Cells: The Building

Blocks of Life
I. CELL
THEORY
What is a Cell?
 CYTOLOGY
•The study of cells
 What is a Cell Theory?
➢It is a collection of ideas and
conclusions from many different
scientists over time that describes
cells and how cells operate.
1. All known living
things are made up of
cells.
➢Anything that’s alive, from
bacteria to plants to humans,
is composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic building
blocks of life.
➢Your hair, skin, organs, etc. are all made up
of cells.
➢Each part of a cell has a different function,
and your cells are responsible for taking in
nutrients, turning nutrients into energy,
removing waste, and more.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
by division.
➢New cells are always made from current cells
and not through spontaneous generation.
➢The process by which cells arise from pre-
existing cells through division is primarily carried
out through two main types of cell division:
mitosis and meiosis.
ROBERT HOOKE
➢is the first person to observe cells when
he looks at a slice of cork in a microscope.
 It isthe
bark of a tree so they are dead plant c ells. They are
small squares and they reminded him of the small rooms in a
monastery called cells.
 ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
 Credited with improving the microscope. (Zacharias Janssen is credited
with discovering/creating
microscope). Leeuwenhoek’s microscope could magnify 200x the
human eye! Today’s microscopes can magnify up to 1500!
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
was a German botanist
(scientist who studies
plants.)
He found that the plant
parts he examined were
made of cells. He made
the generalization that all
plants were made of cells.
THEODOR SCHWANN
 Studied animals. His microscopic investigations of animal
parts led him to generalize that all animals are made of cells
 After looking at Schleiden’s work ,he further proposed
that all organisms are made of cells.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW-
“OMNIS CELLULA CELLULA”: ALL
CELLS FROM CELLS (1855)
German doctor that said that
new plant cells arise only from
existing plant cells, and new
animal cells arise only from
existing animal cells.
 II. Cell
Structures
and Functions
❑Cellsaccording to the
number of cells:
a. Unicellular
b. Multicellular
 UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
An organism that is made up of only one cell
is called as unicellular organism.

Euglena Paramecium Yeast

 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Multicellular Organisms

An organism that is made up of more than one cell is

called as multicellular organism.

Plants Animals Fungus

 Size of Cells in Humans

Smallest cell Largest cell Longest cell

Sperm cell Ovum cell Nerve cell
Size: 5 µm Size: 120 µm Size: 1 m
 Human RBCs are
Shape of circular biconcave
Cells for easy passage
through human
Cells vary in shape. capillaries.
Nerve cells are
Variation depends mainly branched to
upon the function of conduct impulses
cells. from one point to
another.
Some cells like Euglena
Human WBCs can
and Amoeba can change
change their shape to
their shape, but most cells engulf the
have a fixed shape. microorganisms that
enter the body.
 12
Animal Cell 10
11 1

1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body 9

3. Vesicle
4. Plasma membrane 8
5. Mitochondria
6. Cytoskeleton
7. Centriole
8. Lysosome 2

9. Cytoplasm 7 3
10. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4
12. Nucleolus 6
5
 12
Plant Cell 10
11
1

1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body
9
3. Vesicle 2
4. Lysosome
5. Plasma membrane
8 3
6. Mitochondria
7. Chloroplast
8. Cell wall
4
9. Vacuole
10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 5
11. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 7

12. Nucleolus 6
Bacterial 9
10

Cell 8

1. Capsule
7
2. Cell wall
3. Plasma membrane 6
1
4. Cytoplasm
5. Flagellum
6. Food granule 2
7. Plasmid (DNA)
3
8. Ribosomes 4
5
9. Nucleoid
10. Pili
 • Jelly-like material formed by 80 %
of water
Cytoplasm
Organelles
• Present between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
• Contains a clear liquid portion
called
cytosol and various particles
• Particles are proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids,
lipids and inorganic ions
• Also contains many organelles
Cytoplasm with distinct structure and
function
➢are specialized structures that perform various
jobs inside cells.
➢In many ways organelles are like machines in a
factory, each with a specific role.
➢A cell contains different types of organelles.
Among them, some are membranous while some
are nonmembranous.
 • are round double
membrane-bound
Ribosomes • sausage-shaped
Matrix
organelles.
Cristae
• Synthesize energy rich
compound ATP
• ATP molecules provide
DNA

Outer membrane
energy for the vital
Inner membrane
activities of living cells
It is a network of flattened, membrane-
bound sacs that are involved in the
production, processing, and transport of
proteins that have been synthesized by
ribosomes.
❑It acts as the delivery system of the
cell.
❖It carries materials synthesized by
the ER to different parts of the cell.
The material is stored and packaged
in vesicles.
Do animal cells have
a cell wall?
Animal cells do not have a cell wall because they do
not need them. Since animals have bones and
skeletons that help them to provide shape and also
protect them from external physical injuries, they do
not need a cell wall.
 CELL WALL
• It helps in protecting the
plasma membrane and plays a
vital role in supporting and
protecting the cells.
• It is a thick outer layer made of
cellulose that gives the cell its
shape.
 CELL WALL
❑Unlike the cell membrane, it
is freely permeable and
allows all substances in
solution form to pass
through it.
❑The cell wall provides
rigidity and protection to the
cell.
LYSOSOMES ❑are membrane-bound
spherical sacs which
contain hydrolytic
Hydrolytic enzymes Membrane
enzymes used to
break down materials
(also known as
“suicidal bag of a
cell”.)
 ❑Hydrolytic enzymes
LYSOSOMES
digest bacteria, viruses,
complex food particles,
Hydrolytic enzymes Membrane and damaged cell.
❑The lipid bilayer
enclosing the
lysosomes prevents the
hydrolytic enzymes
from destroying the
parts of the cells.
 • Single membrane sac
VACUOLES filled with liquid or sap
(water, sugar and ions)
Tonoplast
• In animal cells, vacuoles
are temporary, small in
size and few in number
• In plant cells, vacuoles are
large and more
Vacuole
in number
CYTOSKELETON Functions:
Cell membrane • Maintain the shape
of the cell
•Give structural
strength to the cell
•Responsible for
Microtubules
Microfilaments
cellular movements
CHLOROPLAST
Inner
Outer
membrane
• found only in plants and
membrane
some protists and is
Thylakoid responsible for photosynthesis.
• Convert light energy into
chemical energy in the form
of food.
Stroma • Provide green colour to
Granum
leaves, stems and
vegetables
 CENTRIOLES Functions:
Centrosome
matrix
• Form spindle fibres
Microtubules which help in the
movement
of chromosomes during
Centrioles cell division
• Help in the formation of
cilia and flagella
 CILIA AND FLAGELLA
➢are two locomotory projections in eukaryotes.
➢They allow the cell to move like an oar or a
whip.
➢Cilia look like hairs with much shorter length.
➢Flagella, on the other hand, look like a tail.