale dahil infinite values sya sobrang baba nya if hahanapin mo lang yung
- Example 3 colors bale red, yellow, blue tas 2 times ka lang pipili so 3^2=9
chance ng isang value sa sample space bale magkakaroon lang ng value na
medjo malaki ng probability if ranges na kukunin mo like from value B to
value C. pero feel ko all in all total ng probability ay 1

EXAMPLES !! - bale based sa category na hinahanap mag-assign ka ng certain value dun

- Assuming that the possible values of sa combination nayun
random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, and 3; and the random variable Z are 0, 1, - medjo siniskip na naten e2 pero nasa modyul sya
and 2.

- If distance is a random variable, ADDTL STEPS IN PROBABILITY:

then we have an infinite number of distances that cannot be equated to
the number of whole numbers.
- shimpre obvious na kung ilang yung values ng possible outcomes ayun na
agad denominator tas count mo nalang ilan beses sya naulit
- should satisfy both properties 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1 and ∑ P(X) = 1.
- bale less than 1 more than 0 yung prob and sum nila is 1.

Sorry if medjo magulo im trying my best po na malipat lahat ng nasa modyul

and ppt papunta sa reviewer na eto T^T sowi na based nalang kayu sa
examples

STEP 1: since heads or tails lang sya tapos 3 combinations, then 2^3 yung
magiging value ng number of possible outcomes which is 8
STEP 2: since nakalagay in terms of tails sya ayun binilang nya lang kung
ilang tails per outcome
STEP 3: since 8 yung values ng random variable mo (3,2,1,0) bale over 8 na
agad denominator tas bilangin mo nalang ilan beses naulit yung number
nayun

SOLVING PROBABILITIES IN
RANGES:
 GRAPHING DISCRETE RANDOM
VAR:
Yung graph nya is a histogram

Make sure na nakadikit lahat ng values nyo pati yung unang value sa 0
dapat nakadikit

STEP 1: EXACTLY SYA so P(X=4)

STEP 2: P(4) = 0.212
STEP 3: ayun na sagot sure nako

STEP 1: at least 2 so P(x>=2) basta yan

STEP 2: P(0) + P(1) + P(2) tas 0.029+0.049+0.078
STEPS IN FINDING MEAN:
STEP 3: 0.156 sang sagot kasi kwento ko toh
STEP 4: bat di nalang ako hahaha keme lang
- shimpre need mo ng probability distribution table ganun tlga sha para - bale since alam mo na yung formula need mo mahanap values
masolve mo

- bale since alam mo na yung formula need mo mahanap values

𝜇 = ∑𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
- yung parang u is mean
- bale summation ng (x times its probability)
ADDTL STEPS IN FINDING
STANDARD DEVIATION:
- bale since alam mo na yung formula need mo mahanap values so multiply
mo na yung ran var sa probability nya.

- ayan na yung mean yey !! add mo lang sha

ADDTL STEPS IN FINDING

VARIANCE:
𝜎 2 = ∑𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) − μ2
- sum mo yung sagot pag minultiply yung x^2 tas prob nya tas minus mo
lahat sa mean squared
- yung o^2 is variance
 The variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable X may
be interpreted as measures of the variability of the values assumed by the
random variable in repeated trials of the experiment.
The variance in probability theory and statistics is a way to measure how
far a set of numbers is spread out. Variance describes how much a random
variable differs from its expected value.
Variance is the average of the squared distances from each point to the
mean.
A small variance indicates that the data points tend to be very close the
mean, and to each other. A high variance indicates that the data points are
very spread out from the mean, and from one another.
Variance is defined as "The average of the squared differences from the
mean". Variance is needed to compute the standard deviation. Standard
deviation is defined as "The square root of the variance". Standard
deviation and variance tell you how much a dataset deviates from the
mean value.

Ang haba nya paragraph sya HSAHHSAHSA PERO AYAN NA BEST

EXPLANATION ME THINKS

- the mean of a random variable may be interpreted as the average of the

values assumed by the random variable in repeated trials of the
experiment. The mean of a random variable X is a measure of the central
location of the distribution of X.
The mean is the average or the most common value in a collection of
numbers. ALSO CALLED EXPECTED VALUE !!
is a distribution of a continuous random variable whose graph is a bell-
shaped curve called the normal curve. Eto yung graph ng continuous
random variable

The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

The curve is symmetrical about its center.

The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
 The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation σ of the
distribution.

The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis,
always approaching the
axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or
proportion or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement
values.

bale yung distance from the

mean to 1 standard dev is
34.1% then 1SD to 1SD is 68.1
tas distance ng 2sd to 2sd is
95.4
 c. If the region is between z-values, subtract the bigger value by the
smaller value obtained in Step 3.

A normally distributed random variable with a mean μ = 0 and standard

deviation ơ = 1 is called a standard normal variable. It is presented using
standard normal distribution where the center of the curve is zero, which
is mean and added one unit from the center to the right and subtract one
unit from the center to the left. This is shown on the right.

We can easily find the area of the region below the standard normal curve
using the z-Table. This table gives the area of the region for any value of z
from −3.99 to 3.99. The value from this table will give the area of the
specific region of the curve to the left of the given z-value.

STEPS IN FINDING AREAS:

1. Sketch the normal curve and locate the given z-value.
2. Shade the region given: whether it is below, above of between z-values.
3. Using the z-table, find the area of the given z-value/s.
4. Identify the appropriate operation to be used based on step 2:
a. If the region is below or any related terms (to the left, less than), the
area is the value obtained from Step 3.
b. If the region is above or any related terms (to the right, greater than),
the area is 1 minus the value obtained in Step 3. ORRR pwede nyo nalang
baliktarin yung sign ng given so if given is to the right of z=0.59 hanapin
nyo nalang area ng z=-0.59 ayun na agad sagot
Magagamit mo lang yung mga ztest and areas if standard normal
distribution yung given so need mo sya i-convert to standard normal pag
hindi sya ganun
The process of converting a random variable X to a standard normal
variable or z −score is called “standardizing” or “standardization” of a
random variable. Bale yung z score yun yung value nya sa standard normal
or yung value na need mo sa ztest
It is useful to standardize the values of a normal distribution by changing
them to z −scores because:
a. it allows researchers to calculate the probability of a score occurring
within a normal distribution; and
b. enables us to compare two scores that are from different samples.

Z −score or standard score tells us how many standard deviations a value

is, away from the mean. A negative z −scores tells that the value is below
the mean, while a positive z −score tells us that the value is above the
mean.
KAPAG NAMAN IBABALIK MO SYA SA VALUE NYA SA NORMAL DISTRIBUTION