LONG TERM - 2025

(TWO YEAR)

PHYSICS
STUDY MATERIAL
Class (XII)

Brilliant
STUDY CENTRE, PALA
Mutholy Campus, Ph: 04822 - 206100, 206800
www.brilliantpala.org., email: [email protected].
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 CONTENTS

1. Electrostatics-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------05

2. Current Electricity-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------23

3. Moving Charges and Magnetism---------------------------------------------------------------43

4. Magnetism and Matter-----------------------------------------------------------------------------62

5. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current-------------------------------------78

6. Electromagnetic Waves---------------------------------------------------------------------------96

7. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments-------------------------------------------------------- 109

8. Wave Optics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124

9. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation-------------------------------------------------------- 135

10. Atoms and Nuclei--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148

11. Semiconductor Electronics-------------------------------------------------------------------- 161

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 Chapter
ELECTROSTATICS
01

SYNOPSIS
Electrostatics is the branch of physics which deals with electric charges at rest. There are two types
of charges +ve and –ve. Like charges repell and unlike charges attract. Unit of charge is coulomb
(C) in SI. In C.G.S the unit is stat coulomb or electrostatic unit of charge (esu of charge)
Electrification by friction
When two substances are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one body to the other.
The transfer of electrons takes place from the material in which electrons are held less tightly to
the nucleus to the materials where electrons are held more tightly. The substance which loses
electrons become +ve and the one which gains electrons become –vely charged
Properties of charges
1. Quantization
2. Additive property
3. Charge conservation
4. Speed independence
Difference between mass and charge
1. Charge can be +ve, –ve or zero, but mass is always +ve
2. Charge is quantized. Mass is not strictly quantized
3. Charge is independent of speed. Mass increases with speed as
m0
m= m0– rest mass
v2
1− 2
c
m – mass when moving with a velocity v
c – velocity of light
Similarities between gravitational and electrostatic field
Both are
1. Central forces 2. Conservative
3. Inverse square law forces 4. Long range forces
5. Two body interaction

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Difference
Electrostatic force Gravitational force
1. May be attractive or repulsive Always attractive
2. Affected by the medium Not affected by the medium
3. Of strong magnitude Of weak magnitude
Note that the electrostatic force between the electron and proton is 1038 times as large as the
gravitational force between them for equal distance of separation
Coulomb’s law
The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges q1 and q2 is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
q1 q 2 1 q q
F∝ 2
F =1 2 2
r 4π∈0 r

1
∈0 is the absolute permittivity of free space (air or vacuum) = 9 ×109 Nm 2 C−2
4π∈0

1 q1 q 2
When the charges are kept in a medium other than air or vacuum, F =
4π∈0∈r r 2

r
is the relative permittivity or dielectric constant of the medium. ∈0 ∈r =∈ is the absolute permittivity

of the medium
Fair
=∈r
Fmedium
The force between two charges will be reduced to zero if a metal plate is introduced between them.
For metals ∈r =∝
∈0 8.854 ×10−12 C2 N −1m −2
=
Principle of superposition
When a number of charges are interacting, the total force on a given charge is the vector sum of
the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all the other charges.
Electricfield
The space surrounding a charge where another charge experiences a force is known as an electric
field. The intensity of the electric field at a point is the force experienced by a unit +ve charge
(+1C) placed at that point. The magnitude of the intensity of the electric field at a point P due to a
point charge is given by

1 q
E=
4π∈0 r 2

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where r is the distance of the point from the point charge. The force experienced by a charge of q

coulomb placed in an electric field strength E is given by
 
F = qE

 qE
Acceleration of a charged particle in an electricfield a =
m

Unit of E is NC–1 or Vm–1
[E] = [I–1 MLT–3]
Properties of Electrostatic field lines
1. Electric lines start from a +ve charge and ends on a –ve charge
2. Electric lines do not intersect each other
3. The tangent at any point on the electric line gives the direction of the electric field at that point
4. The number of lines of force passing normally through unit area taken around a point gives the
intensity of the electricfield at that point. It is also known as the electric flux density.
5. In a uniform electric field electric lines are parallel and equidistant from each other
6. Lines of force always start normal to a surface and end normal to a surface
Electric dipole

Two equal and opposite charges separated by a small vector distance form an electric dipole. The
length of the dipole is a vector quantity. Its direction is from the –ve to the +ve charge. The length

AB of the dipole is represented by 2a .

Electric dipole moment p

It is the product of one of the charges and the distance between the charges.

(length of the dipole is 2a )
 
p = q × 2a
It is a vector quantity. Its direction is from –ve to +ve charge
Intensity of the electric field at a point on the axial line

1 2 Pr
E=
4π∈0 (r − a 2 ) 2
2

If a<< r(ie short dipole)

1 2P
E=
4π∈0 r 3

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Intensity of the electric field at a point on the equatorial line

P 1 P
E =
2 2 32
; If a << r, E
4π∈0 (r + a ) 4π ∈0 r 3
For a short dipole Eaxial =2 E equatorial
The direction of the electric field is antiparallel to the direction of the length of the dipole
Null point
A null point in an electric field is the point where the resultant field is zero
a) when two like charge are separated by a distance the null point will be:
(1) on the line joining the charges
(2) in between the charges
(3) nearer to the smaller charge
q1 q 2
Also, = where r1 and r2 are the distance of the null point from q1 and q2
r12 r2 2
If q1 =q2 null point will be at the centre
(b) When two unlike charge are separated by a distance the null point will be
(1) on the line joining the charges
(2) outside the charges
(3) nearer to the smaller charge
q1 q 2
Also, 2 = 2 where r1 and r2 are the distance of the null point from the charges. If q1= q2 there
r1 r2

will be no null point.

Torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field

  
=
Torque τ P E sin θ ie τ = p × E
(i) When the dipole is in stable equilibrium, = 0o, = PE sin 0 = 0
(ii) When the dipole is perpendicular to the field, PE sin90 = PE
This is the maximum torque.

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(iii) When the dipole is in unstable equillibrium

= 180o, = PE sin 180o = 0
In stable equilibrium, is parallel to
In unstable equilibrium, is antiparallel to
Work done in rotating a dipole from to in a uniform electric field. (Potential energy of an
electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field)
W= pE (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )

1
- initial
2
- final
If = 900 and θ2 =θ , W = –pE cos

Electric potential : V at a point in an electricfield is the amount of work done in bringing a unit +ve
charge (+1C) from infinity to that point against the direction of the field
 r
W
V = − ∫ E.dr V is a scalar quantity V = . Unit of V is JC–1 (volt)
∞
q
[V] = I–1 ML2 T–3
Potential difference between two points in an electric field is the amount of work done to bring a
unit +ve charge from one point to the other against the direction of the field
dV = VB – VA
Equipotential surface is the surface over which the electric potential remains the same
On an equipotential surface the p.d between any two points is zero. Hence no work is done in
moving a test charge on an equipotential surface
The electric field (ie, electric lines) are perpendicular to an equipotential surface
dv
Potential gradient is the rate of change of potential w.r.t distance, ie . It is a vector quantity
dr

−dv
Electric field E =
dr
In a constant electric field E r = V
Unit of electric field is Vm–1
Unit of potential gradient also is Vm–1
Potential at a point due to a point charge is
1 q
V=
4π∈0 r
Potential due to a large number of charges q1, q2, ...... is,
1 q1 1 q2
V= + + ............
4π∈0 r1 4π∈0 r

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Potential due to a uniformly charged conducting spherical shell (or a conducting solid sphere)
of radius R:
1. Potential at any point outside the shell at a distance r from the centre
1 q
V=
4π∈0 r

1 q
2. On the surface of the shell, V =
4π∈0 R

1 q
3. Inside the shell, V =
4π∈0 R

Electric potential due to an electric dipole (short dipole)

1. At any point,
1 p cos θ
V=
4π∈0 r 2

1 p
2. Vaxial =
4π ∈0 r 2
3. Vequitorial = 0
Potential energy of a system of two charges

1 q1 q 2
U=
4π∈0 r
Potential energy = Potential charge
Potential energy of system of three charges
U = U12 + U23 + U13

1  q1q 2 q 2 q 3 q1q 3 
=  + + 
4π ε0  r12 r23 r13 

Electric flux ( ) through an area (surface) in an electric field is the number of lines of force passing
normally through the area. Flux through an area is given= by dφ Eds cos θ = ie, dφ Eds cos θ
Flux is a scalar quantity. Note that the direction of area is normal to the area taken

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Gauss’s theorem : The total electric flux through any closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to
1
times the total charge enclosed by the surface
∈0

  1
=
φ ∫ ⋅ =
E ds
∈0
.q

Applications
1 q
1. Electric field due to a point charge =
4π ∈0 r 2

2. Electric field due to an infinitely long line charge,

λ
E=
2π∈0 r
3. Electric field due to an infinite thin plane sheet of charge
σ
E=
2∈0
4. Electric field due to two infinite parallel sheets of charge with equal but opposite charge densities,
(i) outside the sheets = 0
σ
(ii) in between the sheets =
∈0
5. Electric field due to a charged nonconducting solid sphere of radius R:

