BITS Pilani

Hyderabad Campus

Refrigeration cycles-1
 Inroduction
❑ Refrigeration is the is the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature region to a higher temperature one

❑ Devices that produce refrigeration are called refrigerators and

the cycles on which they operate are called refrigeration
cycles.

❑ Working fluid of the cycle is called refrigerant

• Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

• Gas Refrigeration Cycle
• Cascade Refrigeration Cycle
• Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

Analysis of Ideal cycles, Actual cycles Modified Cycle

2 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Refrigerator and Heat Pump

Cooling Capacity: Rate of heat removal

from refrigerated space/ object generally
expressed in ton of refrigeration:
The capacity of regurgitation system
that can freeze 1 ton (2000 lbm) 0o C
liquid water into ice at 0o C in 24 h
1 ton of refrigeration (TR) = 211 kJ/min = 3.51 kW

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Ton of Refrigeration (TR)
The capacity of regurgitation system that can freeze 1 ton (2000 lbm) 0o C
liquid water into ice at 0o C in 24 h
ton, is equal to 2,000 pounds (907.18 kg)

Metric Tonne is equal to 1000 kg

1 ton of refrigeration (TR) = 210 kJ/min = 3.50 kW

907.18  333.7
= 3.50 kW
24  60  60
1 tonne of refrigeration = 3.86 kW

1000  333.7
= 3.86 kW
24  60  60

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Reversed Carnot Cycle

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Reversed Carnot & VCRC

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Household Refrigerator

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Ideal Vapor Compression Ref.
Cycle

h1 = hg @ PE or TE
To find h2

Or Use Table

Or Use Ph Chart
T2
s1 = s2 = s2' + c p ln
T2'
h1 + wcomp = h2

h3 = h f @ Pc = h4

h4 = h f + x4 h fg @ PE

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Ideal Vapor Compression Ref.
Cycle

qL = h1 − h4 = RE

qL h1 − h4
COP = =
wcomp in h2 − h1

Capacity in TR

.
m R (h1 − h4 )kW
= TR
3.5

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Problem-1

A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant-134a as the

working fluid. The refrigerant changes from saturated vapor to
saturated liquid at 60°C in the condenser as it rejects heat. The
evaporator pressure is 180 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram
relative to saturation lines, and determine (a) the coefficient of
performance, (b) the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated
space, and (c) the net work input

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution

A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant-134a as the

working fluid. The refrigerant changes from saturated vapor to
saturated liquid at 60°C in the condenser as it rejects heat. The
evaporator pressure is 180 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram
relative to saturation lines, and determine (a) the coefficient of
performance, (b) the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated
space, and (c) the net work input

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution
A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant-134a as the working
fluid. The refrigerant changes from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at
60°C in the condenser as it rejects heat. The evaporator pressure is 180
kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to saturation lines, and
determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b) the amount of heat
absorbed from the refrigerated space, and (c) the net work input

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Problem-2

A 10-kW cooling load is to be served by operating an ideal

vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with its evaporator
at 400 kPa and its condenser at 800 kPa. Calculate the
refrigerant mass flow rate and the compressor power
requirement when refrigerant-134a is used.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution
A 10-kW cooling load is to be served by operating an ideal vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle with its evaporator at 400 kPa and its condenser at 800
kPa. Calculate the refrigerant mass flow rate and the compressor power
requirement when refrigerant-134a is used.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution
A 10-kW cooling load is to be served by operating an ideal vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle with its evaporator at 400 kPa and its condenser at 800
kPa. Calculate the refrigerant mass flow rate and the compressor power
requirement when refrigerant-134a is used.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Actual Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Refrigerant

❑ chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
❑ hydrofluorocarbons
❑ (HFCs), hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
❑ ammonia,
❑ hydrocarbons (propane, ethane, ethylene, etc.),
❑ carbon dioxide,
❑ air (in the air-conditioning of aircraft),
❑ water (in applications above the freezing point).
The right choice of refrigerant depends on the situation at
hand

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Nomenclature of refrigerants

Inorganic refrigerants: R(700 + molecular wt )

Ammonia: R717
Water: R718
Carbon dioxide: R744
Organic refrigerant:
R12 :CCl2 F2
R 22 :CHClF2
C m H n Fp Cl q
R10 :CCl4
(n + p + q) = 2m + 2 R110 : C2Cl6
R − (m −1)(n +1)( p) R113 : C2Cl3 F3
R134 : C2 H 2 F4
Azeotropes: They are given arbitrary designation
Example: CH2F2 (50%)
R410A
CHF2CF3 (50%)
MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Selection of Refrigerant
Thermodynamic Properties
➢ Evaporator and Condensing temperature
➢ Critical pressure and temperature
➢ Freezing point
➢ Latent heat and specific heat
➢ Liquid and vapour density
Chemical Properties
➢ Inflammability
➢ Toxicity
➢ Solubility in water
➢ Action on material of construction
Physical Properties
➢ Thermal conductivity,
➢ Leak tendency and Viscosity
MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Problem

A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and

operates on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
The evaporator and condenser pressures are 200 kPa
and 1400 kPa, respectively. The isentropic efficiency of
the compressor is 88 percent. The refrigerant enters the
compressor at a rate of 0.025 kg/s superheated by
10.1°C and leaves the condenser subcooled by 4.4°C.
Determine (a) the rate of cooling provided by the
evaporator, the power input, and the COP.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on
the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The evaporator and
condenser pressures are 200 kPa and 1400 kPa, respectively. The
isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 88 percent. The refrigerant
enters the compressor at a rate of 0.025 kg/s superheated by 10.1°C
and leaves the condenser subcooled by 4.4°C. Determine (a) the rate of
cooling provided by the evaporator, the power input, and the COP.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the pressures are
200 kPa and 1400 kPa, respectively. The isentropic evapor-compression refrigeration
cycle. The evaporator and condenser fficiency of the compressor is 88 percent. The
refrigerant enters the compressor at a rate of 0.025 kg/s superheated by 10.1°C and
leaves the condenser subcooled by 4.4°C. Determine (a) the rate of cooling provided by
the evaporator, the power input, and the COP.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Effect of change in operating
conditions
Effect of evaporator pressure
Effect of condenser pressure
Effect of suction vapor superheat
Effect of liquid subcooling

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Suction Superheat and Sub cooling

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Using suction line
regenerative heat exchanger

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Multi stage Compression
VCRS with Flash Chamber

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Problem-4

A two-stage compression refrigeration system operates with refrigerant-

134a between the pressure limits of 1.4 and 0.10 MPa. The
refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is
throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.4 MPa. The refrigerant
leaving the low-pressure compressor at 0.4 MPa is also routed to
the flash chamber. The vapor in the flash chamber is then
compressed to the condenser pressure by the high-pressure
compressor, and the liquid is throttled to the evaporator pressure.
Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor
and both compressors are isentropic,
Determine (a) the fraction of the refrigerant that evaporates as
it is throttled to the flash chamber, (b) the rate of heat removed
from the refrigerated space for a mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s
through the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance.

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Problem-4

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Solution

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Innovative Vapor-compression
Refrigeration Systems
Cascade Refrigeration Systems
Some industrial applications require moderately low
temperatures,
❑ Temperature range they involve may be too large for a
single vapor compression refrigeration cycle to be
practical.
❑ A large temperature range also means a large pressure
range in the cycle and a poor performance for a
reciprocating compressor.
❑ One way of dealing with such situations is to perform
the refrigeration process in stages, that is, to have two or
more refrigeration cycles that operate in series..

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Cascade Refrigeration Systems

MEF217 Applied Thermodynamics Prof. Satish K Dubey, MechE BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus