WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, or opinions between people

or groups. It can be verbal, non-verbal, or visual, and can take place face-to-face or through
devices
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 Verbal: Speaking with others, including sign language
Examples :-

 Conversations: Talking face-to-face or over the phone

 Speeches: Public speaking, preaching, lecturing, or monologues
 Media: TV shows, radio shows, podcasts, or videos
 Emails: Sending an email is a form of verbal communication
 Social media: Posting on social media is a form of mass verbal communication

 Nonverbal: Body language, facial expressions, tone, eye contact, and hand
movements
Examples :-

 Facial expressions: Smiling, frowning, rolling eyes, and raising eyebrows

 Gestures: Waving, pointing, holding up fingers
 Body language: Posture, slouched shoulders, crossed arms
 Eye contact: Looking into someone's eyes
 Touch: Hugging, shaking hands, touching someone's arm or shoulder
 Space: Standing close to someone while talking
 Voice: Rate, pitch, volume, tone, and tempo
 Appearance: Hair, clothing, grooming, and other physical characteristics
 Artifacts: Objects that convey messages
 Nonverbal vocalizations: Laughter, coughs, breath sounds, and feedback sounds like
"hmm-mm"
 Chronemics: The use of time as a nonverbal cue, such as how long it takes to respond to
a text or email

 Written: Using letters, symbols, emails, notes, texts, billboards, and messages written
in the sky
Examples :-
 Business-related: Emails, letters, proposals, contracts, business letters, employee
manuals, memos, bulletins, and press releases
 Personal: Text messages, blog posts, cards, and newspapers
 Creative: Poetry, short stories, and novels
 Other: Advertisements, brochures, postcards, and telegrams

 Visual: Using pictures, graphics, diagrams, physical models, drawings, and illustrations
Examples :-
 Infographics
A combination of graphics and information that can help explain concepts and
frameworks
  Animation
A combination of art, illustration, and technology that can be used to tell stories
 Data visualization
A way to present data in a graphical format to make it easier to understand
 Social media graphics
Graphics that can be used to boost engagement and ensure important
information is noticed
 Logos and branding
Visual elements like colors, images, and layout that can be used to convey a
message
 Graphic design
The use of typography, photography, color, and illustration to convey ideas or
messages
 Charts
Graphs that can be used to explain detailed information
 Presentations
Visuals like flowcharts or diagrams can be used to illustrate processes or
relationships
 Product packaging
Specially designed visuals that can be used to attract customers and maintain
engagement

 Listening: Actively engaging your mind while someone is speaking

Examples :-
 Paraphrasing: Restating what the other person has said to show that you understand
 Asking open-ended questions: Encourage the other person to share their perspective
 Giving verbal affirmations: Let the other person know you appreciate their time
 Summarizing: Summarize what the other person has said or what has been said in a
group conversation
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
 Intrapersonal : Self-communication, such as self-talk, thoughts, and imagination. This
is the most basic level of communication.

 self-reflection
Involves examining your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

 Self-awareness
Involves how you see yourself and how you relate to others. It is based on your beliefs, values,
and attitudes.

 Decision-making
Having a better understanding of your personality, motivations, and behavior can help you make
effective decisions.
  Resilience
An intrapersonal characteristic that can affect how well you manage complex tasks.

 Adaptability
A highly intrapersonal construct that can be difficult to express verbally.

 Emotional intelligence
The ability to be aware of and manage your feelings. It includes intrapersonal and interpersonal
functions.

 Visualization
An act of imagination or recall where you process your thoughts

 Interpersonal : Direct communication between two people. This level focuses on

building and maintaining relationships.

 Active listening
Paying close attention to what others are saying, asking questions, and showing understanding.

 Nonverbal communication
Using body language, facial expressions, and hand gestures to communicate.

 Conflict resolution
Staying calm, empathizing with others, and finding a solution to a disagreement.

 Feedback
A return message sent after the initial message is sent to a receiver.

 Collaboration
Working with a team and listening to others.

 Emotional intelligence
Using empathy, good communication skills, and a desire to understand other viewpoints to gain
insight into the personalities of others.

 Adaptability
Being able to work according to the situation, multi-task, and follow instructions quickly.

 Negotiation
Initiating a discussion with the intention of reaching a mutually beneficial agreement.

 Group : Communication within small groups, such as teams, projects, or departments.

 Brainstorming
o A group technique for generating new ideas and solutions for a specific topic. Electronic
brainstorming uses computers to generate ideas.
 Decision-making
o A group of people with a common goal work together to analyze data, evaluate problems, and
decide on a solution.
 Group conversations
o A friendly chat with coworkers, or coordinating calendars to set deadlines and meetings.
 Conflict resolution
o Effective communication can help resolve conflicts in a team setting.
 Active listening
o A soft skill that involves giving your full attention to a conversation, not interrupting, and taking
time to understand the speaker.
 Problem solving
o When multiple people contribute their expertise, problems can be solved more quickly and
effectively.

 Organizational :Communication within large organizations, such as businesses or

governmental institutions.

 Formal communication
o This type of communication uses the organization's official channels, such as
meetings, presentations, workshops, memos, and reports.
 Downward communication
o This is when higher-level officials communicate with lower-level officials, typically
through memos, letters, notices, newsletters, emails, and company manuals.
 Horizontal communication
o This is when members of the organization on the same level in the managerial
hierarchy communicate, such as when collaborating on a task, coordinating
resources, or mentoring a new team member.
 Informal communication
o This is the spontaneous spread of information between employees, either one-on-
one or in small groups. It can also include quick interactions between employees
and customers or shareholders.
 Feedback
o Encouraging feedback from employees can improve engagement and promote
open communication.
 Meetings
o Meetings are a common example of communication, where management and
subordinates exchange ideas and information.

 Public :Communication with a large audience, such as giving speeches, conducting

interviews, or writing articles.

 Public speaking
o A form of public communication where individuals or groups deliver a message to an
audience. Public speaking events, newspaper editorials, and billboard advertisements are all
examples of public communication.
 Body language
o A form of non-verbal communication that can help build trust, establish authority, and foster a
positive workplace environment. Body language can help support a message with confidence
and stature.
 Active listening
o A form of communication that helps improve the ability to communicate with others by
increasing understanding of their opinions.
 Storytelling
 o A polished form of public speaking that can help build confidence.
 Gestures
o An important part of public speaking that can help emphasize a point, convey emotion, and add
interest to a presentation.
 Constructive feedback
o A form of communication that can help open up the lines of communication and build a better
working relationship.

 Mass :Communication through mass media, such as email, newsletters, and the
intranet.

 Print media
o Newspapers, magazines, and books are all examples of print media. The printing
press made it possible to mass produce these media, which led to cultural and
social change.
 Radio
o Radio is an audio broadcast that can provide news and information, as well as
music.
 Television
o Television revolutionized news and entertainment, and became a major way for
companies to advertise.
 Film
o Film allows stories to be told on a big screen in a theater, or at home on a device.
 The internet
o The internet revolutionized the speed and convenience of accessing information.
 Social media
o Social media allows anyone to be an active user of mass media, not just a passive
viewer.

 Cross-cultural : Communication between different cultures.

 Active listening
o Listening attentively can help you understand the other person's perspective and show respect
for their input.
 Language
o Language is a reflection of culture, so how people use language is important when people from
different cultures interact.
 Building relationships
o Getting to know the people you are communicating with and showing interest in their culture,
values, and beliefs can help with cross-cultural communication.
 Building trust
o Different cultures build trust in different ways. For example, Americans can be more task-based
and pragmatic, so they may trust someone based on their skills, track record, and references.
 Cultural exchange programs
o These programs can help people build relationships with people from different cultures by
providing opportunities to live, study, and work in another country.
 Feedback
 o Feedback can help you understand how your message is being received and identify areas for
improvement.

WHAT IS BARRIER ?
Communication barriers are obstacles that prevent or make it difficult to effectively
communicate with others. They can occur at any stage of the communication process
and can make it hard for the receiver to understand the message
EXAMPLES OF BARRIER
 Language barriers: When people don't speak the same language, it can be difficult to
communicate and lead to confusion.
 Emotional barriers: Emotional distress can make it hard to listen or lead to
misunderstandings. These barriers are often seen in the workplace during stressful
situations.
 Physical barriers: These barriers include time, distance, environmental barriers,
technical issues, and noise.
 Cultural barriers: To be accepted in a group, people may need to adopt behaviors
that the group sees as a sign of belonging.
 Organizational barriers: Unclear company structures can make communication
difficult. For example, employees may not know their role in the communication
system.
 Psychological barriers: These barriers can be caused by premature evaluation, lack
of attention, poor retention, or lack of reliance.
 Family communication barriers: Families are made up of people with different
personalities, preferences, ages, and genders, which can create challenges.
 Poor listening: Poor listening is a common barrier to effective communication.
 Unnecessary use of jargon: Using unnecessary jargon can be a barrier to
communication.
 Distractions: Distractions can be a barrier to communication.