WE Introduction

to web
application

WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

1.0 Introduction
Web application or services are applicable in variety
of ways as it serves business logic components which can be connected across the
exchange data to do meaningful work. In this, the components can be internal or
external to an organization, which are used to communicate using Internet-based
protocols which can be Hyper Text Transfer Protocol or else. These services run
on servers and carried out large variety of data which users want to access quickly
and easily.
As seen, the famous programming model where individual web services are
joined or mixed in order to frame functional results in service-oriented
architecture. It is an architectural model, where service consumer put on the
requests to service provider using standard connection. In this, request and
successive response are explained in a way which is understandable to consumer
and provider.
Many web services make use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) in
order to define format of request and response messages. This feature is tagged
structure which shows required flexibility for changing of information that exists
among disparate components.
Simple Object Access Protocol shows standard for persistence and sending
of web service messages which is part of XML messaging specification that
shows message format with certain rules applied in exchanging of data in required
sequence that appears among structured data types and arrays.

1.1 The architecture of a web application

A web application is an interactive system which allows its users to do
business logic which is inside a server and helps in seeing the results of particular
logic using web browser on client workstation. In this the defining factor makes
the system a web application where server and client are able to communicate
1
over the Internet. Such web applications makes data to process using web services
which is present for users for fast access using web browsers.
Web applications are built on client/server architecture where business logic
is present in the application that works on web server and uses HTTP in order to
communicate with clients over Internet. Here the web server helps the application
by passing requests from clients to application which will further return with
responses to the client.
On client side, web application can be visible using browser. The
application's user interface with the use of HyperText Markup Language pages
gets interpreted and displayed with the help of browser. Apart from this, such
HTML pages carry web forms, image files, audio and video clips and several
other displayable data types.

2
Fig 1.1 describes the basic architecture of web components and services which are commonly
applied to host websites and build web applications.

Fig 1.1 Architecture of Web application

The structure will be shown in fig 1.2

Fig 1.2 Structure of Web application

Fetching Static Content

3
 Here the browser will read the response from server and provide the page. If
Introduction
the page has fixed content which can be images, then the client will request for it. to web
In HTTP/1.0, requests will be on different connections where as HTTP/1.1 and application
later carries same connection.

Server-Side Dynamic Content

In server side, applications are not so important if they just have static pages
which can be responded by the user input. The server will construct the content of
HTTP responses on fly in response to user input.
It is noted that fig 1.3 describes the Architecture Diagram of PHP web
application that shows how every components in a system gets joined or
connected among each other and how data flows across them.

Fig 1.3 PHP web application

From the figure we see that initially the user will access the website using
the browser where user types the URL of website in browser and click on go
option.
Then the page request on browser will reach to Web Server.

After this, the web server will collect requested page from its document
root.

When a static element such as HTML, CSS, image or Script file appears
then web server will send it directly to browser and in such case the browser will
leave it to user on screen.
4
Introduction When the PHP file appears then the web browser will send content of file to
to PHP
PHP Interpreter which further will interprets such code and start execute.
After executing the code, the PHP interpreter will generate an output and
sends it to web server. Further, the web server will send the required content to
browser which provides it to users' screen.
We see all static components which can be HTML, CSS files, Image Files,
Scripts etc will not require interpreter. In such case the web browser will provide
them and shows on screen.
Only if requested page is in PHP, then the web server will send it to PHP
interpreter in order to do translation and execution. For such reason, those listed
static components will remain inside the server and are consider as part of User
Interface which provides at user's browser which is a Client side.
Due to this, the PHP files are referred to as Server side components since
they carry out dependencies on other with this, we see that:
1. PHP files are kept on Server - Server Side
2. PHP Interpreter will interprets PHP language and perform calculation of
instructions as per required code without any compilation.

