CASCADING STYLE SHEETS (CSS)

Unit -2
Getting Started With CSS

CSS Advanced
 Unit -2
Getting Started With CSS

Learning objectives:
❖ What a style sheet is and how it actually styles a web page
❖ The importance of CSS.
❖ How to create a style sheet and link an html document to the style sheet.
❖ The basic building blocks of any style sheet: rules, selectors, properties and
values.
❖ How External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
❖ Three ways of inserting a style sheet
❖ Different selectors using CSS
❖ Define background properties, Background colour & images handling
❖ Font family, Style and Size using CSS
❖ Designing Tables using CSS
3.1 Introduction of CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a simple design language intended to simplify the
process of making web pages presentable. CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using
CSS, you can control the color of the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how
columns are sized and laid out, what background images or colors are used, as well as a variety
of other effects.
CSS works with HTML and other Markup Languages (such as XHTML and XML) to
control the way the content is presented. Cascading Style Sheets is a means to separate the
appearance of a webpage from the content of a webpage.

3.1.1 Definition

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism used to format the layout of Web
Pages and adding style (e.g., fonts, colors, spacing...) to web documents that previously could
only be defined in a page's HTML. CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed
on screen, paper, or in other media. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.

3.1.2 Advantages

The advantages of CSS are:

❖ CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then reuse the same sheet
in multiple HTML pages.
❖ Pages load faster – Increases Download Speed
❖ Easy maintenance - To make a global change, all the elements in all the
web pages will be updated automatically.
❖ Superior styles to HTML – It is better look to your HTML page in
comparison to HTML attributes.
❖ Multiple Device Compatibility - Style sheets allow content to be
optimized for more than one type of device.
❖ Global web standards - Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and
it is being recommended to use CSS

3.1.3 What is the “Cascade” part of CSS?

The cascade part of CSS means that more than one style sheet can be attached to a
document, and all of them can influence the presentation. For example, a designer can have a
global style sheet for the whole site, but a local one for say, controlling the link color and
background of a specific page. Or, a user can use own style sheet if s/he has problems seeing
the page, or if s/he just prefers a certain look.
3.2 CSS Syntax

A CSS style rule is made of three parts:

1. Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be applied. This could be any
tag like <h1>, <p> or <table> etc.
2. Property: A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the HTML
attributes are converted into CSS properties. They could be color, border, bgcolor etc.
3. Value: Values are assigned to properties. For example, color property can
have the value either red or #F1F1F1 etc.

The format or syntax of CSS is:

Selector {property:

Example:You can define a heading as follows:

h1 {color: red; font-size :15px}

Selector Property Value Property Value

Here h1 is a selector , color and font-size are properties and the

given value red, and 15px are the value of that property.
 The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
 Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
 The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a
value.
3.2.1 Rules/ Principle of CSS
1. Every statement must have a selector and a declaration. The declaration comes immediately
after the selector and is contained in a pair of curly braces.
2. The declaration is one or more properties separated by semicolons.
3. Each property has a property name followed by a colon and then the value for that
property. There are many different types of values, but any given property can only take
certain values as set down in the specification.
4. Sometimes a property can take a number of values, as in the font-family. The values in
the list should be separated by a comma and a space.
5. Sometimes a value will have a unit as well as the actual value, as in the 1.3em. You
must not put a space between the value and its unit.
6. As with HTML, white space can be used to make your style sheet easier to read and write.
 3.2.2 Parts of style sheet
A style sheet consists of one or more rules that describe how document elements
should be displayed. A rule in CSS has two parts: the selector and the declaration. The
declaration also has two parts, the property and the value. Let's take a look at a rule for a
heading 1 style: h1
{ font-family: verdana, "sans serif"; font-size: 1.3em } This expression is a rule that says
every h1 tag will be verdana or other sans-serif font and the fontsize will be 1.3em. Let's
take a look at the different parts of this rule.

Selector
{
property1: some value;
property2: some value;
}
The declaration contains the property and value for the selector. The property is the attribute you
wish to change and each property can take a value. The property and value are separated by a
colon and surrounded by curly braces:
body { background-color: black}
If the value of a property is more than one word, put quotes around that value: body { font-family:
"sans serif"; } If you wish to specify more than one property, you must use a semi-colon to separate
each property. This rule defines a paragraph that will have blue text that is centered.
p { text-align: center; color: blue }
You can group selectors. Separate each selector with a comma. The example below groups
headers 1, 2, and 3 and makes them all yellow. h1, h2, h3 { color: yellow}

3.3 CSS

Selectors

You can define selectors in various simple ways based on your comfort. Let me put these
selectors one by one. Three types of CSS Selectors
1. The Element selectors
2. The ID Selectors
3. The Class Selectors
3.3.1 The Element selectors
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded
by curly brackets: example -
p {color:red;text-align:center;}
To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:

3.3.2 The ID selectors

p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.The id selector uses
the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#". Example – Imagine
within the body element of our html page, we have the following paragraph element
<p id=”welcome”>Welcome to the 1st CSS
Document </p>
We can then create a CSS rule with the id selector:

#welcome
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}
3.3.3 The Class selectors
The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector,
the class selector is most often used on several elements. This allows you to set a
particular style for many HTML elements with the same class. The class selector uses the
HTML class attribute, and is defined with a ".". In the example below, all HTML elements
with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Imagine within the body element of our html page, we have the following header element
<h2 class=”center”>Summary</h2>
We can then create a CSS rule with the class selector:
.center {text-align:center;}

You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class. In
the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned: example
p.center {text-align:center;}
Some of the other selectors are used in CSS, they are :
3.3.3.1 Universal selector
An asterisk (*) is the universal selector for CSS. It matches a single element of any type.
Omitting the asterisk with simple selectors has the same effect. For instance, *.warning
and. warning are considered equal. Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the
universal selector quite simply matches the name of any element type: Example-
*
 {
Color:#000000;
}
This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.
3.3.3.2 Attribute Selector
You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes. The style rule
below will match all the input elements having a type attribute with a value of text:
input[type="text"]
{
color: #000000;
}
The advantage to this method is that the <input type="submit" /> element is unaffected,
and the color applied only to the desired text fields.There are following rules applied to
attribute selector.
➢ p[lang] - Selects all paragraph elements with a lang attribute.
➢ p[lang="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute
has a value of exactly "fr".
➢ p[lang~="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute
contains the word "fr".
➢ p[lang|="en"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute
contains values that are exactly "en", or begin with "en-".

