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Unit 2-2

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20 views30 pages

Unit 2-2

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Nikita Pal
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• History of conservation movements in the world and Indian

response to the movement

• Development of theory of conservation and various charters


of international importance

PREPARE AND PRESENTED BY: AR. APURVA GOUR


Ancient Civilizations (3000 BC - 500 AD):

Early Beginnings:

- Ancient Egyptians: preserving tombs and temples


- Ancient Greeks and Romans: restoring public buildings
- Indian and Chinese Civilizations: preserving temples and monuments
Middle Ages (500 - 1500 AD)

Preservation through Neglect

• Lack of maintenance and restoration during the Middle Ages


• Buildings fell into disrepair, but were not intentionally destroyed
• Monasteries and churches were preserved
Renaissance and Enlightenment (1500 - 1800 AD)

Rediscovery and Restoration

- Revival of classical styles and interest in ancient buildings


- Restoration of Roman and Greek ruins
- Emergence of architectural conservation as a discipline
Industrialization and Urbanization (1800 - 1900 AD)

Threats to Heritage

- Industrialization and urbanization led to destruction of historic buildings


- Growing awareness of the importance of preservation
- First conservation laws and organizations emerged
Historical Museums and Historic Preservation

Preservation Goals

Commemoration - 1800s
Recordation - 1930s
Evaluation - 1970s
Protection- Acquisition- Deaccession- Adaptation- Conservation
Early Beginnings (18th-19th centuries)

Emergence of Conservation Consciousness

- European intellectuals' interest in preserving ancient monuments

- First conservation laws and organizations


Modern Era (1900 - present)

International Cooperation and Standards

- International charters and conventions (e.g. Venice Charter, UNESCO)


- Development of conservation techniques and technologies
- Increased public awareness and community involvement
What is a charter in conservation ?

• The charter sets forth general principles and calls for conservation methods
that show the greatest respect for, and involve the least possible loss of,
material of cultural heritage value.

• It also outlines conservation processes and provides a list of definitions of


conservation terms.
THE ATHENS
CHARTER 1931
• First International Congress of
Architects and Technicians of Historic
Monuments in Athens in 1931
• Athens charter was for the
Restoration of Historic Monuments
• 7 point manifesto adopted
• Idea of world heritage
• Principle of interrogation of new
materials in restoration works
THE VENICE CHARTER 1964

• Venice charter was for the Conservation


and Restoration of Monuments an sites
• The Venice Charter consisted of 7 main
titles and 16 articles
• The concept of historic monuments and
sites was interpreted as the common
heritage.
• In 1964, at the Second International
Congress of Architects and Specialists of
Historic Buildings, 13 resolutions were
adopted of which the first was the Venice
Charter and the second was creation of
ICOMOS
THE BURRA CHARTER 1979
• Defines the basic principles and procedures
to be followed in the conservation of
Australian heritage places

• It is a document published by the Australian


ICOMOS

• ICOMOS of Australia
THE FLORENCE CHARTER 1982
• Sets forth the principles and guidelines for
the preservation of historic gardens.
• Defines historic gardens as architectural
compositions and recommends their
preservation as living monuments.
• Outlines strategies for maintenance,
conservation, restoration, and reconstruction
of gardens, including their plans, vegetation,
structural and decorative features, and use of
water.
WASHINGTON CHARTER 1987
• Establishes the principles and
guidelines for the protection and
conservation of historic towns

• Concerns historic urban areas, large


and small, including cities, towns and
historic centers or quarters, together
with their natural and man-made
environments.
AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH HERITAGE CONSERVATION

UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNESCO's mission is to contribute to the building of a culture of


peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and
intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture,
communication and information.

The Organization has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members


UNESCO world heritage site – 1154 throughout the world Where
India has 40 sites – 32 cultural, 7 natural and 1 mixed
HEREIN System – European Heritage Policies

The HEREIN System gathers and makes accessible a wide range of cultural
heritage information from 42 countries in the Council of Europe, providing an
overview of heritage policies pursued by European countries.

The system exists to form a unique cooperative network between ministries


responsible for heritage management, and between the States and the Council
of Europe.
ICOMOS

International Council on Monuments and Sites

Its mission is to promote the conservation,


protection, use and enhancement of monuments,
building complexes and sites. ICOMOS is an
association of over 9000 cultural heritage
professionals present in over 120 countries
throughout the world, working for the
conservation and protection of monuments and
sites
ICCROM
International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
Property

ICCROM is an intergovernmental organization


created to promote the conservation of all
forms of cultural heritage, in every region of the
world. ICCROM head quarter in Rome, Italy
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN is the global authority on the status of the
natural world and the measures needed to
safeguard it.

Its experts are organized into six Commissions


dedicated to species survival, environmental
law, protected areas, social and economic
policy, ecosystem management, and education
and communication
Brief history of Architectural Conservation in India
In India, the first instance of conservation was when Emperor Ashoka ordered to conserve
wildlife in the 3rd century BC.

Then in the 14th century AD, Firuz Shah Tughlaq ordered to protect ancient buildings.

Later, during the British Rule, the “Bengal Regulation (XIX)” was passed in 1810, and the “Madras
Regulation (VII)” was passed in 1817.

These regulations vested the government with the power to intervene whenever the public buildings were
under
threat of misuse.
Then in 1863, Act XX was passed which authorised the government to “prevent injury to
and preserve buildings remarkable for their antiquity or for their historical or architectural value”.

However, many historic structures were destroyed by the government (pre independence) itself
in Shahjahanabad.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was established in 1861 to initiate


legal provision to protect the historical structures all over India.

The “Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (VII)” was passed in 1904 which provided effective
preservation and authority over the monuments, and in 1905 for the first time, 20 historic structures in
Delhi were ordered to be protected.

At the time of independence, 151 buildings and complexes in Delhi were protected by the central ASI.

The State Department of Archaeology was set up in 1978 in Delhi, but it lacks the power to acquire or protect
buildings, and merely looks after some monuments de-notified by ASI.

In 1984, Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) was founded to stimulate awareness for
conservation of cultural heritage among the people.
ASI
Archaeological Survey of India

ASI's function is to “explore, excavate, conserve, preserve


and protect the monuments and sites of National &
International Importance.”

ASI has about 30 circles into which it has divided the whole
country for the maintenance of monuments and carrying
out archaeological work.

ASI is an attached office of the Ministry of Culture. Under


the provisions of the AMASR Act of 1958 it administers
more than 3650 ancient monuments
Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI)

Anthropological Survey of India is a premier research institute for


anthropological research in bio-cultural studies.

It endeavour’s to bring in a multi-disciplinary approach, with both


social/cultural and physical/biological divisions.
National Archives of India

The National Archives of India is the custodian of the records of enduring


value of the Government of India. It is the biggest archival repository in
South Asia.

It has a vast corpus of records viz., public records, private papers, oriental
records, cartographic records and microfilms, which constitute an invaluable
source of information for scholars-administrators and users of archives
National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property

The National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property


(NRLC), established in 1976 under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier
organization for the researches in conservation of the cultural property
including monuments and sites, as well as museums,
library and archive collections.
INTACH
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
INTACH is a non-profit organization set up in 1984 with a
mandate to protect and conserve India's vast natural, built
and cultural heritage.

The role of INTACH is to institutionalize the conservation of


the unprotected architectural heritage all over India
Indian Heritage Cities Network (IHCN)

The Indian Heritage Cities Network was initially launched as a UNESCO


programme in response to the fast changing urban context of Indian
historic cities that threaten to destroy some of India’s diverse heritage in
cities.
THANK YOU

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