Check your progress 1

1. PHP scripts are executed on .

a. Client Side
b. Server side

c. Both of these
d. None of these

2. The extension of php file is .

a. html

b. .ph
c. .xml

d. .php

5
1.2 Static and dynamic web application Introduction
to web
Web server process out every piece of information to users so as to compose application
the web pages. It is seen that web page structure can of many pieces, which result
in sum that affects series of performance metrics which can be in terms of
bandwidth consumption; user perceived latency without relevance to workload
required so as to arrange all information of particular web pages together. It
describes whether a web page needs large data processing or queries to permanent
store so as to put together.
A web application's content can be of two types:
 Dynamic
 Static
Dynamic content is what needs some type of processing that can be applied
where as static content is that that never changes. When a request is made for
either type of content, in such case the web server will do execution which is
required to send out dynamic content present in the file. This process is shown in
figure 1.4.

6
Introduction
to PHP

Fig 1.4 Process execution

It is noticed that the art of dispatching dynamic or static content will take
place when a particular load on web server using dynamic content places heavier
load as compared to static content. It describes inefficient allocation of resources
on web server that is required to send dynamic and static content. So it is analysed
that decoupling of static content from application is considered as steps in order to
upgrade the performance on web servers. The problem with static content
separation is not clear of having full static web page.
When a user's browser receives the original application page of the elements
they are declared in the content where browser start requesting for referenced
content. Figure 1.5 shows such multiple request process.

7
 Introduction
to web
application

Fig 1.5 Referenced content requests

As observe in figure 1.5, the extra requests generates incremental load on

web server. As this process is inevitable, it can be designed to be more
performance friendly. Rather than having all content send across by same web
server, referenced content can also be send by separate web server which
alleviates potential web server load.
As seen, in the last listing, domain URLs applied in HTML elements for
static content references which allow content to be decoupled and attended by a
different web server on a different sub-domain. Thus lowering the burden on the
primary web server used for original dynamic content. This process is illustrated
in figure 1.6.

8
Introduction
to PHP

Fig 1.6 Different web servers for dynamic and static content.

Check your progress 2

1. What is meant by dynamic web content?

a. Content that cannot change without a developer editing its source code,
b. Different content from the same source code.

c. Both of these
d. None of these

9
1.3 Installing WAMP Introduction
to web
WAMP allows you to move between different versions of PHP if it is application
installed properly. There are certain steps to be followed while installing Wamp
Server.

To start installing, you have to open the folder where you have saved your
file and double click on installer file. After double clicking, a security warning
window will open which will ask you whether to run this file or not. If you select
on Run you will find that the installation process started and you will see
Welcome To WampServer Setup Wizard screen on which you have choose next to
forward with the installation.

Fig 1.7 Welcome screen

After this, the License Agreement screen will appear which will ask you to
accept all agreements by selecting the radio button. Selecting the radio button and
clicking on next will allow moving to next screen.

10
Introduction
to PHP

Fig 1.8 License Agreements

This screen will ask for the location where you have to select Destination
Location. Unless you would like to install WampServer on another drive, you
should not need to change anything. Click Next to continue.

Fig 1.9 Destination location

11
 After this, the next screen shows Select Additional Tasks screen where you
Introduction
need to select whether you would like Quick Launch icon to be added to taskbar to web
or Desktop icon after the installation. After making the selections, click Next to application
continue.

Fig 1.10 Task selection

Clicking on Next will take you to Ready To Install screen where you can
review your setup choices and change any by clicking Back to required screen.
Once you have reviewed your choices, click Install to continue.

12
Introduction
to PHP

Fig 1.11 Ready Install screen

After this, the WampServer will start extracting files to required selected location.

Fig 1.12 Installation Screen

13
 After extraction of files, you will be asked to select default browser. Wamp Introduction
Server defaults to Internet Explorer upon opening the local file browser window. to web
If your default browser is not an Internet Explorer, then find required .exe file: application

Now select default browser’s .exe file and click Open to continue.

Fig 1.13 Selecting default browser

On clicking you will find that a Windows Security Alert window will appear
prompting that Windows Firewall has blocked some features of program. Here
you need to check whether you want to allow Apache HTTP Server to
communicate on private or public network and if this and then click Allow
Access. You will see that the setup screen will appear showing status of
installation process.

14
Introduction
to PHP

Fig 1.14 Installing process

You will that the progress bar will work and once it is completely green,
then PHP Mail Parameters screen will appear. Here you have to leave SMTP
server local host and change email address to one of your selection. Click Next to
continue.

Fig 1.15 Local host parameters

After this you will find that the Installation complete screen will appear
where you have to select Launch WampServer Now and click on Finish to
complete installation.

15
 Introduction
to web
application

Fig 1.16 Complete setup wizard

Finally you will find WampServer icon in systray on right side of taskbar.

Check your progress 3

1. Full form of WAMP is .
a. Windows, Apache, MySQL and PHP

b. Word, Adobe, MySQL and PHP

c. Windows, Apache Mainstream Program

d. None of these
2. Which of the following is needed to be installed on computer as to run
PHPscript?
i) Adobe Dreamweaver
ii) PHP
iii) Apache
iv) IIS
a. All of these

b. Only ii)
c. ii) and iii)

d. ii), iii) and iv)

16
Introduction
to PHP
1.4 Let Us Sum Up
In this unit we have learnt that Web application are applicable in variety of
ways as it serves business logic components which can be connected across the
exchange data to do meaningful work. Simple Object Access Protocol shows
standard for persistence and sending of web service messages which is part of
XML messaging specification that shows message format with certain rules
applied in exchanging of data in required sequence that appears among structured
data types and arrays.

A web application is interactive system allowing its users to do business

logic which is inside a server and helps in seeing the results of particular logic
using web browser on client workstation. In server side, applications are not so
important if they just have static pages which can be responded by the user input.
Web server process out every piece of information to users so as to compose
the web pages. In WAMP, you can move between different versions of PHP if it is
installed properly with various steps.

1.5 Answers for Check Your Progress

Check your progress 1

Answers: (1 –b), (2-d)

Check your progress 2

Answers: (1 –b)

Check your progress 3

Answers: (1 –a), (2-d)

1.6 Glossary
1. Web application - Services used for business logic components connected
across with exchange data to do work.
2. Simple Object Access Protocol - Standard for persistence and sending of web
service messages.

17
3. Server side applications - Applications performed at server end on static
Introduction
responded by user input. to web
4. Web server - Server running web applications data process information to application

users through web pages.

5. WAMP - Version in PHP where you can move in-between the process.

1.7 Assignment
Design a process to install PHP web application.

1.8 Activities
Create an activity on WampServer.

1.9 Case Study

Discuss about the architecture of a web application.

18
2.0 Introduction PHP Basics

PHP which is Hypertext Preprocessor is a programming language which is

applied by web developers in order to frame dynamic content which is easy to
interact with databases. It is normally used for creating and developing web based
software applications.

2.1 Embedding PHP Code in Your Web Pages

PHP is an important coding technique which can be easily embedded
directly in HTML. For doing this, the page must be passed to PHP engine for
interpretation. Since web server doesn’t pass every web page but simply passes
those pages which are located by particular file extension. By selectively passing
certain pages to engine is inefficient for engine in order to consider every line as
potential PHP command. So engine needs certain means to find at the same time
which areas of page are PHP enabled. There are four delimitation of variants such
as:

Default Syntax
It is a default delimiter syntax which opens with <?php and results with ?> as:

<h3>Hi!</h3>

<?php
echo "<p>K. J. Sharma</p>";
?>

<p>Engineer</p>
Output:

Hi!
K. J.
Sharma
Engineer
Short-Tags
It is a shorter delimiter syntax where syntax gives up php location that is
needed in default syntax. For this you have to allow PHP’s short_open_tag
directive as shown:
19
Introduction <?
to PHP
print "He is an Author";
?>

Since short-tag delimiters are simple and convenient so it is not applicable

while creating PHP driven software which is needed for redistribution as this
feature potentially gets disabled in php.ini file.
Such tag when enabled will allow you to quickly escape from PHP to output with
small dynamic text thereby deleting statements using output variation:
<?=" He is an Author.";?>
This is functionally equivalent to both variations:

<? echo " He is an Author."; ?>

<?php echo " He is an Author.";?>

Script
It is noted that many programmers has problems with PHP escape syntax
variants, so support for another mainstream delimiter variant, <script>, is offered:
<script language="php">

print " He is an Author.";

</script>

ASP Style
If you are having experience on ASP, the delimiting strategy/escape syntax
PHP supports it as shown:
<%

print " He is an Author.";

%>

It is noted that ASP Style and Script delimiting variants are not commonly
used and should be avoided till you have reasons for doing.