3.4 Ways to insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

1. External style sheet
2. Internal style sheet
3. Inline style
3.4.1 External style sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external
style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must
link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The
<link> tag goes inside the head section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags.
Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown
below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
 body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

Notes : Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin- left:20 px"
(instead of "margin- left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

3.4.2 Internal style sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You
define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back1.gif");}
</style>
</head>
3.4.3 Inline style sheet
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with
presentation. Use this method sparingly! To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the
relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change
the color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a
paragraph.</p>
3.5 Background image handling

The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element. By

default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element. The background image for a page
can be set like this:body {background- image:url('paper.gif');}
Example
<html>
<head>
<Title>This is my Internal css page</Title>
<style type="text/css">
body
{
background-image:url
("C:/Users/SAI/Desktop/Desktop/100MSDCF/
11. jpg");
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
Background Image
</body>
</html>
The output of the above example is :

You can set the following background properties of an element:

➢ The background-image property is used to set the background image of
an element.
➢ The background-repeat property is used to control the repetition of an
image in the background.
➢ The background-position property is used to control the position of an
image in the background.
➢ The background-attachment property is used to control the scrolling of
an image in the background.
➢ The background property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other
background properties.
3.5.1 Repeat the Background Image
The following example demonstrates how to repeat the background image if an image is
small. You can use no-repeat value for the background-repeat property if you don't want to repeat
an image. In this case, the image will display only once. By default, the background-repeat
property will have a repeat value.
<table style="background-image:url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/pattern1.gif); background-repeat:
repeat;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image which repeats multiple times.
</td></tr>
</table>
The following example which demonstrates how to repeat the background image
vertically.
<table style="background-image:url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/pattern1.gif); background-repeat:
repeat-y;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image set which will repeat vertically. </td></tr>
</table>
The following example demonstrates how to repeat the background image
horizontally.
<table style="background-image:url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/pattern1.gif); background-repeat:
repeat-x;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image set which will repeat horizontally. </td></tr>
</table>
3.5.2 Set the Background Image Position
The following example demonstrates how to set the background image position
100 pixels away from the left side.
<table style="background-image:url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/pattern1.gif);
background-position:100px;">
<tr><td>
Background image positioned 100 pixels away from the left.
</td></tr>
</table>

3.6 Background colour Management using CSS

The background-color property specifies the background color of an element. The

background color of a page is defined in the body selector: Example

body {background-color:#b0c4de;}
<p style="background-color:yellow;">
This text has a yellow background color. </p>

With CSS, a color is most often specified by:

1. a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
2. an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
3. a color name - like "red"
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background
colors:
h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}
Example
3.6.1 CSS Colors - Hex Codes
A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits (RR) represent a
red value, the next two are a green value (GG), and the last are the blue value (BB). Each
hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign ‘#’. Following are the examples to
use Hexadecimal notation.

3.6.2 CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes

This is a shorter form of the six-digit notation. In this format, each digit is replicated to arrive at
an equivalent six-digit value. For example: #6A7 becomes #66AA77.
3.6.3 CSS Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values,
one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
NOTE: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color, so it is recommended not to use
it.
3.7 Text Management using CSS

CSS is a language that describes the style of an HTML document. You can set the following
text properties of an element:

➢ The color property is used to set the color of a text.

➢ The direction property is used to set the text direction.
➢ The letter-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the
letters that make up a word.
➢ The word-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the
words of a sentence.
➢ The text-indent property is used to indent the text of a paragraph.
➢ The text-align property is used to align the text of a document.
➢ The text-decoration property is used to underline, overline, and
strikethrough text.
➢ The text-transform property is used to capitalize text or convert text to
uppercase or lowercase letters.
➢ The white-space property is used to control the flow and formatting of
text.
➢ The text-shadow property is used to set the text shadow around a text.

3.7.1 Set the Text Color

The following example demonstrates how to set the text color. Possible
value could be any color name in any valid format.
<p style="color:red;">This text will be written in red. </p>

3.7.2 Set the Text Direction

The following example demonstrates how to set the direction of a text. Possible values
are ltr or rtl.
<p style="direction:rtl;">This text will be rendered from right to left </p>

3.7.3. Set the Space between Characters

The following example demonstrates how to set the space between characters. Possible
values are normal or a number specifying space.

<p style="letter-spacing:5px;">This text is having space between letters.

</p>

3.7.4 Set the Space between Words

The following example demonstrates how to set the space between words. Possible
values are normal or a number specifying space.

<p style="word-spacing:5px;">This text is having space between words.

</p>

3.7.5 Set the Text Indent

 The following example demonstrates how to indent the first line of a paragraph. Possible
values are % or a number specifying indent space.

<p style="text-indent:1cm;">
This text will have first line indented by 1cm and this line will
remain at its actual position this is done by CSS text-indent
property.
</p>

3.7.6 Set the Text Alignment

The following example demonstrates how to align a text. Possible values are left, right,
center, justify.

<p style="text-align:right;"> This will be right aligned. </p>

<p style="text-align:center;"> This will be center aligned. </p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> This will be left aligned. </p>
3.7.7 Decorating the Text

The following example demonstrates how to decorate a text. Possible values are none,
underline, overline, line-through, blink.

<p style="text-decoration:underline;"> This will be underlined </p>

<p style="text-decoration:line-through;"> This will be striked through.
</p>
<p style="text-decoration:overline;"> This will have a over line. </p>
<p style="text-decoration:blink;">This text will have blinking effect </p>

3.7.8 Set the Text Cases

The following example demonstrates how to set the cases for a text.
Possible values are none, capitalize, uppercase, lowercase.

<p style="text-transform:capitalize;"> This will be capitalized </p>

<p style="text-transform:uppercase;"> This will be in uppercase </p>
<p style="text-transform:lowercase;"> This will be in lowercase </p>
Example

:
3.8 Font Management using CSS

A font is the combination of typeface and other qualities, such as size, pitch, and spacing. For
example, Times Roman is a typeface that defines the shape of each character. Within Times
Roman, however, there are many fonts to choose from -- different sizes, italic, bold, and so
on.You can set the following font properties of an element:

➢ The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.

➢ The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
➢ The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
➢ The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how bold or light
a font appears.
➢ The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
➢ The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other font
properties.

