1

SUBMITTED BY: Vishesh Srivastava

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Aditya Srivastava

 2

I Vishesh Srivastava of Class 12th Section A Shree Devi Ahilya Shishu

Vihar, Indore (M.P) Would Like to express my Sincere Gratitude to our
Respected Principal Mrs. Ranjana Naik and Vice Principal Mrs. Aparna Vyas
for Encouragement and help from Time to Time during my Tenure as a
Student of Class 12th Section A.

I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics Teacher Mr.

Aditya Srivastava for helping me in completing the Project by useful Ideas
and Guidelines. I thank him for encouraging me throughout and helping in
all possible ways.

I would also like to express my hearty gratitude to the lab assistant Mrs.
Sonal Neema for their support in completion of the project.

I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and also for
Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the completion of the project.

Date of Submission: Vishesh Srivastava

 3

This is to certify that Vishesh Srivastava of class 12th Section A has Worked
on the Physics Project entitled “To investigate the relation between the ratio
of (i) Input and output voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self made transformer”. He has put on his sincere
efforts to collect the reading materials and has devoted sufficient periods of
Practical laboratory work to complete this project. This project may be
considered as Practical fulfilment of All India Senior School Certificate Exam
(AISSCE) 2016-2017 conducted by CBSE.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature

4
 5

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
transformer

****
 6

 Aim
 Introduction
 Types Of Transformers
 Theory And Mathematical Derivations
 Simple Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
 Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
 Uses of Transformers
 Bibliography

****
 7

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to

a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this

principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.

voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

****
 8

A transformer which increases the voltages.

A transformer which decreases the

A.C. voltages.
 9

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating

current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of
the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we

have

Ep = -Np dф/dt
_______________ (1)
and

Es = -Ns dф/dt
_______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we
get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil

p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied

and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

 10

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp E –
Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence

equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep =

Es / E

o output e.m.f / input e.m.f

o Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
11
 12

In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary

winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers. Thus, the
voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high voltage-
low current. In other words, the voltage has stepped up.
been

You can find step-up transformers located near power plants

that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires about
50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a small step-up
transformer to operate.
 13

In a step-down transformer is one windings. In other words,

who secondary fewer than the primary windings are the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current
power into a low-voltage, high current power and it is mainly used in
domestic consumption.
A common case of step-down door bells use 16 volts, but most
application is in the bells. Normally, case of door household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and to the doorbell.
reduces it voltage before supplying it to lower

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts electricity
to the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment.
 14

● Iron Rod
● Copper Wire
● Hot Wire Ammeter
● Hot Wire Voltmeter

● Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

● Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

● Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

● Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

● Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

● Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 15

● In voltage regulator for T.V., computer, air

refrigerator, conditioner, etc.

● A step down transformer is used purposes.

for welding

● A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

● A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.

● Transformers are used in voltage and stabilized

power supplies. regulators

● Transformers are distances: used in the transmissions of a.c. over

long

● Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers

and electric bells etc.
 16

● www.google.com
● www.wikipedia.org
● Physics NCERT
● Pradeep’s Physics

****