Embedding Multiple Code Blocks

You can escape to and from PHP as many times as needed within a page.
Take an example:
<html>
20
<head> PHP Basics
<title><?php echo "Academic Solution";?></title>
</head>

<body>
<?php

$date = "21th September 2015";

?>
<p>Today's date is <?=28th Feburary 2016?></p>

</body> </html>
It is noted that any variables can be declared a prior code block that are
remembered for later blocks.

Check your progress 1

1. Choose the correct way of writing short-open tag.
a. <? echo”hello” ?>

b. <% echo”hello” ?>

c. <? echo”hello” ?>

d. None of these
2. Choose the correct way of writing ASP tag.
a. <? echo”world” ?>
b. <% echo”world” %>

c. <? echo”world” >

d. None of these

2.2 Commenting Your Code

Comment in PHP code is a line which is not read as part of program but to
read by person editing the code. If you are working with team using your script,
then comments allows the programmers to understand what you were doing
during the process each time. It makes the easier for programmers to work and can
do editing if require.

21
Introduction It is noted that programmers having experience in editing their work and can
to PHP
re-figure will introduce comment just to remind about thinking in order to avoid
decoding work.
You can add comments in PHP code by many ways. Initially you can use //
to comment a line as shown:

<?php echo "Hi"; //this is a comment echo " How are you"; ?>
If you have single line comment, so there is another option of introducing
comment by using a # sign as shown:
<?php echo "Hi"; #this is a comment echo " How are you"; ?>

If you have no multi line comment, then you can comment by using /* */ as
shown in example:
<?php echo "Hi"; /* Using this you can create big block of text that comments
as */ echo " How are you"; ?>

Check your progress 2

1. We can write comment in PHP by using .
a. #

b. /* */
c. //

d. All of these

2.3 Outputting Data to the Browser

It is seen that in PHP, the data can be outputted to the browser with various
methods which are discussed below:

The print() Statement

The print() statement will outputs data when passed to it which looks like:
int print(argument)
All of following are plausible print() statements:

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<?php On
executing
print("<p>Hello World</p>"); following
variation
?>
of above
<?php syntax
will
$author = "K. J. Sharma"; generate
output as:
print "<p>I like
$author.</p>";
?>

The output of above statements will be:

I like K. J. Sharma.
We see that official syntax calls for use of parentheses will enclose the
argument, and are not applied as print() is not technical function but language
construct. The print() statement’s will return false value as it return 1 immaterial
of outcome.

The echo() Statement

Apart from print, you can use echo() statement for similar work. But both
echo() and print() statements are different and is not of many used to readers and
so are avoided. The example of echo()’s prototype will be:
void echo(string argument1 [, ...string argumentN])
To use echo(), provide with:
echo " I like K. J. Sharma.";

From the prototype, echo() is able to output many strings. Study the example
shown:
<?php
$he = "Rohit";

$she = "Vandana";
echo $he, " and ", $she, " are great couple.";

?>
This code produces the following:

Rohit and Vandana are great couple.

23
PHP Basics

24
Introduction echo "$he and $she are great couple.";
to PHP
The printf() Statement
The printf() statement is good in order to blend output with static text and
dynamic information which is kept in one or more variables. This statement
separates static and dynamic data in two different sections which allow easy
maintenance and also does large control over dynamic information required to
screen in terms of type, precision, alignment and position as shown:
integer printf(string format [, mixed args])

To insert single dynamic integer value otherwise static string:

printf("what is the time %d hours", 21);

On executing this command will produce:

What is the time 21 hours

We see that %d is placeholder which is type specifier and d is an integer

value that is kept in that position. When printf() statement work, lone argument,
100, will be inserted in placeholder.

The sprintf() Statement

The sprintf() statement is similar in function as printf() but in this output
assigns to string instead of rendering to browser as shown:
string sprintf(string format [, mixed arguments])
An example follows:

$value = sprintf("$%.2f", 55.5); // $value = $55.50

25
Check your progress 3
1. What is the difference between printf and sprint?

a. Both are same

b. Both are different

c. Outputs are assigned to strings in sprintf, Unlike printf in which it is

assigned to browser.
d. None of these

26
 2. What is the difference between echo and print? PHP Basics
a. Echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1
b. Echo can take multiple parameters while print can take one argument.

c. Echo is faster than print.

d. All of these

2.4 PHP's Supported Data types

Variables store data of many types which does different work. PHP supports
following types of data types:
 String
 Integer
 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
 Boolean
 Array

 Object
 NULL
 Resource

PHP String
A string is sequence of characters that can be "K. J. Sharma" which is inside
quotes or double quotes as shown in example:
<?php

$x = "K. J. Sharma";
$y = 'K. J. Sharma';
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>

Output

27
Introduction K. J. Sharma
to PHP
K. J. Sharma

PHP Integer
The integer data type is without decimal that ranges from -2,147,483,648
and 2,147,483,647 and carries certain rules:
 An integer should have at least 1 digit
 An integer should have 1 decimal point
 An integer can be positive or negative
 An integers specifies formats such as decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16-
based) or octal (8-based)
The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value as shown in
function example:
<?php
$x = 1234;

var_dump($x);
?>

Output:
Int(1234)

PHP Float
Float is a floating point number having decimal point or exponential form.
In an example shown, $x is float where PHP var_dump() function returns data
type as:
<?php
$x = 12.345;
var_dump($x);

?>
Output:

float(12.345)

PHP Boolean

28
A
Bool
ean
has
only
two
value
s
whic
h can
be
TRU
E or
FAL
SE.

29
$x = true;
PHP Basics
$y = false;
Booleans are often used in conditional testing.

PHP Array
Array stores many values in single variable. From the example, $scooters is
an array which returns PHP var_dump() function as:
<?php
$cars = array("Bajaj","Priya","LML");
var_dump($scooters);
?>

Output:
array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Bajaj" [1]=> string(3) "Priya" [2]=> string(6) "LML" }

PHP Object
Object are data type that keep data and information about data processing. It
is noted that in PHP, object should clearly be declared. Initially we have to declare
a class of object. A class is a structure that has properties and methods such as:

<?php
class Scooter {
function Scooter()
{
$this->model = "Priya 112";

}
}

// create an object
$herbie = new Scooter();

// show object properties

echo $herbie->model;
?>
Output:

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Priya
112

31
Introduction PHP NULL Value
to PHP
Null is special data type having single value: NULL. A variable of data type
NULL is variable having no assigned value. If variable is without a value, it is
directly given with NULL value. Example
<?php

$x = "Name!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);

?>
Output:

null

PHP Resource
It is a different type of resource which is not real data type which stores
reference to functions and resources that is external to PHP.

Check your progress 4

1. How can we declare a variable in PHP?
a. $num

b. #num
c. $21

d. None of these
2. What is resource in PHP?

a. It is special data type having value: NULL

b. They are special variables that hold references to resources external to
PHP
c. are instances of programmer-defined classes

d. All of these

32
2.5 Identifiers PHP Basics

Identifier is a name used to name variables, functions, constants and classes.

In this the first character be either ASCII letter, underscore or any characters
between ASCII 0x7F and ASCII 0xFF. After initial character, such characters and
digits 0-9 are valid.
Variable names

Variable names begin with dollar sign ($) and are case-sensitive such as:
$copy

$head_count
$MaxArea

$I_HEART_PHP
$_self

$_int
There exist certain uncommon variable names like:

$not valid

$|

$3wa
Function names

Function names are not case-sensitive such as:

tally
list_all_users
deleteTclFiles
Class names
Class names have standard rules for identifiers that are not case-sensitive like:
People
Account
Constants
Constants are identifier for simple scalar values which can be Boolean,
integer, double and string constants.

33
Introduction Keywords
to PHP
It is a reserved word by language for its main function that cannot assign
variable, function, class or constant.

Check your progress 5

1. Which of the following statement is true?
a. Variable names are not case sensitive.

b. Function names are not case sensitive.

c. Class names are case sensitive.

d. All of these.

2.6 Variables
A variable in PHP serves as containers which used for keeping information.
It starts with $ sign followed by name of variable as shown in example:

<?php
$txt = "Solving Integers";

$x = 11;
$y = 16.7;

?>
Output:

Solving Integers
11
16.7
On executing above program, variable $txt will keep the value Solving
Integers, where variable $x will keep value 11 while variable $y keep value 16.7.
Variable have short name or can be descriptive.

Rules for PHP variables:

 Variable starts with $ sign followed by name of variable

34
 Variable name to begin with letter or underscore

35
  Variable name cannot begin with number
PHP Basics
 Variable name only has alpha-numeric characters and underscores
 Variable names are case-
sensitive Output Variables
The PHP echo statement is mainly applied to output data to screen as shown
in example:
<?php
$txt = "K. J. Sharma Books";
echo "I like!";
?>

Output:

I like K. J. Sharma Books

The program shown will generate sum of two variables, as shown:

<?php
$x = 8;

$y = 8;
echo $x + $y;

?>
Output
:

16
In above example we see that we have not instructed PHP about data type.
PHP will directly convert variable to correct data type as per its value.
PHP Variables Scope

In PHP, variables are declared in the script. The scope of variable is part of
script where variable can be used. PHP has three different variable scopes:
 local
 global
 static

Global and Local Scope

36
Introduction A variable declared outside function has GLOBAL SCOPE and can be
to PHP
accessed outside a function as seen in example:
<?php

$x = 10; // global scope

function myTest() {

// using x inside this function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}

myTest();
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>
Output:

Variable x inside function is:

Variable x outside function is: 10

A variable that is declared in a function contains LOCAL SCOPE which can be

accessed in a function as shown in example:

<?php
function myTest() {

$x = 12; // local scope

echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";

}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>
Output:

Variable x inside function is: 12

Variable x outside function is:
The global Keyword
37
 The global keyword is applied in order to access global variable within a
PHP Basics
function. To do this, use global keyword before the variables such as:
<?php

$x = 12;
$y = 18;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;

}
myTest();

echo $y; // outputs 30

?>

Output
:
30

It is noted that PHP stores global variables in array $GLOBALS[index]

where index keeps name of variable. Such array is accessible in functions and
applied to adjust global variables as shown in example:
<?php

$x = 9;
$y = 19;

function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];

}
myTest();

echo $y; // outputs 28

?>

Output:
28

The static Keyword

38
Introduction In PHP when functions executes, all variables gets vanished. The local
to PHP
variables are required for further work as shown in example:
<?php

function myTest() {
static $x = 5;
echo $x;

$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();

myTest();
?>

Output
:
5

Here every time the function is called with variable having information
contained from last when function was called.

39
Check your progress 6 PHP Basics

1. What is the output of following code?

<?php

$num1 = 7;
$num2 = 15;
function test() {
global $num1, $num2;

$num2 = $num2 + $num1;

}

test();
echo $num2;

?>
a. 8
b. -8

c. 0

d. None of these

2. What is the output of the following code?

<?php

$a = 'alen';

$b = "My name is $a";

echo $b;

?>
a. "My name is $a"

b. “"My name is alen"

c. My name is alen

d. None of these

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Introduction
to PHP
2.7 Constants
Constants are variables which cannot be defined unless changed or
undefined. It is an identifier (name) for simple value which cannot be changed
during script. So valid constant name begins with letter or underscore. To create a
constant, you require to define() function.
Syntax

define(name, value, case-insensitive)

Parameters:
name: Specifies name of constant
value: Specifies value of constant

case-insensitive: Shows whether constant name should be case-insensitive where

default is not correct. The example below will form constant with case-sensitive
name such as:
<?php

define("GREETING", "Welcome to my Library of Books!");

echo GREETING;

?>
Output:

Welcome to my Library of Books|

Further we see that an example below describes case-insensitive name:

<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to my Library of Books!", true);
echo greeting;
?>

Output:
Welcome to my Library of Books!

Constants are direct global applied across the script. The example uses constant in
a function, even if it is defined outside the function:
<?php

41
define("GR
EETING",
" Welcome
to my
Library of
Books!");

42
function myTest() {
PHP Basics
echo GREETING;
}

myTest();
?>

Output:
Welcome to my Library of Books!

Check your progress 7

1. What is the output of the following code?
<?php

define("HELLO", 100);
echo HELLO;
?>

a. Hello

b. HELLO

c. 100
d. None of these

2.8 Expressions
Expressions are bits of PHP which calculates to generate a value. It carries
simple expressions having literal values and variables that shows literal value
calculates it as variable calculates value stored in variable.
In PHP, expressions are important building stones which can be applied for
writing an expression. The simplest expression is anything that has value. The
basic feature of expressions results are constants and variables.
It is noted that when you type "$a = 10", then it shows that '10' assigns to $a.
'10', has value 10, or we see that '10' is an expression with value of 10.

43
Introduction After an assignment, $a's value as 10, hence if we wrote $b = $a, then $b =
to PHP
10. In other words, $a is expression with value 10. It is noted that PHP takes
expressions much further in same way as other languages. In an example '$a = 10'
it is noted that there exists two values, value of integer constant '10' and value of
$a that updates to 10 as well. In practice, we see that '$a = 10' is an expression
having value 10. So writing like '$b = $a = 10' is like '$a = 10; $b = 10;'. As
assignments are arranged from right to left, so we can write '$b = $a = 10'.

Check your progress 8

1. Expression for adding two number is .
a. a+b

b. $a+ $b
c. @a+@b
d. None of these

2.9 String Interpolation

In PHP when it is required to control code to be worked and should want to
beautify code, in such case these string interprets which provide with complete
flexibility while working with string values such as
The $car moved over the breaker.\n

In this, we see that $car is a variable and \n is newline character so both be

interpreted. If you want to output string exactly as written or want newline to
render but want variable to display in literal form($car) or vice versa.

Double Quotes
Strings in double quotes are applied in PHP scripts as they give flexibility
since both variables and escape sequences are parsed as shown in example:
<?php
$book = "Electronics";

echo "Sanjay's favourite book is $book.";

?>

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This example returns the following:
PHP Basics
Sanjay's favorite book is Electronics.

Single Quotes
Keeping a string in single quotes is important while interpreted string
exactly similar as stated that has variables and escape sequences not interpreted
when string is parsed as shown:
print 'This string will $print exactly as it\'s \n declared.';
It shows output as:

This string will $print exactly as it's \n declared.

We see that single quote gets out which delete backslash escape character
and result in syntax error as shown:
print 'Find other string.\\';
It shows output as:
Find other string.\

In above example we see that backslash appears at conclusion of string

which has escaped else PHP will parser that understand single quote that escaped.

print 'Find \another

string.'; It shows output as:

Find \another string.

Check your progress 9

1. Choose correct statement to display the line as it is Hello World.HaVe a nIce
dAy
a. echo “ Hello World..HaVe a nIce dAy”

b. echo ‘Hello World.HaVe a nIce dAy’

c. Syntax error

d. None of these

45
Introduction
to PHP
2.10 Control Structures
In PHP, control structures are loops, conditionals and if which are familiar
to javascript programmer such as:
 if and else
 elseif
 while
 do...while
 for
 foreach
 break and continue
 switch
 Reference

if and else
It is same as javascript like:

if ($a==$b) {
print "The same";
}

else {
print "They aren't the same";

elseif
elseif also else if gives a second if-statement where first if-condition if met run
other elseif conditions even if not run.
$a="Sanjay";
if($a=="Sanjay"){
print"Hello Sanjay";}
elseif($a=="Sharma"){
print"Hello Sharma";

46
}
PHP Basics
else if ($a=="Sanjay"){
print "Hello Sanjay 2";

}
else {

print"I don't know you!";

}
//result: Hello Sanjay

while
While loop is similar as in javascript:

$i=1;
while ($i<10){
print "Hello";
$i++;

do..while
do..while loop is same as while loop but while loop will not run if condition does
not exists. The do..while loop always run at least once as shown in example:
$i=1;
do{

print "The number is $i";

}

while($i>100);
//result: The number is 1

for
The for loop in PHP is same as in javascript's:
for($i=1;$i<=2;$i++){
print "This is $i<br>";

}
47
Introduction //This is 5
to PHP
//This is 6
The for loop can be written in various ways. One additional way is as follows:
for($i=1;$i<=3;print "This time it's $i ",$i++);
//result: This time it's 5 This time it's 6 This time it's 7

foreach
This control structure access items in array:
$arr=array("cow","deer","gost");
foreach($arr as $value){
echo"Value: $value<br>\n";

//Value: cow
//Value: deer

//Value: gost
This example shows the keys and values of an associative array:

$a=array("fruit"=>"pineapple","meat"=>"gost","vegetables"=>"beans","sweet"=>
"ice cream");

foreach($a as $k=>$v){
print"\$a[$k]=>$v.\n";

};
//result: $a[fruit]=>pineapple. $a[meat]=>gost. $a[vegetables]=>beans.
$a[sweet]=>ice cream.

break and continue

Break and continue structures are common in javascript that exits for, while,
or switch structure and exits in loop and begins with next.

switch
The switch statement will continue as shown which print all statements after
finding as true as shown:
$i=1;

switch($i){ //variable in brackets and cases in curly brackets

48
c
a
s
e

0
:

49
print "zero";
PHP Basics
break;
case 1:

print "one";
break;

default: //You can do default case!

print "whatever it is, it isn't 0, 1 or 2";
}

//result: one

Check your progress 10

1. What is the output of the following code?

<?php
$a = 25;
if ($a < "30") {
echo "Hello World!";
}
?>
a. Hello World!
b. 25

c. 30
d. None of these

2. What is the output of the following code?

<?php
$x = "1";

switch ($x)
{

case 1:
print "hello";

50
Introduction case 2:
to PHP print "to";
default:
print "world";
}

?>
a. helloworld

b. hellotoworld
c. syntax error

d. None of these

2.11 Let Us Sum Up

In this unit we have learnt that PHP is Hypertext Preprocessor applied by
web developers to frame dynamic content which is easy to interact with databases.
It is found that PHP is an important coding technique that can be easily embedded
in HTML which uses page to be passed through PHP engine for interpretation.

It is known that comment in PHP code is a line that is not part of program
but to read by person editing the code. Identifier are name used to name variables,
functions, constants and classes where first character is ASCII letter, underscore
or characters between ASCII 0x7F and ASCII 0xFF.
It is noted that constants are variables that are not defined unless changed or
undefined which serves as an identifier for simple value that cannot be changed
during script. As seen, expressions are bits of PHP that calculates value having
simple expressions with literal values and variables.

2.12 Answers for Check Your Progress

Check your progress 1

Answers: (1 –c), (2-b)

51
Check your progress 2 PHP Basics

Answers: (1 –d)

Check your progress 3

Answers: (1 –c), (2-d)

Check your progress 4

Answers: (1 –a), (2-b)

Check your progress 5

Answers: (1 –b)

Check your progress 6

Answers: (1 –a), (2-c)

Check your progress 7

Answers: (1 –c)

Check your progress 8

Answers: (1 –b)

Check your progress 9

Answers: (1 –b)

Check your progress 10

Answers: (1 –a), (2-b)

2.13 Glossary
1. Variables - They are containers used for keeping information.
2. Constants - Variables that are not defined till it

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 changes or undefined and also serves as identifier.
3. Expression - These are bits in PHP that finds generated value.

53