3.8.1 Set the Font Family

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font family of an element.
Possible value could be any font family name.
<p style="font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">
This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the default serif font
depending on which font you have at your system. </p>

3.8.2 Set the Font Style

The following example demonstrates how to set the font style of an element. Possible
values are normal, italic and oblique.

<p style="font-style:italic;">This text will be rendered in italic

style </p>
3.8.3 Set the Font Variant
The following example demonstrates how to set the font variant of an element. Possible
values are normal and small-caps.

<p style="font-variant:small-caps;"> This text will be rendered as small

caps </p>
3.8.4 Set the Font Weight
The following example demonstrates how to set the font weight of an element. The font-
weight property provides the functionality to specify how bold a font is. Possible values
could be normal, bold, bolder, lighter, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900.
<p style="font-weight:bold;"> This font is bold. </p>
<p style="font-weight:bolder;"> This font is bolder. </p>
<p style="font-weight:900;"> This font is 900 weight. </p>

3.8.5 Set the Font Size

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size of an element. The font-
size property is used to control the size of fonts. Possible values could be xx-small, x-
small, small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large, smaller, larger, size in pixels or in %.
 <p style="font-size:20px;"> This font size is 20 pixels </p>
<p style="font-size:small;"> This font size is small </p>
<p style="font-size:large;"> This font size is large </p>

3.8.6 Set the Font Size Adjust

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size adjust of an element. This
property enables you to adjust the x-height to make fonts more legible. Possible value
could be any number.

<p style="font-size-adjust:0.61;">This text is using a font-size-adjust

value. </p>
3.8.7 Set the Font Stretch

The following example demonstrates how to set the font stretch of an element. This
property relies on the user's computer to have an expanded or condensed version
of the font being used.
 Possible values could be normal, wider, narrower, ultra-condensed, extra-
condensed, condensed, semi-condensed, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-
expanded, ultra-expanded.
<p style="font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">
If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that your computer
doesn't have a condensed or expanded version of the font being
used. </p>
Example:-
3.9 Managing hyperlinks using CSS

An element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to an
entirely different document. A hyperlink, or simply a link, is a reference to data that the reader
can directly follow either by clicking, tapping, or hovering. A hyperlink points to a whole
document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. The text
that is linked is called anchor text. You can set the following properties of a hyperlink:

➢ The :link signifies unvisited hyperlinks.

➢ The :visited signifies visited hyperlinks.
➢ The :hover signifies an element that currently has the user's mouse pointer
hovering over it.
➢ The :active signifies an element on which the user is currently clicking.

Usually, all these properties are kept in the header part of the HTML document. Remember
a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective. Also,
a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition as follows:

<style type="text/css">
a:link {color: #000000}
a:visited {color: #006600}
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>

3.9.1 Set the Color of Links

The following example demonstrates how to set the link color. Possible values could be
any color name in any valid format.

<style type="text/css">
a:link {color:#000000}
</style>

<a href="/html/index.htm">Black Link</a>

3.9.2 Set the Color of Visited Links

The following example demonstrates how to set the color of the visited links. Possible
values could be any color name in any valid format.

<style type="text/css">
a:visited {color: #006600}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Click this link</a>
3.9.3 Change the Color of Links when Mouse is Over
The following example demonstrates how to change the color of links when we bring a
mouse pointer over that link. Possible values could be any color name in any valid format.
<style type="text/css">
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
</style>

<a href="/html/index.htm">Bring Mouse Here</a>

3.9.4 Change the Color of Active Links

The following example demonstrates how to change the color of active links. Possible
values could be any color name in any valid format.

<style type="text/css">
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>

<a href="/html/index.htm">Click This Link</a>

3.10 Managing List using CSS

Lists are very helpful in conveying a set of either numbered or bulleted points. This chapter
teaches you how to control list type, position, style, etc., using CSS. We have the following five
CSS properties, which can be used to control lists:

➢ The list-style-type allows you to control the shape or appearance of the marker.
➢ The list-style-position specifies whether a long point that wraps to a second line should
align with the first line or start underneath the start of the marker.
➢ The list-style-image specifies an image for the marker rather than a bullet point or
number.
➢ The list-style serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.
 ➢ The marker-offset specifies the distance between a marker and the text in
the list.

3.10.1 The list-style-type Property

The list-style-type property allows you to control the shape or style of a bullet point (also known
as a marker) in case of unordered lists and the style of numbering characters in ordered lists. Here
are the values, which can be used for an unordered list:

Value Description
None NA
disc A filled-in
(default) circle
Circle An empty
circle
Square A filled-in
square

Here are the values, which can be used for an ordered list:

Value Description Example

Decimal Number 1,2,3,4…..
decimal- 0 before the number 01, 02,
leading- …..
zero
lower- Lowercase alphanumeric a, b, c, ….
alpha characters
upper- Uppercase alphanumeric A, B, C,
alpha characters D, E..
lower- Lowercase Roman i, ii, iii, iv,
roman numerals v
upper- Uppercase Roman I, II, III,
roman numerals IV, V

Here is an example:
The output of the above program is :

3.10.2 The list-style-position Property

The list-style-position property indicates whether the marker should appear inside or
outside of the box containing the bullet points. It can have one of the two values:

Value Description
None NA
Inside If the text goes onto a second line, the text will wrap
underneath the marker. It will also appear indented to where
the text would have started if the list had a value of outside.
Outside If the text goes onto a second line, the text will be aligned
with the start of the first line (to the right of the bullet).
Example :
<html>
<head>
<Title>This is my inline css page</Title>
</head>
<body>
<ul style="list-style-type:circle; list-stlye-
position:outside;"><li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type:square;list-style-
position:inside;"><li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>
<ol style="list-style-type:decimal;list-stlye-
position:outside;"><li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;list-style-position:inside;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li><li>Physics</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

The output of the above program is :

3.11 Designing Tables using CSS

Tables are an excellent way to organize and display information on a page. You can set the
following properties of a table:

• The border-collapse specifies whether the browser should control the appearance of the
adjacent borders that touch each other or whether each cell should maintain its style.
• The border-spacing specifies the width that should appear between table cells.
• The caption-side captions are presented in the <caption> element. By default, these are
rendered above the table in the document. You use the caption-side property to control the
placement of the table caption.
• The empty-cells specify whether the border should be shown if a cell is empty.
• The table-layout allows browsers to speed up the layout of a table by using the first width
properties it comes across for the rest of a column rather than having to load the whole
table before rendering it.

