Conditional sentences, if-clauses

type I, II, III

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Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second

language.

Watch out:

1. Which type of conditional sentences is it?

2. Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

There are three types of conditional sentences.

type condition

I condition possible to fulfill

II condition in theory possible to fulfill

III condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

1. Form

type if-clause main clause

I Simple Present will-future or (Modal + infinitive)

 type if-clause main clause

II Simple Past would + infinitive *

III Past Perfect would + have + past participle *

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type if clause main clause

I If I study, I will pass the exam.

II If I studied, I would pass the exam.

III If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type main clause if-clause

I I will pass the exam if I study.

II I would pass the exam if I studied.

 type main clause if-clause

III I would have passed the exam if I had studied.

4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type Examples

long forms short/contracted forms

+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.

I
If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I study, I won't fail the exam.
-
If I do not study, I will fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.

+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.

II
If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
-
If I did not study, I would fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.

III + If I had studied, I would have passed the If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
exam.
 type Examples

long forms short/contracted forms

If I had studied, I would not have If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the
failed the exam. exam.
-
If I had not studied, I would have If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the
failed the exam. exam.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes
possible, too).

 I would pass the exam.

 I could pass the exam.

 I might pass the exam.

 I may pass the exam.

 I should pass the exam.

 I must pass the exam.

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the
infinitive:

 if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly
done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

 First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not
going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't
happen)
Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is
impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional

because this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a

house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going
to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's
much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

The Third Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then
'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

 if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen,
and to imagine the result of this situation.

 If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she
didn't study and so she didn't pass)
 If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I
did feel sick).
 If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
 She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
 She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
 He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

Conditional
Conditional tense digunakan untuk memprediksi sesuatu yang dapat terjadi,
sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi, dan sesuatu yang kita harapkan untuk terjadi.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, banyak kalimat yang
menggunakan conditional mengandung kata if. Banyak
bentuk conditional dalam bahasa Inggris digunakan dalam kalimat yang
mengandung kata kerja dengan salah satu past tense. Penggunaan ini
disebut sebagai "masa lalu yang tidak nyata" karena kita
menggunakan past tense, tetapi sebenarnya tidak merujuk ke sesuatu yang
terjadi di masa lalu. Ada lima cara untuk membentuk
kalimat conditional dalam bahasa Inggris. Semua kalimat ini terdiri dari
klausa if dan klausa utama. Dalam banyak kalimat conditional negatif, ada
pola kalimat yang setara menggunakan "unless" dan tidak menggunakan
"if".

Tipe kalimat Penggunaan Tense dari Tense dari kata

conditional kata kerja kerja pada klausa
pada klausa utama
if

Zero Kebenaran umum Simple Simple present

present

Type 1 Kondisi yang mungkin dan Simple Simple future

kemungkinan hasilnya present

Type 2 Pengandaian dan Simple past Present conditional

 Tipe kalimat Penggunaan Tense dari Tense dari kata
conditional kata kerja kerja pada klausa
pada klausa utama
if

kemungkinan hasilnya atau Present

continuous
conditional

Type 3 Kondisi di masa lalu yang Past perfect Perfect conditional

tidak nyata dan
kemungkinan hasilnya di
masa lalu

Mixed type Kondisi di masa lalu yang Past perfect Present conditional
tidak nyata dan
kemungkinan hasilnya di
masa kini

Zero conditional
Zero conditional digunakan saat waktunya merujuk ke sekarang atau
selalu, dan situasinya nyata dan mungkin. Zero conditional sering
digunakan untuk merujuk ke kebenaran umum. Tense dalam kedua bagian
kalimat adalah simple present. Dalam kalimat-kalimat zero conditional, kata
"if" biasanya dapat diganti dengan kata "when" tanpa mengubah maknanya.
 Klausa if Klausa utama

If + simple simple
present present

If this thing that thing

happens happens.

If you heat ice it melts.

If it rains the grass gets

wet.

Bacalah selengkapnya tentang cara menggunakan zero conditional.

Type 1 conditional
Type 1 conditional digunakan untuk merujuk ke masa kini atau masa
depan di mana situasinya nyata. Type 1 conditional merujuk ke kondisi
yang mungkin terjadi dan kemungkinan hasilnya. Dalam kalimat-kalimat ini,
klausa if menggunakan simple present dan klausa utama
menggunakan simple future.
Klausa if Klausa utama

If + simple simple future

present

If this thing that thing will

happens happen.

If you don't hurry you will miss the

train.

If it rains today you will get wet.

Bacalah selengkapnya tentang cara menggunakan type 1 conditional.

Type 2 conditional
Type 2 conditional digunakan untuk merujuk ke sekarang atau kapan pun,
dan situasinya tidak nyata. Kalimat-kalimat ini tidak berdasarkan
fakta. Type 2 conditional digunakan untuk merujuk ke suatu pengandaian
dan kemungkinan hasilnya. Dalam kalimat-kalimat type 2 conditional,
klausa if menggunakan simple past dan klausa utama menggunakan present
conditional.

Klausa if Klausa utama

If + simple past present conditional atau present continuous

 Klausa if Klausa utama

conditional

If this thing that thing would happen. (tetapi saya tidak yakin ini akan
happened terjadi) ATAU
that thing would be happening.

If you went to bed you would not be so tired.

earlier

If it rained you would get wet.

If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

Bacalah selengkapnya tentang cara menggunakan type 2

conditional dengan present conditional dan cara menggunakan present
continuous conditional dalam kalimat type 2 conditional.

Type 3 conditional
Type 3 conditional digunakan untuk merujuk ke masa lalu, dan
situasinya berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Fakta-fakta sebenarnya
adalah kebalikan dari yang dijelaskan. Type 3 conditional digunakan untuk
merujuk ke masa lalu yang tidak nyata dan kemungkinan hasilnya di masa
lalu. Dalam kalimat-kalimat type 3 conditional, klausa if menggunakan past
perfect dan klausa utama menggunakan perfect conditional.
 Klausa if Klausa utama

If + past perfect perfect conditional atau perfect continuous

conditional

If this thing had that thing would have happened. (tetapi tidak ada yang
happened benar-benar terjadi) ATAU
that thing would have been happening.

If you had studied you would have passed the exam.

harder

If it had rained you would have gotten wet.

If I had accepted that I would have been working in Milan.

promotion

Bacalah selengkapnya tentang cara menggunakan type 3

conditional dengan perfect conditional tense dan cara
menggunakan perfect continuous conditional dalam kalimat type 3
conditional.

Mixed type conditional

Mixed type conditional atau campuran digunakan untuk merujuk ke masa
lalu, dan situasinya masih berlanjut hingga masa kini. Fakta-fakta
sebenarnya adalah kebalikan dari yang dijelaskan. Mixed type
conditional digunakan untuk merujuk ke kondisi masa lalu yang tidak nyata
dan kemungkinan hasilnya di masa kini. Dalam kalimat-kalimat mixed type
conditional, klausa if menggunakan past perfect dan klausa utama
menggunakan present conditional.

Klausa if Klausa utama

If + past perfect atau present conditional atau perfect conditional

simple past

If this thing had that thing would happen. (tetapi tidak terjadi, sehingga
happened tidak terjadi hingga saat ini)

If I had worked harder I would have a better job now.

at school

If we had looked at the we wouldn't be lost.

map

If you weren't afraid of you would have picked it up and put it outside.
spiders