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Logic - Reasoning / Polya

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16 views2 pages

Logic - Reasoning / Polya

Uploaded by

cmcamo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reasoning – POLYA 4-STEP PROBLEM-SOLVING

 the ability of a person to analyze problem Step 1: Understanding the Problem


situation and construct logical arguments
 identify the given info, known data or values &
KINDS OF REASONING: what is unknown and to be solved as required by
the problem
1. Intuition
Step 2: Devise a Plan (Translate)
 similar to guessing, also called "reasoning by
guessing or common sense"  come up with a way to solve the problem
 requires less mental activity ability to acquire  guess and check
knowledge without proof, evidence or conscious  look for a pattern
reasoning  make an orderly list
 draw a picture
2. Analogy
 eliminate possibilities
 reasoning by comparison  solve a simpler problem
 other similarities are inferred from a particular  use symmetry
similarity of more than one thing  use a model
 Example: 11:121 ; 13:169  consider special cases
 work backwards
3. Inductive Reasoning  use direct reasoning
 specific to general  use a formula
 process of recognizing/observing patterns to  solve an equation
make a conclusion  be ingenious
 conjecture - conclusion drawn using inductive Step 3: Carry out the Plan (Solve)
reasoning
 this is where you solve the equation you came up
4. Deductive Reasoning with Step 2
 general to specific  usually easier than Step 2 if the plan doesn't work,
 process of reaching a conclusion by applying discard it and choose another, keep trying until
general assumptions, procedures, or principles something works

Problem Step 4: Look Back (Check & Interpret)

 matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or  verify and check if the answers are correct or
harmful & needing to be dealt with & overcome makes sense
 in Mathematics, it is a statement requiring a  label your final correct answer
solution PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
Problem Solving Searching for Patterns
 process of finding solutions to difficult complex  see order or regularity in what takes place in our
issues ongoing activity in which we take what we surroundings to be able to make sense of what is
know to discover what we don't know going on
George Polya (1887-1985) Example: 1, 3, 5, 7, _ Answer: 9
 Father of Problem Solving Working Backwards
 devised Polya 4-Step Problem-Solving Process
 start at the end of the problem then work
backwards
Example: Think of a number, multiply if by 3, add 6,
then subtract 4. The result is 35. What is the original
number? Solution: N × 3 + 6 - 4 = 35 Work backwards:
35 + 4 - 6 ÷ 3 = N

39 - 6 ÷ 3 = N

33 ÷ 3 = 11

Make a List and Tables

 organize data in a table in order to easier


recognize patterns and relationships between
number
 helpful when solving problems involving numerical
relationships

Drawing Picture and Diagrams

 helps visualize a problem using figure, diagram or


graph
 makes it easier to determine the relevant data and
observe important connections & relationships

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