3.11.1 The order-collapse Property

This property can have two values collapse and separate. The following
example uses both the values:

<html>
<head>
<Title>This is my inline css page</Title>
</head>
<body>
<style type="text/css">
table.one
{border-collapse:collapse;}
table.two
{border-collapse:separate;}
td.a
{
border-style:dotted;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#000000;
padding: 10px;
}
td.b
{
border-style:solid;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#333333;
padding:10px;
}
 </style>
<table class="one">
<caption>Collapse Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class="a"> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class="b"> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table><br />
<table class="two">
<caption>Separate Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class="a"> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class="b"> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

The output of the above program is :

3.11.2 The border-spacing Property

The border-spacing property specifies the distance that separates the adjacent cells’
borders. It can take either one or two values; these should be units of length. If you provide one
value, it applies to both vertical and horizontal borders. Or you can specify two values, in which
case, the first refers to the horizontal spacing and the second to the vertical spacing:
NOTE: Unfortunately, this property does not work in Netscape 7 or IE 6.
Now let's modify the previous example and see the effect:
<style type="text/css">
table.one
{
border-collapse:separate; width:400px;
border-spacing:10px;
}
table.two
{
border-collapse:separate; width:400px;
border-spacing:10px 50px;
}
</style>
<table class="one" border="1">
<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table><br />
<table class="two" border="1">
<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>

3.11.3 The empty-cells Property

The empty-cells property indicates whether a cell without any content should have a border
displayed. This property can have one of the three values - show, hide, or inherit. Here is the
empty-cells property used to hide borders of empty cells in the <table> element.

Example:

<html>
<head>
<Title>This is my inline css page</Title>
</head>
<body>
<style type="text/css">
table.empty
{
width:350px;
border-collapse:separate;
empty-cells:hide;
}
td.empty
{
padding:5px;
border-style:solid;
 border-width:1px;
border-color:#999999;}
</style>
<table class="empty">
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Title one</th>
<th>Title two</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Row Title</th>
<td class="empty">value</td><td class="empty">value</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Row Title</th>
<td class="empty">value</td><td class="empty"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

The output of the above program is :

3.12 Working with Box Model

You have seen the border that surrounds every box i.e. element, the padding that can appear inside
each box, and the margin that can go around them. In this chapter, we will learn how to change
the dimensions of boxes. We have the following properties that allow you to control the
dimensions of a box.
➢ The height property is used to set the height of a box.
➢ The width property is used to set the width of a box.
➢ The line-height property is used to set the height of a line of text.
➢ The max-height property is used to set a maximum height that a box can be.
➢ The min-height property is used to set the minimum height that a box can be.
➢ The max-width property is used to set the maximum width that a box can be.
➢ The min-width property is used to set the minimum width that a box can be.

3.12.1 The Height and Width Properties

The height and width properties allow you to set the height and width for boxes. They can take
values of a length, a percentage, or the keyword auto. Here is an example:

The output of the above program is:

3.12.2 The line-height Property

The line-height property allows you to increase the space between lines of text. The value of the
line-height property can be a number, a length, or a percentage. Here is an example:

The output of the above program is

3.12.3 The max-height Property

The max-height property allows you to specify the maximum height of a box. The value of the
max-height property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.

NOTE: This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6. Here is an example:
The output of the above program is

3.12.4 The max-width Property

The max-width property allows you to specify the maximum width of a box. The value of the
max-width property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.
NOTE: This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.
Here is an example:
The output of the above program is

3.13 Designing borders using CSS

The border properties allow you to specify how the border of the box representing an
element should look. There are three properties of a border you can change:

➢ The border-color specifies the color of a border.

➢ The border-style specifies whether a border should be solid, dashed line,
double line, or one of the other possible values.
➢ The border-width specifies the width of a border.

3.13.1 The border-color Property

The border-color property allows you to change the color of the border surrounding an
element. You can individually change the color of the bottom, left, top and right sides of an
element's border using the properties:

➢ border-bottom-color changes the color of bottom border.

➢ border-top-color changes the color of top border.
➢ border-left-color changes the color of left border.
➢ border-right-color changes the color of right border.

The following example shows the effect of all these properties:

The output of the above program is :

3.13.2 The border-style Property

The border-style property allows you to select one of the following styles of border:
➢ none: No border. (Equivalent of border-width:0;)
➢ solid: Border is a single solid line.
➢ dotted: Border is a series of dots.
➢ dashed: Border is a series of short lines.
➢ double: Border is two solid lines.groove: Border looks as though it is carved into the
page.
➢ ridge: Border looks the opposite of groove.
➢ inset: Border makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
➢ outset: Border makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
➢ hidden: Same as none, except in terms of border-conflict resolution for
table elements.

You can individually change the style of the bottom, left, top, and right borders of
an element using the following properties:

➢ border-bottom-style changes the style of bottom border.

➢ border-top-style changes the style of top border.
➢ border-left-style changes the style of left border.
➢ border-right-style changes the style of right border.

The following example shows all these border styles:

It will produce the following result:
3.14 Designing outline using CSS

Outlines are very similar to borders, but there are few major differences as well:
➢ An outline does not take up space.
➢ Outlines do not have to be rectangular.
➢ Outline is always the same on all sides; you cannot specify different values
for different sides of an element.

NOTE: The outline properties are not supported by IE 6 or Netscape 7. You can
set the following outline properties using CSS.

➢ The outline-width property is used to set the width of the outline.

➢ The outline-style property is used to set the line style for the outline.
➢ The outline-color property is used to set the color of the outline.
➢ The outline property is used to set all the above three properties in a single
statement.

3.14.1 The outline-width Property

The outline-width property specifies the width of the outline to be added to the box. Its value
should be a length or one of the values thin, medium, or thick, just like the border-width attribute.
A width of zero pixels means no outline. Here is an example:

The above program will produce the following result:

3.14.2 The outline-style Property

The outline-style property specifies the style for the line (solid, dotted, or dashed) that goes
around an element. It can take one of the following values:
➢ none: No border. (Equivalent of outline-width:0;)
➢ solid: Outline is a single solid line.
➢ dotted: Outline is a series of dots.
➢ dashed: Outline is a series of short lines.
➢ double: Outline is two solid lines.
➢ groove: Outline looks as though it is carved into the page.
➢ ridge: Outline looks the opposite of groove.
➢ inset: Outline makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
➢ outset: Outline makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
➢ hidden: Same as none.
Here is an example:
The above program will produce the following result:

3.14.3 The outline-color Property

The outline-color property allows you to specify the color of the outline. Its value should either
be a color name, a hex color, or an RGB value, as with the color and border-color properties. Here
is an example:

The above program will produce the following result:

3.15 Setting Page Margin using CSS

The margin property defines the space around an HTML element. It is possible to use
negative values to overlap content. The values of the margin property are not inherited by the
child elements. Remember that the adjacent vertical margins (top and bottom margins) will
collapse into each other so that the distance between the blocks is not the sum of the margins, but
only the greater of the two margins or the same size as one margin if both are equal.
We have the following properties to set an element margin.
➢ The margin specifies a shorthand property for setting the margin
properties in one declaration.
➢ The margin-bottom specifies the bottom margin of an element.
➢ The margin-top specifies the top margin of an element.
➢ The margin-left specifies the left margin of an element.
➢ The margin-right specifies the right margin of an element.

3.15.1 The Margin Property

The margin property allows you to set all of the properties for the four margins in
one declaration. Here is the syntax to set margin around a paragraph:
<style type="text/css">
p {margin: 15px}
all four margins will be 15px

p {margin: 10px 2%}

top and bottom margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total
width of the document.

p {margin: 10px 2% -10px}

top margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the
document, bottom margin will be -10px

p {margin: 10px 2% -10px auto}

top margin will be 10px, right margin will be 2% of the total width of the
document, bottom margin will be -10px, left margin will be set by the browser
</style>

Here is an example:

The above program will produce the following result:

3.15.2 The margin-bottom Property

The margin-bottom property allows you to set the bottom margin of an element. It can have a
value in length, %, or auto.
Here is an example:

The above program will produce the following result:

3.15.3 The margin-left Property

The margin-left property allows you to set the left margin of an element. It can
have a value in length, %, or auto. Here is an example:
The above program will produce the following result

3.16 Let us sum up

In this unit we have understood what is CSS, advantages of CSS,
Parts of CSS, CSS syntax, CSS selectors, ways to insert CSS, background image handling,
background colour management, text management, font management, managing hyperlinks,
managing lists, designing tables, working with box model, designing borders, designing
outline,setting page margin

.
 Unit -2
CSS Advanced

Learning objectives:
 Paragraph Padding
 Image height and width setting
 Block level and inline elements
 Pseudo-class and elements
 Various attribute of image
 Different attribute values of selectors

4.1 Padding using CSS

The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear between the content
of an element and its border: The value of this attribute should be either a length, a percentage,
or the word inherits. If the value is inherit, it will have the same padding as its parent element. If
a percentage is used, the percentage is of the containing box. The following CSS properties can
be used to control lists. You can also set different values for the padding on each side of the box
using the following properties:
➢ The padding-bottom specifies the bottom padding of an element.
➢ The padding-top specifies the top padding of an element.
➢ The padding-left specifies the left padding of an element.
➢ The padding-right specifies the right padding of an element.
➢ The padding serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.

4.1.1 The padding-bottom Property

The padding-bottom property sets the bottom padding (space) of an element. This
can take a value in terms of length of %. Here is an example:

Page 41
4.1.2 The padding-top Property
The padding-top property sets the top padding (space) of an element. This can take a value in
terms of length of %. Here is an example:

The above program will produce the following result:

Page 42
4.2 Setting Display Using CSS
The display property is the most important CSS property for controlling layout. The display
property specifies if/how an element is displayed. Every HTML element has a default display
value depending on what type of element it is. The default display value for most elements is
block or inline. A block element is often called a block-level element. An inline element is
always just called an inline element.

4.2.1 Block-level Elements

A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width
available (stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).

The <div> element is a block-level element.

Examples of block-level elements:

➢ <div>
➢ <h1> - <h6>
➢ <p>
➢ <form>
➢ <header>
➢ <footer>
➢ <section>
<div>
div is the standard block-level element. A block-level element starts on a new line
and stretches out to the left and right as far as it can. Other common block-level
elements are p and form, and new in HTML5 are header, footer, section, and more.

</div>

4.2.2 Inline Elements

An inline element does not start on a new line and
This is an inline <span>
only takes up as much width as necessary.
element inside a paragraph.
Span is the standard inline element. An inline element can wrap some text inside
a paragraph <span> like this </span> without disrupting the flow of that
paragraph. The a element is the most common inline element, since you use them
for links.
Examples of inline elements:
➢ <span>
➢ <a>
➢ <img>

Page 43
CSS Syntax
Display: value;

The values of display property have the following meanings:

➢ Block -This value causes an element to generate a block box.

➢ Inline-block - This value causes an element to generate an inline-level block container.
The inside of an inline-block is formatted as a block box, and the element itself is formatted
as an atomic inline-level box.
➢ Inline - This value causes an element to generate one or more
inline boxes.
➢ list-item - This value causes an element (e.g., LI in HTML) to
generate a principal block box and a marker box.
➢ None - This value causes an element to not appear in the
formatting structure

Here are some examples of the display property:

p { display: block }
em {display: inline }
li { display: list-item }
4.3 Setting width and Maxwidth using CSS
Setting the width of a block-level element will prevent it from stretching out to the edges of its
container. Then, you can set the margins to auto, to horizontally center the element within its
container. The element will take up the specified width, and the remaining space will be split
equally between the two margins:

This <div> element has a width of 500px, and margin set to

auto.

Note: The problem with the <div> above occurs when the browser window is smaller than the
width of the element. The browser then adds a horizontal scrollbar to the page.

Using max-width instead, in this situation, will improve the browser's handling of small
windows. This is important when making a site usable on small devices:

This <div> element has a max-width of 500px, and margin

set to auto.

Tip: Resize the browser window to less than 500px wide, to see
the difference between the two divs!

Here is an example of the two divs above:

Page 44
The output of the above program is following bellow:

4.4 Setting Position using CSS

CSS helps you to position your HTML element. You can put any HTML element at whatever
location you like. You can specify whether you want the element positioned relative to its natural
position in the page or absolute based on its parent element. Now, we will see all the CSS
positioning related properties with examples.

4.4.1 Relative Positioning

Relative positioning changes the position of the HTML element relative to where it normally
appears. So "left:20" adds 20 pixels to the element's LEFT position. You can use two values top
and left along with the position property to move an HTML element anywhere in an HTML
document.

➢ Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

➢ Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
➢ Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
➢ Move Down - Use a positive value for top.

NOTE: You can use the bottom or right values as well in the same way as top and
left.

Page 45
Here is an example:

The above program will produce the following result:

4.4.2 Absolute Positioning

An element with position: absolute is positioned at the specified coordinates relative to your
screen top-left corner. You can use two values top and left along with the position property to
move an HTML element anywhere in HTML document.

➢ Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

➢ Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
➢ Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
➢ Move Down - Use a positive value for top.

NOTE: You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way as top and
left.
Here is an example:
<div style="position: absolute; left: 80px; top: 20px; background-color:
yellow ;">

Page 46
 This div has absolute positioning.
</div>
4.4.3 Fixed Positioning
Fixed positioning allows you to fix the position of an element to a particular spot on the page,
regardless of scrolling. Specified coordinates will be relative to the browser window. You can
use two values top and left along with the position property to move an HTML element anywhere
in the HTML document.

➢ Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

➢ Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
➢ Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
➢ Move Down - Use a positive value for top.

NOTE: You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way as top and
left.

Here is an example:

<div style="position:fixed;left:80px;top:20px; background-

color:yellow;">
This div has fixed positioning.
</div>

4.5 Setting the float property using CSS

A float is a box that is shifted to the left or right on the current line. The most interesting
characteristic of a float (or "floated" or "floating" box) is that content may flow along its side (or
be prohibited from doing so by the property).

With CSS float, an element can be pushed to the left or right, allowing other elements to wrap
around it. Float is very often used for images, but it is also useful when working with layouts.

A line box is next to a float when there exists a vertical position that satisfies all of these four
conditions:
(a) At or below the top of the line box,
(b) At or above the bottom of the line box
(c) Below the top margin edge of the float, and
(d) Above the bottom margin edge of the float.

4.5.1 Elements Float

Elements are floated horizontally; this means that an element can only be floated left or
right, not up or down. A floated element will move as far to the left or right as it can. Usually this
means all the way to the left or right of the containing element. The elements after the floating
element will flow around it. The elements before the floating element will not be affected. If an
image is floated to the right, a following text flows around it, to the left:

Page 47
Example:

img { float:right; }

If you place several floating elements after each other, they will float next to each other if there
is room. Here we have made an image gallery using the float property:

Example

.thumbnail { float:left; width:110px; height:90px; margin:5px; }

4.5.2 Turning off Float - Using Clear

Elements after the floating element will flow around it. To avoid this, use the clear
property. The clear property specifies which sides of an element other floating elements
are not allowed. Add a text line into the image gallery, using the clear property:

Example:
.text_line { clear:both; }

4.5.3 All CSS Float Properties

The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the
property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

Property Description Values CSS

clear Specifies which sides of left right 1
an element where other both none
floating elements are not inherit
allowed
float Specifies whether or not left right 1
a box should float none
inherit
Example:

The above program will produce the following result:

Page 48
Page 49
4.6 Inline Block Properties
It has been possible for a long time to create a grid of boxes that fills the browser width
and wraps nicely (when the browser is resized), by using the float property. However, the
inline-block value of the display property makes this even easier. Inline-block elements are like
inline elements but they can have a width and a height.

Examples
The old way - using float (notice that we also need to specify a clear property for
the element after the floating boxes):
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.floating-box
{
float: left;
width: 150px;
height: 75px;
margin: 10px;
border: 3px solid #73AD21;
}

.after-box
{
clear: left;
border: 3px solid red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="floating-box">Floating box</div>
<div class="after-box">Another box, after the floating boxes...</div>
</body>
</html>
The above program will produce the following result

Page 50
4.7 Horizontal Alignment in CSS

In CSS, several properties can be used to align elements horizontally and

vertically.

4.7.1 Center Align Elements

To horizontally center a block element (like <div>), use margin: auto; Setting the width
of the element will prevent it from stretching out to the edges of its container. The element will
then take up the specified width, and the remaining space will be split equally between the two
margins:
Example:

.center
{
margin: auto;
width: 50%;
border: 3px solid green;
padding: 10px;
}

Note: Center aligning has no effect if the width property is not set (or set to 100%).

4.7.2 Center Align Text

To just center the text inside an element, use text-align: center;

Example:

Page 51
 .center
{
text-align: center;
border: 3px solid green;
}
4.7.3 Center an Image

To center an image, use margin: auto; and make it into a block element:
img
{
display: block;
margin: auto;
width: 40%;
}

4.7.4 Left and Right Align - Using position

One method for aligning elements is to use position: absolute;:

Example:

.right {
position:
absolute; right:
0px;
width: 300px;
border: 3px solid
#73AD21; padding: 10px;
}

Note: Absolute positioned elements are removed from the normal flow,
and can overlap elements.
Tip: When aligning elements with position, always define margin and padding for the <body>
element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers. There is also a problem with
IE8 and earlier, when using position. If a container element (in our case <div
class="container">) has a specified width, and the
!DOCTYPE declaration is missing, IE8 and earlier versions will add a 17px margin
on the right side. This seems to be space reserved for a scrollbar. So, always set the
!DOCTYPE declaration when using position:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

Page 52
 <style>
body
{
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.container
{
position: relative;
width: 100%;
}
.right
{
position: absolute;
right: 0px;
width: 300px;
background-color: #b0e0e6;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Right Align</h2>

<div class="container">
<div class="right">
<p><b>Note: </b>When aligning using the position property,
always include the !DOCTYPE declaration! If missing, it can
produce strange results in IE browsers.</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

The above program will produce the following result

Page 53
4.8 Working with Combinatory
A combinatory is something that explains the relationship between the selectors. A CSS selector
can contain more than one simple selector. Between the simple selectors, we can include a
combinatory.
There are four different combinatory in CSS:
➢ descendant selector (space)
➢ child selector (>)
➢ adjacent sibling selector (+)
➢ general sibling selector (~)
4.8.1 Descendant Selector

The descendant selector matches all elements that are descendants of a specified element.

The following example selects all <p> elements inside <div> elements:

Example
div p
{
background-color: yellow;
}

Page 54
4.8.2 Child Selector

The child selector selects all elements that are the immediate children of a specified
element.

The following example selects all <p> elements that are immediate
children of a <div> element:

Example
<div > p {
background-color: yellow;
}
4.8.3 Adjacent Sibling Selector

The adjacent sibling selector selects all elements that are the adjacent siblings of a
specified element. Sibling elements must have the same parent element, and "adjacent"
means "immediately following". The following example selects all <p> elements that are
placed immediately after <div> elements:

Example:
div + p {
background-color: yellow;
}

4.8.4 General Sibling Selector

The general sibling selector selects all elements that are siblings of a specified element.
The following example selects all <p> elements that are siblings of <div> elements:
Example:
div ~ p {
background-color: yellow;
}

4.9 Working with Pseudo-class

A pseudo-class is used to define a special state of an element. For example, it can be used to:
➢ Style an element when a user mouses over it
➢ Style visited and unvisited links differently
➢ Style an element when it gets focus

Syntax
The syntax of pseudo-classes:

selector: pseudo-class

Page 55
 {
property: value;
}
4.9.1 Anchor Pseudo-classes
Links can be displayed in different ways:
Example
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: #FF0000;
}

/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: #00FF00;
}

/* mouse over link */

a:hover {
color: #FF00FF;
}

/* selected link */
a:active {
color: #0000FF;
}
Note: a: hover MUST come after a: link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to
be effective!a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be
effective! Pseudo-class names are not case- sensitive.

4.9.2 Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes

Pseudo-classes can be combined with CSS classes: When you hover over
the link in the example, it will change color:
Example
a.highlight:hover
{
color: #ff0000;
}
Hover on <div>
An example of using the: hover pseudo-class on a <div> element:
Example
div:hover
{
background-color: blue;
}
4.9.3 Simple Tooltip Hover
Hover over a <div> element to show a <p> element (like a tooltip):
Hover over me to show the <p> element.
Example

Page 56
 p
{
display: none;
background-color: yellow;
padding: 20px;
}

div:hover p
{
display: block;
}
4.9.4 The: first-child Pseudo-class
The: first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another
element.
4.9.5 Match the first <p> element
In the following example, the selector matches any <p> element that is the first child of
any element:

Example
p: first-child

{
color: blue;
}

Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements

In the following example, the selector matches the first <i> element in all <p> elements:

Example
p i:first-child
{
color: blue;
}

Selector Example Example description

:active a:active Selects the active link

:checked input:checked Selects every checked

<input> element

:disabled input:disabled Selects every disabled

<input> element

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:empty p:empty Selects every <p> element
that has no children

:enabled input:enabled Selects every enabled

<input> element

:first-child p:first-child Selects every <p> elements

that is the first child of its
parent

:first-of-type p:first-of-type Selects every <p> element

that is the first <p> element
of its parent

:focus input:focus Selects the <input> element

that has focus
:hover a:hover Selects links on mouse over

:in-range input:in-range Selects <input> elements

with a value within a
specified range

:invalid input:invalid Selects all <input> elements

with an invalid value
Selects every <p> element
:lang(language) p:lang(it) with a lang attribute value
starting with "it"

:last-child p:last-child Selects every <p> elements

that is the last child of its
parent

:last-of-type p:last-of-type Selects every <p> element

that is the last <p> element
of its parent
:link a:link Selects all unvisited links

:not(selector) :not(p) Selects every element that is not a

<p> element

:nth-child(n) p:nth-child(2) Selects every <p> element

that is the second child of its
parent

:nth-last- p:nth-last- Selects every <p> element

child(n) child(2) that is the second child of its
parent, counting from the
last child

:nth-last-of- p:nth-last- Selects every <p> element

type(n) of- type(2) that is the second <p>
element of its parent,
counting from the last child

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 p:nth-of- Selects every <p> element
:nth-of-type(n) type(2) that is the second <p>
element of its parent

:only-of-type p:only-of- Selects every <p> element

type that is the only <p> element
of its parent

:only-child p:only-child Selects every <p> element

that is the only child of its
parent
:optional input:optional Selects <input> elements with no

"required" attribute

:out-of-range input:out- Selects <input> elements

of- range with a value outside a
specified range

:read-only input:read- Selects <input> elements

only with a "readonly" attribute
specified

:read-write input:read- Selects <input> elements

write with no "readonly" attribute

:required input:required Selects <input> elements

with a "required" attribute
specified
:root root Selects the document's root element
Selects the current active
:target #news:target #news element (clicked on a
URL containing that anchor
name)

:valid input:valid Selects all <input> elements

with a valid value
:visited a:visited Selects all visited links

4.10 Working with Pseudo-elements

CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors. You do not need to use
JavaScript or any other script to use those effects. A simple syntax of pseudo-element is as
follows:

selector: pseudo-element {property: value}

CSS classes can also be used with the pseudo-elements:

selector. class: pseudo-element {property: value}

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The most commonly used pseudo-elements are as follows:

Value Description
:first-line Use this element to add special styles to the first line of the text in a
selector.
:first- Use this element to add special style to the first letter of the text in a
letter selector.
:before Use this element to insert some content before an element.

:after Use this element to insert some content after an element.

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4.10.1 The: first-line pseudo-element

The following example demonstrates how to use the: first-line element to add special effects to
the first line of elements in a document.

The above program will produce the following result :

4.10.2 The: first-letter pseudo-element

The following example demonstrates how to use the: first-letter element to add special effect
to the first letter of elements in the document.

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The above program will produce the following result:

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4.10.3 The: before pseudo-element

The : before pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an
element. The following example demonstrates how to use :before element to add some
content before any element.

<style type="text/css">
p:before
{
content: url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/bullet.gif)
}
</style>
<p> This line will be preceded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be preceded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be preceded by a bullet.</p>

4.10.4 The: after pseudo-element

The :after pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an
element. The following example demonstrates how to use: after element to add some
content after any element.

<style type="text/css">
p:after
{
content: url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/bullet.gif)
}
</style>
<p> This line will be succeeded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be succeeded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be succeeded by a bullet.</p>

4.10.5 The ::selection Pseudo-element

The: selection pseudo-element matches the portion of an element that is selected by a user. The
following CSS properties can be applied to:
selection: color, background, cursor, and outline. The following example makes the selected text
red on a yellow background: Here is an example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
::-moz-selection { /* Code for Firefox */
color: red;

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 background: yellow;
}
::selection {
color: red;
background: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Select some text on this page:</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<div>This is some text in a div element.</div>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> ::selection is not supported in Internet
Explorer 8 and earlier versions.</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Firefox supports an alternative, the ::-
moz- selection property.</p>
</body>
</html>
The above program will produce the following result:

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4.11 Creating a navigation bar
A navigation bar (or navigation system) is a section of a graphical user interface intended
to aid visitors in accessing information. Navigation bars are implemented in file browsers, web
browsers and as a design element of some web sites. A set of buttons or images in a row or column
that serves as a control point to link the user to sections on a Web site. The navigation bar may
also be a single graphic image with multiple selections.

(Example of vertical and horizontal navigation bar)

4.11.1 Navigation Bar = List of Links

A navigation bar needs standard HTML as a base. In our examples we will build the navigation
bar from a standard HTML list. A navigation bar is basically a list of links, so using the <ul> and
<li> elements makes perfect sense: Example
<ul>
<li><a href="default.asp">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="news.asp">News</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.asp">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="about.asp">About</a></li>
</ul>

Now let's remove the bullets and the margins and padding from the list:
ul
{
list-style-type:none;
margin:0;
padding:0;
}

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Example explained:
➢ list-style-type:none - Removes the bullets. A navigation bar does not need list markers
➢ Setting margins and padding to 0 to remove browser default settings

The code in the example above is the standard code used in both vertical, and horizontal
navigation bars.
4.11.2 Vertical Navigation Bar
To build a vertical navigation bar we only need to style the <a> elements, in
addition to the code above:
Example
a { display:block; width:60px; }
Example explained:
➢ display:block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole
link area clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width
➢ width:60px - Block elements take up the full width available by default.
We want to specify a 60 px width .
Note: Always specify the width for <a> elements in a vertical navigation bar. If you omit the
width, IE6 can produce unexpected results. You can also set the width of <ul>, and remove the
width of <a>, as they will take up the full width available when displayed as block elements. This
will produce the same result as our previous example:

ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: 60px;
}

li a {
display: block;
}

4.11.3 Center Links & Add Borders

Add text-align:center to <li> or <a> to center the links. Add the border property to <ul> add a
border around the navbar. If you also want borders inside the navbar, add aborder-bottom to all
<li> elements, except for the last one:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;

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 padding: 0;
width: 200px;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
border: 1px solid #555;
}

li a {
display: block;
color: #000;
padding: 8px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

li {
text-align: center;
border-bottom: 1px solid #555;
}
li:last-child {
border-bottom: none;
}

li a.active {
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
}

li a:hover:not(.active) {
background-color: #555;
color: white;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Vertical Navigation Bar</h2>

<p>In this example, we center the navigation links and add a border to the
navigation bar.</p>

<ul>
<li><a class="active" href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
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 The above program will produce the following result

4.11.4 Horizontal Navigation Bar

There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list items.
Both methods work fine, but if you want the links to be the same size, you have to use the floating
method. Create a basic horizontal navigation bar with a dark background color
and change the background color of the links when the user moves the mouse
over them:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333;
}

li {
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 float: left;
}

li a {
display: block;
color: white;
text-align: center;
padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

li a:hover {
background-color: #111;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<ul>
<li><a class="active" href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

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4.12 Working with images

Images play an important role in any webpage. Though it is not recommended to include a lot of
images, but it is still important to use good images wherever required. CSS plays a good role to
control image display. You can set the following image properties using CSS.

The border property is used to set the width of an image border.

➢ The height property is used to set the height of an image.
➢ The width property is used to set the width of an image.
➢ The -moz-opacity property is used to set the opacity of an image.
➢

4.12.1 The Image Border Property

The border property of an image is used to set the width of an image border. This property can
have a value in length or in %. A width of zero pixels means no border.

Here is an example:

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The above program will produce the following result:

4.12.2 The Image Width Property

The width property of an image is used to set the width of an image. This property can have a
value in length or in %. While giving value in %, it applies it in respect of the box in which an
image is available.

Here is an example:

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The above program will produce the following result:

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4.13 Working with attribute selectors

You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes. The style rule below will
match all the input elements having a type attribute with a value of text:
input[type="text"]
{
color: #000000;
}
The advantage to this method is that the <input type="submit" /> element is unaffected, and
the color applied only to the desired text fields.
There are following rules applied to attribute selector.

➢ p[lang] - Selects all paragraph elements with a lang attribute.

➢ p[lang="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute has a
value of exactly "fr".
➢ p[lang~="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute
contains the word "fr".
➢ p[lang|="en"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute
contains values that are exactly "en", or begin with "en-".

4.13.1 Multiple Style Rules

You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can define these rules to
combine multiple properties and corresponding values into a single block as defined in the
following example:
h1 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Here all the property and value pairs are separated by a semicolon (;). You can keep them in a
single line or multiple lines. For better readability, we keep them in separate lines.

4.13.2 CSS [attribute] Selector

The [attribute] selector is used to select elements with a specified attribute. The following
example selects all <a> elements with a target attribute:
Example
a[target] {
background-color: yellow;
}

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4.13.3 CSS [attribute="value"] Selector

The [attribute="value"] selector is used to select elements with a specified

attribute and value.
The following example selects all <a> elements with a target="_blank" attribute:
Example

a[target="_blank"] {
background-color: yellow;
}
4.13.4 CSS [attribute~="value"] Selector

The [attribute~="value"] selector is used to select elements with an attribute value containing a
specified word. The following example selects all elements with a title attribute that contains a
space-separated list of words, one of which is "flower":
Example
[title~="flower"] {
border: 5px solid yellow;
}
The example above will match elements with title="flower", title="summer
flower", and title="flower new", but not title="my-flower" or title="flowers".
4.13.5 CSS [attribute|="value"] Selector

The [attribute|="value"] selector is used to select elements with the specified attribute starting
with the specified value. The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value
that begins with "top": Note: The value has to be a whole word, either alone, like class="top", or
followed by a hyphen( - ), like class="top-text"!
Example
[class|="top"] {
background: yellow;
}

4.13.6 CSS [attribute^="value"] Selector

The [attribute^="value"] selector is used to select elements whose attribute value begins with a
specified value.
The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that begins with "top":
Note: The value does not have to be a whole word!
Example
[class^="top"] {
background: yellow;
}

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4.13.7 CSS [attribute$="value"] Selector

The [attribute$="value"] selector is used to select elements whose attribute value ends with a
specified value.
The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that ends with "test":
Note: The value does not have to be a whole word!

Example
[class$="test"] {
background: yellow;
}

4.13.8 CSS [attribute*="value"] Selector

The [attribute*="value"] selector is used to select elements whose attribute value contains a
specified value. The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that
contains "te":
Note: The value does not have to be a whole word!
Example:

[class*="te"] {
background: yellow;
}

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