1 q
(i) outside the sphere (r > R) E=
4π∈0 r 2

1 q
(ii) on the sphere (r = R) E=
4π ∈0 R 2

1 q
(iii) inside the sphere (r < R) E= r
4π ∈0 R 3

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6. Electricfield due to a charged conducting shell (or conducting sphere) of radius R

(i) outside the shell (r > r),

(ii) on the sphere (r = R),

(iii) inside the sphere (r < R) E = 0

Electrostatic shielding is the vanishing of the electric field inside a conducting cavity
Capacitor or condenser
It is a device for storing large amount of electric charges. Charge stored in a capacitor, q = CV
C – capacitance or capacity
q
C= ∴ unit is CV–1 (Farad)
V
Parallel plate capacitor

∈0 A
(i) Air capacitor, Capacitance C =
d
σ
E=
∈0
V=E d
(ii) Capacitor with a dielectric,
∈0 KA
C' =
d
ie =C K K is the dielectric constant
σ
E '= For metals K =
∈0 K
For vacuum K =1
V=' E '× d For Air K = 1.00059
1

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Combination of capacitors

(i) Parallel

Potential difference across all the condensers will be the same, but charge will be different

q1 = C1V, q2 = C2V, q3 = C3V

Effective capacitance, Ceff = C1 + C2 + C3

(ii) Series

Potential difference on different capacitors will be different, but the charge will be the same

q q q
V1 = , V2 = , V3 =
C1 C2 C3

The effective capacitance Ceff is

1 1 1 1
= + +
Ceff C1 C2 C3

Energy of a charged capacitor is the amount of work done in charging the capacitor

1 1 Q2
U = CV 2 U = QV U=
2 2 2C
Molecule as a dipole

If the +ve charge centre doesn’t coincide with the –ve charge centre, the molecule will have a
dipole moment. Such molecules are called polar molecules.

In non-polar molecules, the +ve and –ve charge centers coincide

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Motion of a charged particle in an electric field

(i) A charged particle moving along the direction of the electric field

qE
A +ve charged particle will move along the direction of the field with an acceleration of
m

A –ve charged particle will move more along the direction of the field with a deceleration of qE/m
Velocity after t seconds v = u + at
(ii) A charged particle entering perpendicular to a uniform electric field

The path of the charged particle inside the electricfield is a parabola. Let t be the time spent by the
particle inside the field. Initial velocity vx is in the X – direction. Velocity acquired in the Y-direction
is vy. Sy is the displacement in the Y-direction. Sx is displacement in the X-direction within the field.
Then

Vy =U y + at But u y =0 ∴Vy =at

1 1
Sy =U r + at 2 But u y =0 ∴ Sy = at 2
2 2

S x = Vx t

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QUESTIONS 6. A flat circular disc has a charge +Q uniformly

distributed on the disc. A charge +q is thrown
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK]
with kinetic energy E towards the disc along
1. An atom is electrically the normal axis. The charge q will
1) positive 1) Hit the disc at the centre
2) Returns back along its path after touching
2)negative
the disc
3) neutral 3) Returns back along its path without touching
4) none of them the disc
4) Any of the above three situations possible
2. The ability of concentrating the electric flux in
depending on the magnitude of E
a dielectric or insulator is called
7. A charge q is situated at a distance from an
1) gravitational constant
electric dipole on its axial line. It experience
2) permittivity a force F. If the distance of the charge is
doubled the force acting on it will be
3) electrostatic force
F
4) electric flux 1) F 2)
2
3. How many electrons are to be removed or
F F
added to a material body to form charged 3) 4)
body 4 8

1) 6.25 × 1018 2) 6.25 × 1019 8. The force between two electric dipoles is
proportional to
3) 3.125 × 1018 4) 3.125 × 1019
1) 1 2) 1
4. +2C and +6C two charges are repelling each r 2
r3
other with a force of 12N. If each charge is
given –2C of charge, then the force will be 1 1
3) 4)
r4 r5
1) 4N (Attractive) 9. Total normal electric flux surrounding an
2) 4N (Repulsive) electric dipole is
P
3) 8N (Repulsive) 1) 2) P∈0
∈0
4) Zero 2
3) zero 4) P ∈0
5. Three charges each of magnitude q are placed
at the corners of an equilateral triangle, the 10. A point charge +q is placed at the centre of
electrostatic force on the charge placed at the a cube of side L. The electric flux emerging
centroid is from the cube is
q
1 q2 1) 2) zero
1) zero 2) ∈0
4π ε 0 L2
1 3q 2 1 q2 2 q
3) 4)
12π ε 0 L2 3) 6qL 4)
4π ε 0 L2 6L2 ∈0
∈0

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11. Two infinite plane parallel sheets separated 14. The force experienced by an particle placed
by a distance d have equal and opposite in the axial line at a distance of 10cm from the
uniform charge densities . Electric field at centre of a short dipole of moment 0.2 10–20
a point between the sheets is cm is;
1) zero 1) 5.75 10–27 N
σ 2) 11.5 10–27 N
2)
∈0 3) 23 10–27 N
4) 34.5 10–27 N

3) σ 15. A rod with uniform linear charge density

2∈0 penetrates a cube of side a so that the cube
encloses maximum charge. Then the rod
4) Depends upon the location of the point penetrates through a sphere of radius a
diametrically. The ratio of flux through cube
12. Three charges −q1, + q 2 , and -q3 are placed and that through sphere.
as shown in the figure. The x-component of
3 2
the force on -q1 is proportional to 1) 2)
2 3

3 1
3) 4)
1 3
16. Three concentric spherical shell A, B and C of
radii a, b, c (a < b < c) having charge densities
and respectively. The potential of B
is
σ
1) (a + b + c)
ε0
q 2 q3 q 2 q3
1) − sin θ 2) − cos θ
b2 a 2 b2 a 2 σ  a 2 b2 
2)  + + 1
ε0 c c 
q 2 q3 q 2 q3
3) + sin θ 4) + cos θ
b2 a 2 b2 a 2
σ  a 2 b2 
3) + σ
13. Two point charges Q and –3Q are placed at ε0  c c 
some distance apart. If the electric field at the
location of Q is E, then field at the location of
–3Q is σ  a2 
4)  − b + c
ε0  b 
E
1) –E 2) 17. At a certain distance from a point charge the
3
electric field is 500 v/m and the potential is
−E 3000V. What is the distance
3) –3E 4) 1) 6m 2) 12m
3
3) 36m 4) 144m

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23. The capacitance of an air core parallel plate

18. A sphere of radius 8.86m has potential of
capacitor is C. If the plate area is doubled and
th
800V, then the energy density near the 1
the plate separation is made , find new
surface will be 4
−7 3 −7 3
1) 64 × 10 J / m 2) 32 × 10 J / m capacitance
−7 3
3) 6.4 ×10-7J/m3 4) 3.2 × 10 J / m 1) 8C 2) 4C
19. A charged particle of mass 5 × 10–5 kg is held 3) 2C 4) 16C
stationary in space by placing it in an electric
field of strength 107 NC–1 directed vertically 24. A parallel plate capacitor has a capacity 6µF
downwards. The charge on the particle is
in air and 60µF when dielectric medium is
1) –20 × 10–5 µC 2) –5 × 10–5 µC
introduced. The dielectric constant of medium
3) 5 × 10–5 µC 4) 20 × 10–5 µC is:

1) 5 2) 10
20. Two parallel plates have equal and opposite
charge. When the space between them is 3) 15 4) 20
evacuated, the electric field between the
plates is 2 × 105 V/m. When the space is filled 25. The distance between the plates of a parallel
with dielectric, the electric field becomes 1 × plate capacitor is d. A metal plate of thickness
105 V/m. The dielectric constant of the material d/2 is placed between the plates. The new
capacity is
1
1) 2) 1 C
2 1) C 2)
2
3) 2 4) 3
3) 2C 4) 4C
21. A capacitor is charged by connecting it to a
cell of potential V. Now after disconnecting 26. The work done to charge a capacitor, when
the battery, the capacitor is connected to an the potential difference between the plates is
another cell of potential 2V. The new charge 500V.
on capacitor
1) 3J 2) 6J
1) Same as earlier 3) 1.5J 4) 0.75J
2) Double the first 27. Two identical metal plates are given positive
charges Q1 and Q2[Q2 < Q1] respectively. If
3) Half the first they are now brought close together to form
a parallel plate capacitor with capacitance C,
4) Thrice the first
the potential difference between them is;
22. If earth is taken as a spherical capacitor, then
Q1 + Q 2 Q1 + Q 2
the capacitance of earth is nearly 1) 2)
2C C
1) 653µF 2) 711µF
Q1 − Q 2 Q1 − Q 2
3) 4)
3) 827µF 4) 999µF C 2C

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LEVEL II 7. Two equal negative charges - q are fixed

at points (0, a) and (0, - a) on the y-axis, A
1. A body is charged by rubbing it, its weight:
positive charge Q is released from rest at a
1) Always decrease slightly point (2a, 0) on the x-axis. The charge Q will
2) always increase slightly 1) execute simple harmonic motion about the
3) may increase or decrease slightly origin
2) move to the origin and remain at rest there
4) remains precisely the same
3) move to infinity
2. A soap bubble is given a negative charge;
then its radius 4) execute oscillatory but not simple harmonic
motion.
1) decreases
8. Eight dipoles of moment P and charge q are
2) increases placed inside a cube .The total electric flux
3) remains unchanged coming out of the cube is

4) first increases and then decreases 8q

1) zero 2)
ε0
3. In 1gm of solid, there are 5x1021atoms.If one
electron is removed from each of 0.1% atom
of the solid, the charge gained by the solid is: 4q 16q
3) 4)
ε0 ε0
1) 0.08C 2) 0.8C
3) -0.08C 4) -0.8C 9. A hollow conducting cylinder has a charge ‘Q’
within the centre. If is the electric flux along
4. If an electron has an initial velocity in a the curved surface, the flux linked with one of
direction different from that of an electric field, the end faces is
the path of the electron is:
q 1 q 
1) a straight line 2) a circle 1) 2)  − φ
2ε0 2  ε0 
3) an ellipse 4) a parabola
q φ
5. The ratio of force acting on an Alpha particle, 3) −φ 4)
if it is placed at a distance ’r’ from the centre 2ε0 3
of a small electric dipole on the axial point to 10. Two parallel infinite line charges with linear
that on the equatorial point is: charge densities +λ C / m and − λC / m are
1) 1:2 2) 2:1
placed at a distance of 2R in free space. What
3) 1:1 4) 3:2
is the electric field mid-way between the two
6. When a dipole is placed in a non-uniform line charges?
electric field, the dipole describe 2λ
1) Zero 2) N/C
1) Rotational motion only πε 0 R
2) Translational motion only λ λ
3) N/C 4) N/C
3) Both rotational and translational motion πε 0 R 2πε 0 R
4) Can’t say

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11. There is an air-filled 1 pF parallel plate LEVEL III

capacitor. When the plate separation is
doubled and the space is filled with wax, the 16. Two small identical spheres having charges
capacitance increases to 2 pF. The dielectric +10 µC and −90µC attract each other with a
constant of wax is:
force of F Newton. If they are kept in contact
1) 2 2) 4 and then separated by the same distance, the
3) 6 4) 8 new force between them is:
12. The ratio of minimum to maximum capacitance 1) F/6 2) 16F
of n equal capacitors in combination is
1) n2 2) 1:n 3) 16F/9 4) 9F

3) 1:2n 4) 1:n2 17. A charge Q is divided into two parts q and Q-q
and separated by a distance R. The force of
13. The force between the plates of a parallel
repulsion between them will be maximum,
plate capacitor of capacitance C and distance
when:
of separation of the plates d with a potential
difference V between the plates is : 1) q = Q/4 2) q = Q/2
1) CV /2d
2
2) C V /2d
2 2 2
3) q = Q 4) q = Q/8
3) C2V2/d2 4) V2d/C
18. Two equal and opposite charges are placed at
Assertion-Reason
a certain distance. The force between them is
1) If both assertion and reason are correct F. If 25% of one charge is transferred to other,
and reason is a correct explanation of the then the force between them is :
assertion
1) F 2) 9F / 16
2) If both assertion and reason are correct
but reason is not the correct explanation of 3) 15F / 16 4) 4F / 5
assertion
3) If assertion is correct but reason is incorrect 19. Electric field at the centroid of a triangle
carrying q charge at each corner is
4) Assertion is incorrect reason is correct
14. Assertion : Work done by the field of a 2Kq
nucleus in a complete orbit 1) zero 2)
r2
of the electron is zero even
if the orbit is elliptical.
Reason : Electrostatic force is Kq 3Kq
conservative in nature. 3) 4)
2 r2 2 r2
15. Assertion : When the space between
the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor partially filled with 20. A pendulum bob of mass 30mg, carrying a
a dielectric capacitance charge of 2x10-8 is at rest in a horizontal field of
does not changes. 20000V/m. Find the tension in the thread of
Reason : Capacitance of the capacitor the pendulum
does not depend upon the
nature of the material of the 1) 0.5µN 2) 500 µN
plate.
3) 50µN 4) 5µN

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21. Two points charges q1 =

2µC and q 2 =
1µC are 24. The figure shows some of the equipotential
surfaces. Magnitude and direction of the
placed at distances b = 1 cm and a = 2 cm electric field is given by :
from the origin on the Y and X axes as shown
in fig. The electric field vector at point P (a, b)
will subtend an angle with x-axis given
by :

1) 200 V/m, making an angle 1200 with the X-axis

2) 100 V/m, pointing towards the negative x-axis
3) 200 V/m, making an angle 500 with the
x-axis
1) tan θ =1 2) tan θ = 2
4) 100 V/m, making an angle 300 with the
1 1 x-axis
3) tan θ = 4) tan θ = 25. A charge -2C is moved from a point A to a
2 4
point B in an electric field. The work done is 6J
and kinetic energy of charge reduces by 10J
22. A u n i f o r m e l e c t r i c f i e l d g i v e n b y
 during the process. The potential difference
N
( )
E = 3iˆ + 4ˆj + 5kˆ
C
pierces the Gaussian VA-VB is
1) 8V 2) 8V
cube as shown. The electric flux through the 3) -4V 4) 4V
right face and top face in Nm2/C are : 26. The electric field between two points is
constant in both magnitude and direction.
Consider a path of length d at an angle
θ =600 with respect to field lines shown in

figure. The potential difference between points

1 and 2 is :

1) 12 and 20 2) Zero, zero

3) 16 and 20 4) 12 and 16

23. The electric flux through a hemisphere

surface of radius R, placed in a uniform
electric field of intensity E parallel to the axis E
of its circular plane is : 1) 2) Ed cos 600
d cos 600
2
1) 2πRE 2) 2πR E Ed E
3) 4) cos 600
2 3
cos 600 d
3) πR E 4) (4 / 3)πR E

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27. Sixty four drops of mercury of equal radii and 29. A parallel plate capacitor is made by stacking
each possessing the same charge combines n equally spaced plates connected alternately.
to form a bigger drop. The capacitance of this If the capacitance between any two plates is
big drop as compared to that of each smaller C, then the resulting capacitance is:
drop is:
1) C 2) nC
1) 2 times 3) (n-1)C 4) Cn

Numerical
2) 4 times
30. Electric potential is given by V=6x-8x2. The
3) 8 times 4) 16 times
magnitude of electric force acting on a 2C
28. How many capacitors each of 8µF and 250V charge placed at the origin is 3n, then ‘n’ is
are required to form a composite capacitor of
31. A capacitor is charged to 50V and a
16µF and 1KV?
capacitor is charged to 100V. The capacitors
1) 16 2) 64 are then connected parallel. The common
potential of the combination is 200/n V. Then
3) 32 4) 8 ‘n’ is

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 3 7. 4 13. 4 19. 2 25. 3

2. 2 8. 3 14. 2 20. 3 26. 1
3. 1 9. 3 15. 1 21. 2 27. 4
4. 4 10. 1 16. 4 22. 2
5. 1 11. 2 17. 1 23. 1
6. 4 12. 3 18. 4 24. 2

LEVEL II LEVEL III

1. 3 6. 2 11. 1 16. 3 21. 2 26. 2

2. 2 7. 4 12. 4 17. 2 22. 4 27. 4

3. 2 8. 1 13. 2 18. 2 23. 3 28. 3

4. 4 9. 2 14. 1 19. 1 24. 1 29. 3

5. 2 10. 3 15. 4 20. 2 25. 1 30. 4

31. 3

22
 Chapter
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
02

SYNOPSIS

Electric current through a conductor is defined as the time rate of flow of charge through any
q
cross section of a conductor. If q is the charge flowing in time t, then current I = . (for steady
t
current) Unit of current is Ampere. Current is a scalar quantity.

dq
• If the rate of flow of charge varies with time, then the current at any time is given by I =
dt
Electromotive force

To maintain a steady current, we need a closed circuit with a source. The work done per unit
charge by the source in taking a positive charge from lower to higher potential energy is called
electromotive force or emf of the source.

OR

It is the p.d between the two terminals of a source in open circuit. SI unit of e.m.f is volt. (V)

Ohm’s law

At constant temperature, the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to
the potential difference across the two ends of the conductor.

ie V α I

V = IR. Where the constant of proportionality R is called the resistance of the conductor.

V
* Resistance is the opposition to the current flow in a conductor. R = Its unit is V/A or ohm. Ω .
I
Conductors which obey Ohm’s law are known as ohmic conductors. Eg: Silver, Copper, Aluminium

V
V - I characterstic of ohmic conductor.

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Factors affecting the resistance

The resistance of a conductor depends on its
i) length ii) area of cross section,
iii) nature of the material and, iv) temperature.
Law of resistance - The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length (l) and inversely
proportional to its area of cross section (A)
1 
R α , R α ∴R α
A A

ρ
R= Where ρ is a constant known as resistivity or specific resistance.
A

RA
ρ= Its unit is ohm metre ( Ωm ) .

If l = 1 and A = 1, then ρ = R

Resistivity of the material of a conductor is defined as the resistance of the conductor of unit length
and of unit area of cross section.
1
• Resistivity depends on the nature of the material ρ = ; n is the no. of free electrons per unit
n
volume)
• Resistivity increases with the increase in temperature of the conductor.

T
• Resistivity is independent of geometrical dimensions (ie length, area, shape etc.)
• Substances having low resistivity are conductors of electricity.
• Substances having high resistivity are insulators.
Conductance
1 A −1
The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance. It is denoted by G. G
= = SI unit is Ω
R ρ

or mho
Conductivity
Conductivity a material is its ability to conduct electric current. Conductivity is the reciprocal of
1 −1 −1
resistivity. σ = . Its unit is Ω m or mho m-1.
ρ

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Temperature dependance of Resistance

1
For a conductor, R α where R → Resistance, τ → Relaxation time
τ
When a metallic conductor is heated, vibration of atoms increases and collision increases. This
reduces the relaxation time t and increases the value of resistance R.
R t R 0 (1 + αt )
If R0 be the resistance of a conductor at 0oC and Rt at toC then =

Where α is called temperature coefficient of resistance of the material

R t − R 0 change in resistance / degree rise in temperature

=α =
R0t resistance at 0o C
Thus the temperature coefficient of resistance can be defined as the ratio of the change in resistance
per unit rise of temperature to the resistance at 0oC. (It’s unit is K-1)
R 2 − R1
If R1 and R2 are resistances at t1 and t2oC, α =
R 1 t 2 − R 2 t1
• For metals α is +ve. Thus metals (conductors) has positive temperature coefficient of resistance.

• For semiconductors α is -ve. (negative temperature coefficient of resistance)

• Due to high resistance and low temperature coefficient of resistance, the alloys like constantan,
manganin and nichrome are used as standard resistances.
Combination of resistances
i) Resistance in series
The resistors are said to be in series if the current through each one must be same and equal to
main current.

Let three resistances R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series to a source of potential V. Since they
are in series combination the current through them is same. Let I be the current through the circuit.
Let V1, V2 and V3 be the potential difference across the resistances R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
V = V1 + V2 + V3
But V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3 = IR3
∴ V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
If Rs is the equivalent resistance of their series combination, then V = IRs ∴ IRs= I(R1 + R2 + R3)
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3

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ii) Resistances in parallel

The resistances are said to be in parallel if the p.d across each resistor is the same.
Let three resistance R1, R2 & R3 are connected in parallel to a source of potential difference V. Since
they are in parallel, potential difference across each resistor is same. Let I1 be the current through
R1, I2 through R2 and I3 through R3 respectively. Let I be the total current then, I = I1 + I2 + I3
V V V
from Ohm’s law, I1 = , I2 = α I3 =
R1 R2 R3

If Rp is the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination,

V V V V V
I= ∴ = + +
RP R P R1 R 2 R 3

1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
R P R1 R 2 R 3

Potentiometer
It is used for measuring potential difference accurately, comparing e.m.f’s of two cells, measuring
internal resistance of a cell etc. A potentiometer consists of a uniform resistance wire of 10m length,
stretched on a wooden board.
KIRCHOFF’S LAWS & ITS APPLICATION
Kirchoff’s laws
First law (Point rule, Junction rule)
The algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction in a closed circuit is zero.
Consider a circuit as shown below

Three currents are meeting at O. Incomming current I1 is taken as +ve and outgoing currents I2 &
I3 are taken as -ve.
Then according to this rule, I1 - I2 - I3 = 0 ie, ∑ I =0
Second law
The algebraic sum of the product of current and resistance in any closed loop is equal to the total
e.m.f in that loop.

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Consider a circuit,

Here anticlock wise currents are taken as positive and clockwise current are taken as negative.
Now consider loop ABCDA, I1R1 = E
then ABEFA, I2R3 + I2R2 = E or in general ∑ IR = ∑E

Wheatstone’s Bridge Network

Wheastone’s Bridge is an arrangement of four resistance used for measuring one unknown
resistance in terms of the other three known resistances.
Wheatstone’s Network
P,Q,R and S are four resistors connected to form a loop ABCD. A cell is connected between A and
C. A sensitive galvanometer of resistance G is connected between B and D. The current flowing
through each branch of the circuit is shown in the diagram.

Applying Kirchhoff’s rule to the mesh ABDA. -i1P - igG + i2R=0

For the loop BCDB, -i3Q + i4S + igG = 0
Now the four resistances are so adjusted so that the galvanometer current ig is zero. Now the
network is said to balanced.
Then, i1 = i3 and i2 = i4
so i1P = i2 R ...................(1) and
i3Q = i4S .................(2)
iP i2R P R
(1) ÷ ( 2 ) =
we get 1
=
i 3Q i 4S Q S
This is Wheatstone’s Principle.
Flow of electric charges in a Metalic Conductor

In conductors, valence electrons can move about in whole conductor and are known as free electrons.
When an external field is applied, these free electrons moves in a definite direction constituting an
electric current. Thus electrons are current carriers in conductors.
• Since conduction is due to free electrons, these electrons are also called conduction electrons.

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Drift Velocity
Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity with which free electrons in a conductor get drifted
in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied electric field. [It is in the order of 10-5m/s]
• Consider a conductor connected to a cell which provides an electric field in the conductor.
 
The electrons experiences a force F = -eE [ F = qE here, q = e ]


 -eE
but F = m.a ∴ a =
m

eE
ie, In the presence of an external field, each electron experiences an acceleration opposite to
m
the field direction. This acceleration remains for a very short time ( τ ) , called relaxation time. The

small interval of time between two successive collissions between electrons and ions in the lattice
is called relaxation time.
Now drift velocity
 
  −eE -eE
Vd =u + at =O + τ Vd = τ
m m

• In the absence of electric field, the motion of electrons in the conductor is randomely distributed
and there is no overall drift.
Mobility
Mobility of a charge carrier is defined as the drift velocity of the charge carrier per unit electric field.
Vd 2 −1 −1
µ= . [It’s unit is m V S ]. Mobility is positive for both free electrons and holes*.
E

eτe eτh
=
If me and mh are electron and hole mobilities then µe and
= µh
me mh

* Holes - Vacancy of an electron which acts like positive charge.

# The electrical conductivity ( σ ) for a semiconductor containing electrons and holes can be

represented as σ= neµ e + peµ n

Relation between drift velocity and electric current

Let V be the potential difference applied across the ends of a conductor with length  and area of

cross section ‘A’.

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V
Electric field produced across the conductor E =

Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume.

The total no. of electrons in the conductor = n × volume of the conductor = n × A 

Now total charge in the conductor, Q=(n.Al)e


let ‘t’ be the time taken by the charge to cross the conductor, t = where Vd → drift velocity  →
Vd
length of the conductor (distance)
Q
From the definition of electric current I =
t

nA ( e ) I
=I = nAVd e I α Vd (e, A & n are constants) ∴ Vd =
 nAe
Vd
Relation between mobility and electric current

Electric current I = nAeVd but Vd = µ e E

I
I nAe.µ e E or µ=
∴= e
nAeE

Cell

Cell is a device which provides the necessary potential difference to maintain a continuous flow of
current in an electric circuit. [Its symbol is ]

emf

EMF of a cell in the potential difference between the terminals of a cell when no current is drawn from it.

Potential difference

Potential difference is the difference of potentials between any two points in a closed circuit.

Comparison of emf & p.d

emf p.d
emf of a cell is the potential difference Potential difference is the difference of
1 between the terminals of a cell when no potentials between any two points in a
current is drawn from it closed circuit.
but pd is directly proportional to
2 is independent of resistance of the circuit
resistance
3 term emf is related with a cell p.d is measured between any two points

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Internal resistance of a cell

The electrical resistance offered by the electrolyte and the electrodes of a cell to the flow of current
is called internal resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell depends on the

i) Separation between the electrodes

ii) Conductivity
iii) Area of the plates
iv) nature of the electrodes
Consider a cell with emf E and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected with a resistance R as shown

E
Then E = I(R + r) or I = (circuit equation)
R+r

E = IR + Ir = V + Ir V = E – Ir
This is the relation between pd, internal resistance and emf of a cell.
Grouping of cells
i) Cells in series
When cells are connected in series,
1) the emf of the battery is equal to the sum of the individual emfs of the various cells.
2) The current in each cell is the same and is equal to the main current through the arrangement.
3) Total internal resistance of the battery is equal to the sum of the individual internal resistances.

Let n cells of emf E and internal resistance (r) are connected in series with R. Then total emf = nE
Then total resistance = R + nr
nE
Current I =
nr + R

ii) Cells in parallel

When (n) identical cells are connected in parallel,
1) The emf of the battery is the same as that of a single cell.
2) The reciprocal of total internal resistance of a cell is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of the
resistances of the individual cells.

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3) The main current is divided equally among the cells.

Total internal resistance R1

1 1 1 r
= + + ....n times ∴ R1 =
R1 r r n

 r
∴ Total resistance =  R + 
 n

E
∴ Current I =
r
R+
n

iii) Mixed grouping

Let n cells of emf E and internal resistance r are connected in series and m’ such combination is
connected in parallel.

Total emf = nE

Internal resistance each row = nr

nr
Total internal resistance =
m

nr
∴ Total resistance = R +
m

nE
∴ Current I =
nr
R+
m

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THERMAL & CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

I. JOULES HEATING EFFECT
V2
* Heat produced across resistance according to H = I2Rt = t = VIt in Joules
R
I = current, R = resistance, t = time, V = applied voltage
* In calories heat equation is
I 2 Rt I 2 Rt
=H = Cal
4.2 J
J = The mechanical equivalent of heat
= 4.2 J/Cal
* In this effect heat energy is produced due to the collisions of free electrons with the ions or atoms
of the conductor.
* Joules heating effect is irreversible.
* Heating effect produced by ac and dc are the same.

II. ELECTRIC POWER

* Electric power is the rate at which work is done by the source of emf. Its equations are
V2
P = VI = I2R =
R
* Electricity is always transferred as power from source to device.

So power is transferred with minimum current and maximum voltage.

* Unit of power - Watt or Ampere volt
Horse power 1HP = 746 W
* In series combination of resistors, the power consumed P α R

1 1 1 1
* In series combination of appliances, the effective power consumed P is = + + + ......
P P1 P2 P3

1
* In parallel combination of resistors, the power consumed Pα
R
* In domestic supply, the appliances are connected in parallel and the effective power consumed is
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + .......

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QUESTIONS 6. The total momentum of electrons in a straight

wire of copper of length 1m carrying a current
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK] of 16A is
1. In an electrolyte 3.2 × 1018 bivalent positive
1) 91 × 10–15 Kg m/s
ions drift towards the right per second while
3.6 × 1018 monovalent negative ions drift 2) 91 × 10–16 Kg m/s
towards left per second. Then the total current
3) 91 × 10–14 Kg m/s
is
4) 91 × 10–12 Kg m/s
1) 0.576 A towards right
7. The specific resistance of Manganin is
2) 0.576 A towards left
50×10-8 Ω m. The resistance of a cube of
3) 1.024 A towards right

4) 1.60 A towards right length 50 cm across two sides will be

2. Two wires of the same material but of 1) 10-16 Ω 2) 10-6 Ω

different diameters carry the same current 3) 5 × 10-44 Ω 4) 2 ×10-4 Ω
I, if the ratio of their diameters is 2 : 1, then
the corresponding ratio of their mean drift 8. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a
velocities, wire is 0.00125 per degree. The resistance at
300K is 1 Ω At what temperature, its resistance
1) 4 : 1 2) 1 : 1

3) 1 : 2 4) 1 : 4 become 2 Ω

3. The V-I graph for a good conductor makes 1) 1154 K 2) 1127 K

angle 40o with V-axis. Here V denotes voltage
3) 600 K 4) 1400 K
and I denotes current. The resistance of the
conductor will be 9. Four resistance are connected as shown

1) sin 40o 2) cos 40o

3) tan 40o 4) cot 40o

4. A wire 1m long has a resistance of . If it is

uniformly stretched so that its length increases
by 25% then its resistance will increased by

1) 25% 2) 50%
The current through 4 Ω and 6 Ω are
3) 56.25% 4) 77.33%
1) 2A and 1A
5. The length of a conductor is doubled and its
radius is halved, its specific resistance is 2) 1A and 2A

1) unchanged 2) halved 3) 2A and 2A

3) doubled 4) quadrupled 4) 1A and 1A

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

10. In the figure current through 3Ω is 0.8 A. The 13. The current I in the figure.

potential drop through 4Ω is

1
1) A
45
1) 9.6 V 2) 2.6 V
3) 1.2V 4) 4.8V 1
2) A
11. Five identical resistance each of value 1100Ω 15
1
3) A
are connected to a 220V battery as shown. 10
The reading of ideal Ammeter 1
4) A
5
14. The steady state current in a 2Ω resistor

when the internal resistance of the battery is

negligible and the capacitance of the capacitor
is 0.1µF is
2 3
1) A 2) A
5 5

1
3) A 4) 1 A
5

12.

1) 0.6A
What will be the resistance between the points
2) 0.9A
A and B?
1) 5Ω 2) 13Ω 3) 1.5A

3) 10Ω 4) 2Ω 4) 0.3A

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 LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

15. The equivalent resistance between points A 18. Three resistances of 4Ω, 6Ω & 12Ω are
& B in the figure is 1Ω . What is the value of
connected in parallel and the combination is
unknown resistance R? connected in series with 4V battery with
internal resistance 2Ω . The battery current is

1) 1A 2) 10A

3) 2A 4) 0.5A

19. In the circuit. The reading of the ideal voltmeter

( resistance of voltmeter is infinity)
1) 1Ω 2) 3Ω

3) 6Ω 4) 9Ω

16. A uniform wire of resistance 36Ω is bent in

the form of a circle. The effective resistance

across the points A & B is
1) 2.4V 2) 8V

3) 4V 4) 12 V

20. Two cells of the same same emf Ebut different

internal resistance r1and r2 are connected in
series with an external resistance R

1) 36Ω 2) 18Ω
3) 9Ω 4) 2.75Ω
17. In the circuit shown, the voltmeter reads 30V.
What is the resistance of the voltmeter?
The terminal potential difference across the
second cell is found to be zero. Then the
external resistance R is

1) r1 r2

2) r2 - r1

1) 1200Ω 2) 700Ω 3) r1 - r2

3) 400Ω 4) 300Ω 4) r1 + r2

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

21. In the figure shows currents in the part of an 24. In the figure P = 10Ω Q = 20Ω R = 15Ω S
electric circuit, the current I is,
= 30Ω , the current passing through the

battery

1) 1.7A

2) 3.7A

3) 1.3A

4) 1A

22. The equivalent resistance between the points

1) 0.18A 2) 0
A and B is
3) 0.72A 4) 0.36A
25. In the circuit element given here, if the
potentials at point ‘B’ is V B= 0 then the
potential of A and D are

36 1) VA =
−1.5V, VD =
4.5V
1) Ω
7
2) VA =
+1.5V, VD =
−0.5V
2) 10Ω
85 3) VA =
−1.5V, VD =
−0.5V
3)
7
4) VA =
+1.5V, VD =
+0.5V
4) 41

23. During an experiment with a meter bridge the 26. In the circuit shown, the heat produced by 6Ω
galvanometer shows a null point when the
jackey is pressed at 40 cm from unknown resistance due to current flowing it is
60calorie/second. The heat generated across
resistance end. If the standard resistance
3Ω resistance per sec will be :
used is 3Ω . Then unknown resistance is
9
1) Ω
2

2) 2Ω
1) 30 cal 2) 60 cal
3) 1Ω
3) 100 cal 4) 120 cal
4) 3Ω

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 LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

27. Two resistance R and 2R connected in LEVEL II

parallel in an electric circuit. Then the ratio of
1. There is a current of 3.2 A is a conductor. The
thermal energy developed in R and 2R is
number of electrons that cross any section
1) 1:2 2) 1:4 normal to the direction of flow per second is

3) 4:1 4) 2:1 1)1020 2) 1.6 × 1018

3) 2 × 1019 4) 3.2× 1019
28. In the given figure, Find the heat developed
2. An electron is moving along a circle of radius
in 6Ω and 3Ω
1 cm with a constant speed of 2 x 106 ms-1.
Calculate the electric current at a point on the
circle
1) 0.51 × 10-3 A 2) 0.51 × 10 -11 A
3) 0.51 × 10-1 A 4) 0.51 A

3. A metalic wire of diameter 1mm carries a

1) 720J, 360 J current of 1.6 A. The free electron density
2) 720 J, 12J in the metal is 6.25 × 1028m-3. Find the drift
velocity of electrons.
3) 360 J, 720J
1) 2.04 ×10-4 ms-1
4) 6J, 360J
2) 2.04 × 10-3ms-1
29. An electric bulb is rated 220V and 100W. 3) 2.04 × 10-2 ms-1
Power consumed by it when operated on 110V
is 4) 4 × 10-3ms-1

4. I-V characteristic of a copper wire of length L

1) 100 W 2) 75 W
and area of cross-section A is shown in figure.
3) 50 W 4) 25 W The slope of the curve becomes.

30. You are given 3 bulbs rated 180V – 40W,

240V – 60W, 200V – 100W. Which bulb has
the highest resistance

1) 40W bulb 2) 60W bulb

3) 100W 4) 1 & 2
1) More if the experiment is performed at
31. An electric bulb has a rating of 500W, 100V.
higher temperature
It is used in a circuit having a 200V supply.
What resistance must be connected in series 2) More if the length of the wire is increased
with the bulb so that it delivers 500W
3) Less if the area of cross-section of wire is
1) 10Ω 2) 20Ω decreased

3) 30Ω 4) 40Ω 4) Less if the length of the wire is increased

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

5. The masses of three copper wires are in the 10. The figure shows currents in a part of electric
ratio 1 : 3 : 5 and their lengths are in the ratio circuit. The current ‘I’ is
5 : 3 : 1. The ratio of their electrical resistance
is

1) 1 : 3 : 5 2) 5 : 3 : 1

3) 1 : 15 : 125 4) 125 : 15 : 1

6. A wire is stretched so that its radius is reduced

to one-third of the original value. Find the ratio 1) 1.7 A 2) 3.7 A
of final resistance to initial resistance 3) 1.3 A 4) 1 A

1 11. In a meter bridge experiment, the value of

1) 2) 9 unknown resistance is 2Ω . To get the
81
balancing point at 40 cm distance from the
same end the resistance in the resistance box
3) 27 4) 81 will be
7. The terminal potential difference of a cell 1) 0.5 Ω 2) 3 Ω
which draws 10A current from a charger is 6.8 3) 20 Ω 4) 80 Ω
V. If the cell has an open circuit voltage 5.6 V
then the internal resistance of the cell is Integer Type

1) 0.1Ω 2) 0.5Ω 12. The resistance of a wire is 5 Ω at 500c and 8

Ω at 1000c. The resistance of the wire at 00c
3) 0.12Ω 4) 0.2Ω will be in ohm
8. How would you arrange 48 cells each of emf Statement Type
13. Statement I : A piece of copper and
1.8 V and internal resistance 1Ω . So as to get
germanium are cooled from
strongest possible current in a resistance of room temperature to 100
3Ω K conductivity of copper
increases and that of
1) 4 × 12 2) 24 × 2 germanium decreases

3) 2 ×24 4) 6 × 8 Statement II : Copper has positive

temperature co-efficient
9. N identical cells are connected in series to where as germinium has
form a closed circuit. EMF of each cell is ‘E’ negative temperature co-
efficient.
Then the potential difference across any one
cell is 1) Statement I is true Statement II is a correct
explanation for statement I
1) Zero 2) E 2) Statement I is true, statement II is true.
Statement II is not a correct explanation for
statement I
E ( n − 1) E
3) 4) 3) Statement I is true, statement II is false
n n
4) Statement I is false statement II is true

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LEVEL - III 18. The reading of voltmeter

14. A set of ‘n’ equal resistors of value R each are
connected in series to a battery of emf E and
internal resistance ‘R’. the current drawn is I.
Now the ‘n’ resistors are connected in parallel
to the same battery. then the current drawn
becomes 10 I. the value of n is
1) 9 2) 10
3) 20 4) 11
15. A copper wire of length 50 cm and area of 1) 50 V 2) 60 V
cross section 10-6m2 carries a current 0.5A. If
3) 40 V 4) 80 V
the resistivity of copper is 1.8 × 10-8 Ω m The
19. A material ‘B’ has twice the resistivity of ‘A’
electric field across the wire is circular cross sectional wire made of ‘B’ has
−1 −1
1) 9 Vm 2) 0.9 Vm twice the diameter of a wire made of A. Then
for the two wires have the same resistance,
3) 0.09 Vm
−1
4) 0.009 Vm
−1
 A 
the ratio   of their respective length is
 B 
16. The total current supplied to the circuit by the
battery in the given figure 1 1
1) 2)
4 3

1
3) 1 4)
2

20. If the ammeter A shows zero reading in the

1) 1 A 2) 2A
circuit. What is the value of R
3) 4A 4) 6A
17. In the given circuit the voltmeter reads 30 V
The resistance of voltmeter is

1) 500Ω

1) 750Ω 2) 200Ω 2) 125Ω

3) 100Ω
3) 100Ω 4) 3000Ω
4) 50Ω

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21. Two cells of emf 10 v and 15 V are connected 24. Match the following
in parallel to each other between two points
Circuit Effective resistance
A and B. The cell of emf 10 V is ideal but the between A and B
cell of emf 15 V has internal resistance .
What is the equivalent emf between A and B

1. P)

2. Q)

1) 25 V 2) 5V

3) 10 V 4) 15 V

22. In the network, current through the resistor 3. R)

is 0.25 A. Then the input voltage is

4. S)

T)
1) 1 - S, 2 - T, 3 - P, 4 - Q
1) 20 V 2) 10 V
2) 1 - S, 2-T, 3 - P, 4 - R
15
3) 5 V 4) V 3) 1 - R, 2 - S, 3 - P, 4 - Q
z
4) 1 - S, 2 - R, 3 - P, 4 - Q
23. In the circuit shown, the current ‘I’ drawn from
25. Power dissipated across the 8Ω resistor in
the 5 volt source is

the circuit shown is 2W. The power dissipated

in 3Ω resistor is

1) 1A 2) 2A 1) 2 w 2) 1 w
3) 1.5 A 4) 0.5 A 3) 0.5 w 4) 3 w

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26. What will happen when 40w, 220V lamp and Statement Type
100 w, 220 v are connected in series to 440
V supply 29. Statement I : In the given circuit
1) 100 W lamp will fuse
2) 40 W lamp will fuse
3) Both lamps will fuse
4) Neither lamp will fuse
27. Two identical cells each of emf 1.5 V are
connected in parallel across a parallel
combination of two resistors each of resistance Vab = Va - Vb = 0 If I = 2A
20 Ω . A voltmeter connected in the circuit
Statement II : Potential difference across
measures 1.2V. What is the internal resistance
the terminal of a non ideal
of cell in ohm battery is less than it’s
1) 1 Ω 2) 0.5 Ω emf when a current flows
3) 4 Ω 4) 5 Ω through it.
Numerical
1) Statement I is true Statement II is a correct
28. Four identical resistors each of 8 Ω are explanation for statement I
connected as shown
2) Statement I is true, statement II is true.
Statement II is not a correct explanation for
statement I

3) Statement I is true, statement II is false

4) Statement I is false statement II is true

x
The ammeter reading is foumd to be A.
16
Find x

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ANSWER KEY
LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)
1. 4 9. 3 17. 1 25. 2
2. 4 10. 4 18. 1 26. 4
3. 4 11. 2 19. 4 27. 4
4. 3 12. 1 20. 2 28. 3
5. 1 13. 3 21. 1 29. 4
6. 4 14. 2 22. 3 30. 2
7. 2 15. 2 23. 2 31. 2
8. 2 16. 4 24. 4

LEVEL II
1. 3 4. 4 7. 3 10. 1
2. 2 5. 4 8. 1 11. 2
3. 1 6. 4 9. 1 12. 4
13. 1

LEVEL III
14. 2 18. 3 22. 1 26. 4
15. 4 19. 4 23. 4 27. 4
16. 3 20. 2 24. 4 28. 3
17. 4 21. 3 25. 2 29. 2

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 Chapter
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
03

SYNOPSIS

Hans Christian Oersted observed that when a compass needle is placed near a straight wire
carrying current, the compass needle aligns so that it is tangent to a circle drawn around the wire.
His discovery provided the first link between electricity and magnetism.

Biot - Savart’s Law

According to this law, the magnetic field due to a current element of length dl carrying a current I
at a point at distance ‘r’ from it is given by

µ 0 Idlsin θ
dB =
4π r2

 µ I dl × rˆ
In vector form dB = 0
(
)
4π r2

Where, θ the angle between the direction of the current and the line joining the current element

to the point.

µ 0 - permeability of the free space ( µ 0 = 4 π × 10-7 TA-1 m). The direction of magnetic field is

along  
dl × r

• When θ = 0, dB = 0 i.e. the magnetic field along the axis of a current carrying conductor is zero
µ 0 Idl
• When θ = 900 dB = i.e. magnetic field is maximum in a plane perpendicular to the
4 π r2

current element and passing through its axis.

Comparison of Biot - Savart’s law and Coulomb’s law

• Magnetic field is produced by a vector source, the current element Idl . But electrostatic field is

produced by a scalar source, the electric charge.

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• Both are long range, since both obey inverse square law. The principle of superposition applies
to both fields.

• The electrostatic field is along the displacement vector joining the source and the field point. The
magnetic field is perpendicular to the displacement vector

• There is an angle dependence in the Biot-Savart law which is not present in the coulomb’s law

1
• Permeability µ 0 and permittivity ε 0 are related as µ 0 ε 0 =
c2
Magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor

The magnetic field at a point at perpendicular distance ‘r’ from a straight conductor carrying
current I is given by.

µ0 I
=B [sin φ1 + sin φ2 ]
4π r

 π
In case of the straight conductor of infinite length  φ1 =φ2 = 
 2

µ 0 2I µ 0 I 1
B= = ∴B∝
4π r 2πr r

 π µ0 I
At one end of a straight infinite conductor  φ1 = 0, φ2 =  B=
 2 4πr
Right hand thumb rule : If the linear conductor is grasped in the palm of the right hand with thumb
pointing along the direction of the current, then the curl fingers will point in the direction of lines
of force.
• The conventional sign for a magnetic field coming out of the plane nor mal to it is a dot. ie. 
• The magnetic field perpendicular to the and pointing into the plane, normal to it is denoted by ⊗

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• The magnetic induction at the centre of a square loop of wire of side a carrying a current I is

2 2 µ0 I
B=
πa

Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil

• For a coil of radius a consisting of N turns and carrying current I, the magnetic field at a point on
the axis at a distance d from the centre is :

µ 0 2π NIa 2 µ 0 NIa 2 µ 2M
=B = 2 2 3/2
= 2 2 3/2
;B 0 2
4π (a + d ) 2(a + d ) 4π (a + d 2 )3/2

Where M = NIA is the magnetic moment of the loop of wire which acts as a magnetic dipole. and
A = π a2 is the area of the coil.

µ 0 NI
• at the centre of the coil B0 =
2a
B0
• at d = a, B =
8
• The current carrying loop behaves as a small magnetic dipole placed along the axis. One face of
the loop acts as north pole while the other face acts as south pole.

• The face in which the current is flowing in clockwise direction behaves as south pole while the
face through which the current is flowing in anticlockwise direction behaves as south pole.

µ0 I
At the centre of a semi circle B =
4a

µ 0 Iα
a, B
At the centre of the arc of a circle of angle= (α in radian)
4πa

Right hand thumb rule : Curl the fingers of the right hand around the circular wire with the
fingers pointing in the direction of the current, then the thumb gives the direction of the magnetic
field.

• Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field around any closed path is
equal to µ 0 times the current enclosed by the path.

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 
∫  = µ0 Ienclosed
B.d

This law holds for steady current which do not fluctuate with time.

Field due to a long straight wire of radius ‘a’ carrying steady current I.

At a point outside the wire (r=

> a) B
µ0 I I
or B ∝
2πr r

µ0 I
On the surface of the wire (r = a) B =
2πa

µ 0 Ir
(r < a) B
At a point inside the wire = or B ∝ r
2πa 2

Field due to a solenoid

µ 0 nI
=
If a solenoid of n turns per unit length carries a current I, then field B [cos θ1 − cos θ2 ] ,
2
where θ1 and θ2 are the angle made by the ends of the solenoid with its axis at point.
• Magnetic field at a point well inside the solenoid, B = µ 0 nI
µ 0 nI B
• Bend
Field at one end of the solenoid, = =
2 2
• A solenoid acts as a magnetic dipole
• Direction of magnetic field can be found out by right hand thumb rule

Field due to a toroid

The magnetic field produced in toroid will be same at all points and at any point it will act along
the tangent to the ring. B = µ 0 ni

For any point inside the empty space surrounded by the toroid and outside the toroid magnetic
field is zero.

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Toroid produces magnetic field without any magnetic poles

• Force on a charge ‘q’ in an electric field E is F = qE

qE
The acceleration of the charge is a =
m
  
• Force on a charge ‘q’ in a uniform magnetic field B with velocity v is,= (
F q v ×B )
or F = qvB sin θ

Then magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity v and the work done by the magnetic force

is zero. Therefore magnetic force cannot change the speed of charged particle even if the field is
non-uniform.

Flemings left hand rule : If the forefinger, central finger and thumb are stretched at right angles
to each other, then central finger represents the direction of current, fore finger represents field
and thumb represents force.

Lorentz Force : The total force experienced by a charge moving inside the electric and magnetic
field is called lorentz force. It is given by
   
(
F = q E + v × B 
  )
Motion of a charge in a magnetic field

• The charge does not experience any force, if it is at rest or if it moves along the direction of
magnetic field.

• If velocity and magnetic field are perpendicular, the force on the charge make it to move along a
circular path. If r is the radius of the circular path, then

mv 2 qBr mv P 2mE
= qvB ∴v= or r= = =
r m qB qB qB

Where, P - momentum, E = kinetic energy

If the charge accelerated through a potential difference V then E = qV

2mqV
∴r=
qB

2πr 2πm
T
Time period of revolution= =
v qB

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Time period is independent of velocity and radius of the path

 
If v and B makes an angle ‘ θ ’, then due to the perpendicular component of velocity v sin θ the

charge moves along a circular path of radius, r =

mv sin θ . The parallel component of velocity
qB

v cos θ makes the charge to moves along the direction of the magnetic field. Then the charge

2π mv cos θ
moves along a helical path. The pitch of the helix is, pitch =
qB

Velocity selector
If the electric field, magnetic field and velocity of the particle are mutually perpendicular as shown
in figure.
 
FE = ˆ F =
qEj, qv ×B=− qvBjˆ
B

total force=F q (E − vB)ˆj

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E
If the total force on the charge is zero then qE = qvB or v = .
B
E
Therefore only particles with speed pass undeflected through the region of crossed fields.
B

This method was used by J.J. Thomson to measure (e/m) of an electron.

Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor

A conductor of length ‘  ’ carrying current I placed in a uniform magnetic field B experiences a

  
force F =× (
I  B or F = )
I  B sin θ

Thus force is perpendicular to both the field and conductor. Force is maximum, when the magnetic
field acts at right angles to the length of the conductor and the force is zero, when the length of
the conductor is parallel to the magnetic field.

Force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors

Force per unit length of the conductor is

µ 0 2I1I 2
F= where I1 and I2 are the currents through the conductors and r is the separation
4π r

between conductors.

• The force is attractive, if currents are in the same direction and repulsive if currents are in opposite
directions.

• When a coil of area A having N turns and carrying current I, is suspended in a magnetic field of
strength B then the torque acts on the coil is

t = NIAB sin θ = MB sin θ

Where M = NIA - magnetic moment of the coil.


θ - angle between the direction of B and normal to the plane of the coil.
  
In vector form τ = M × B

coil τ NIABcos
If makes B an angle with the plane of the= = θ MBcos α

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Moving coil galvanometer : It is a device used to measure small electric current. A current
carrying loop or coil experience a torque in a uniform magnetic field. This is the principle of
moving coil galvanometer.

The radial field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Thus torque acts on the coil is τ = NIAB

If φ is the angle of rotation of the coil, the restoring torque τ = kφ where k- tortional constant of

the spring. In equilibrium k φ = NIAB

NAB k
or φ= I or I= φ= Gφ
k NAB

k
=
Where G = galvanometer constant
NAB

φ NAB
Current sensitivity : = (rad A −1 )
I k

φ NAB
Voltage sensitivity = (rad V −1 ), Where R - Resistance of the coil.
V kR

Ammeter :

A Galvanometer of resistance G can be converted into an ammeter of range I, by connecting a

small resistance S called shunt parallel to the galvanometer, which is given by

Ig G
S=
I − Ig

Since Ig G = (I - Ig)S

Where, Ig - current through galvanometer

GS
Resistance of the ammeter is R A =
G +S
Ammeter is a low resistance device and always connected in series to the circuit.

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Voltmeter

A Galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter read up to V by connecting a large resistance

V
‘R’ in series to the galvanometer and R= −G
Ig

Resistance of voltmeter RV = R + G

It is a high resistance device and always connected in parallel to the circuit.

Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron

Let T be the time period of revolution, r be the orbital radius of the electron and v the orbital
2πr e ev
speed, then T = and current =
I =
v T 2 πr

2 evr
The orbital magnetic moment µ  = IA = Iπr =
2
e e
=
or µ=
 IA =mvr =L, L mvr , angular momentum of the electron
2m 2m

µ e
= is called gyromagnetic ratio
L 2m
nh
According to Bobr hypothesis L = , n =1, 2, 3........
2π
enh
∴ µL =
4πm
eh
Its minimum value is ( µ  )min = = 9.27 ×10−24 Am 2 and is called the Bohr magneton.
4 πm

Electron has an intrinsic magnetic moment due to the spin motion of electron and is known as
e
spin magnetic moment µs = S, Where S - spin angular momentum
2m

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QUESTIONS 4. Two ions having equal masses but charges

in the ratio 1 : 2 are projected perpendicular
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK] to a uniform magnetic field with speeds in the
1. A positive charge moving with a constant ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of the radii of the circular
velocity v enters a region of a uniform paths along which the two ions move is
magnetic field pointing into the page. What
is the direction of the magnetic force on the 1) 4 : 3 2) 2 : 3
charge?
3) 3 : 2 4) 1 : 4

5. Electron of mass m and charge e is travelling

with a speed V along the circular path of
radius r at right angle to uniform magnetic
field B. If the speed of electron is doubled
and magnetic field is halved, the resulting
path would have a radius

1) 4r 2) 2r
1) Left
2) Right r r
3) 4)
4 2
3) To the bottom of the page
6. A particle of mass m and charge q moves
4) To the top of the page
with a constant velocity v along the positive
2. Under the influence of a uniform magnetic x direction. It enters a region containing a
field a charged particle is moving in a circle uniform magnetic field B directed along the
of radius R with constant speed v. The time negative z direction, extending from x = a
period of the motion. to x = b. The minimum value of v required
1) depends on both R and V so that the particle can just enter the region
2) Is independent of both R and V x > b is:

3) depends on R but not on V 1) qb B / m 2) q (b – a) B / m

4) depends on V but not on R
3. Two particles X and Y having equal charges, 3) qa B / m 4) q (b + a) B / 2m
after being accelerated through same
potential difference enter a region of uniform 7. A proton beam moves through a region of
magnetic field and describe circular paths of uniform magnetic field 2T. It is directed along
radii R1 and R2 respectively. The ratio of the the positive direction of Z axis. Velocity of
mass of X to that of Y is: proton is 3 x 105 m/s and is in the X-Z plane
1/2 at an angle 30° with Z axis. The force on the
R  R2 proton
1)  1  2)
 R2  R1
−14 ˆ
2) −4.8 ×10 ˆj N
−14
1) −4.8 ×10 kN
2
R  R1
3) 4.8 × 10 ˆj N 4) 4.8 × 10 ˆi N
−14 −14
3)  1  4)
 R2  R2

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 11. If B1 is the magnetic field induction at a point
8. The magnetic field dB due to small current
on the axis of a circular coil of radius R
  situated at a distance R 3 and B2 is the
element d  at a distance r from an element
magnetic field at the centre of the coil, then
carrying current i is: ratio of B1 / B2 is equal to
 
 µ 2  d  × r 
1) dB = 0 i  2  1) 1/3 2) 1/8
4π  r 
3) 1/4 4) 1/2
 
 µ  d  × r  12. The magnetic field due to a long straight
2) dB = 0
i  conductor of uniform cross section of radius a
4π  r 3  and carrying a steady current is represented
by
 
 µ 2  d  × r 
3) dB = 0
i   B
4π  r 3 
1)
 
 µ  d  × r  r
4) dB = 0 i  2  a
4π  r 
B
9. The magnetic field at a distance r from a thin
long wire carrying current i is 0.4 Tesla. The 2)
magnetic field at a distance 2r is r
a
1) 0. 1 T 2) 0.2T
3) 0.8T 4) 1.06T
B
10. Two long parallel wires a distance ‘d’ apart
carry currents of 1A and 3A in the same
3)
direction. The wire carrying 1A current lies to r
a
left of the other wire. The point at which their
magnetic fields cancel are locate at
B
1) A distance of d/4 to the right of the first wire
having current 1 A 4)
r
2) A distance of d/4 to the right of the second a
wire having current 3 A 13. A long solenoid has 800 turns per metre
length of solenoid. A current of 1.6 A flows
3) A distance of d/4 to the left of the second through it. The magnetic induction at the end
wire having current 3 A of the solenoid on its axis is approximately
4) A distance of 3d/4 to the right of the 1) 16 × 10-4 Tesla 2) 8 × 10-4 Tesla
second wire having current 3 A
3) 32 × 10-4 Tesla 3) 4 × 10-4 Tesla

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14. A straight wire of length 0.5m and carrying a 19. A galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω contain
current of 1.2 ampere is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of induction 2 tesla. The
magnetic field is perpendicular to the length 25 divisions. It gives a deflection of one
of the wire. The force on the wire is −4
division on passing a current of 4 ×10 A. .
1) 2.4N 2) 1.2 N
The resistance in ohm to be added to it, so
3) 3.0 N 4) 2N
that it may become a voltmeter of range
15. Current is flowing in two long parallel 2.5V is
conductors in the same direction. The
conductors 1) 100 2) 150

1) Attract each other 3) 250 4) 300

2) Repel each other 20. A positive charge is moving downward in a

magnetic field which is towards north. The
3) Neither attract nor repel
particle will be deflected towards
4) Get perpendicular to each other
1) east 2) west
16. A conducting circular loop of radius r carries 3) north 4) south
a constant current I. It is placed in a uniform

magnetic field such that B is perpendicular 21. A charged particle moves in a circular path
in a uniform magnetic field. If its speed is
to the plane of the loop. the magnetic force
acting on the loop is; reduced, then its time period will

1) IrB 2) 2πrB 1) increase

2) decrease
3) zero 4) πrIB
3) remain same
17. A wire of length 2m carrying a current of 1A is
bend to form a circle. The magnetic moment 4) none of these
of the coil is (in A-m2)
22. An α -particle moves through a crossed field
1) 2π 2) π / 2

3) π / 4 4) π /1 without any deflection. If electric field

E = 8 × 106 Vm–1 and magnetic field is
18. A circular coil of radius 4cm and of 20 turns B = 1.6 T, the velocity of particle is
carries a current of 3A. It is placed in a
6 −1
magnetic field of 0.5T. The magnetic dipole 1) 2.5 ×10 ms
moment of the coil is 6 −1
2) 5 × 10 ms
1) 0.15 A-m2 2) 0.3 A-m2 6 −1
3) 8 ×10 ms
3) 0.45 A-m2 4) 0.6 A-m2 7
4) 5 × 10 ms
−1

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23. The figure shows a wire frame in xy-plane 26. A galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω gives
carrying a current I. The magnetic field at the
point O is full scale deflection for 20 mV. The resistance
to be attached, so that it gives full deflection
of 5 V is
3
1) 24.9 ×10 Ω in series

3
2) 24.9 ×10 Ω in parallel
3
3) 49.3 ×10 Ω in series
µ0 I 1 1  3
1)  a − b  k̂ 4) 49.3 ×10 Ω in parallel
8
27. Two particles ‘A’ and ‘B’ having equal charges
µ I 1 1 +6C, after being accelerated through the
2) 0  −  k̂
8 b a  same potential diffrence, enter a region of
uniform magnetic field and describe circular
path of radii 2cm and 3cm respectively. The
µ0 I  1 1 
3) − k̂ ratio of mass of ‘A’ to that of ‘B’ is
4  a b 
4 9
1) 2)
µ0 I  1 1  9 5
4) − k̂
4  b a 
1 1
3) 4)
24. A long solenoid has 200 turns per cm and 2 3
carries a current of 2.5 A. The magnetic field
( −7
at its centre is µ 0 = 4π×10 Wb / Am ) 28. A part of a long wire carrying current ‘i’ is bent
into a circle of radius ‘r’ as shown in figure.
−2 2
1) 3.15 × 10 Wb / m The net magnetic field at the centre ‘o’ of the
circular loop is
−2 2
2) 6.28 × 10 Wb / m

−2 2
3) 9.42 × 10 Wb / m
−2 2
4) 12.56 × 10 Wb / m

25. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of

and the meter shows full scale deflection
for a current of 1 mA. The shunt resistance
required to convert the galvanometer into an µ 0i µ 0i
ammeter of range 0 - 100 mA is about 1) 2)
4r 2r
1) 10 Ω 2) 1 Ω
µ 0i µ 0i
3) (π + 1) 4) (π − 1)
3) 0.1 Ω 4) 0.01 Ω 2πr 2πr

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29. Two thin long parallel wires separated by a 4. The acceleration of an electron at a certain
distance ‘b’ are carrying a current ‘i’ ampere moment in a magnetic field B = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ
each. The magnitude of the force per unit
length exerted by one wire on the other is
is a = xiˆ + ˆj − k.
ˆ The value of x is
µ 0i µ 0i
1) 2) 1) 0.5 2) 1
4r 2r
3) 2.5 4) 1.5
µ 0i µi
3) (π + 1) 4) 0 (π − 1)
2πr 2πr 5. An α -particle crosses a space without any
30. A moving charge will produce
deflection. If electric field E = 8×10⁶ Vm–1 and
1) no field 2) an electric field magnetic field is B = 1.6 T, the velocity of
particle is
3) a magnetic field 4) both 2 and 3
6 −1
1) 2.5 ×10 ms
LEVEL - II
6 −1
2) 5 ×10 ms
1. A positive charge is moving upward in a
magnetic field which is towards north. The 6 −1
3) 8 ×10 ms
particle will be deflected towards
7 −1
1) east 2) west 4) 5 ×10 ms

3) north 4) south
6. A potential difference of 600 V is applied
2. An ionized gas contains both positive and across the plates of a parallel plate capacitor.
negative ions. If it is subjected simultaneously The separation between the plates is 3mm.
to an electric field along the +X direction and
a magnetic field along the +Z direction then: An electron is projected vertically, parallel
to the plates, with a velocity of 2 × 106 m/s
1) Positive ions deflect towards +Y direction
moves undeflected between the plates. The
and negative ions towards –Y direction
magnitude and direction of magnetic field in
2) All ions deflect towards +Y direction
the region between the capacitor plates is:
3) All ions deflect towards –Y direction
4) Positive ions deflect towards –Y direction
and negative ions towards +Y direction

3. A proton and an α - particle moving with the

same velocity enter into a uniform magnetic

field, acting normal to the plane of their 1) 1T, into the plane of paper
motion. The ratio of the radii of the circular
paths described by the proton and α - particle is 2) 1T, out of plane of paper

1) 1 : 2 2) 1 : 4 3) 0.1 T, into the plane of paper

3) 1 : 16 4) 4 : 1 4) 0.1T out of plane of paper

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7. A horizontal overhead power line is at a 10. A long wire carries a steady current. It is bent
height of 4m is from the ground and carries a into a coil of one turn such that magnetic
current of 100 A from east to west. The induction at centre is B, then same wired is
magnetic field directly below it on the ground bent to form a coil of smaller radius of n turns
( −7
is µ 0 = 4π ×10 T m A
−1
) when magnetic induction at centre is B’ then

−7
1) B’ = B 2) B’ = nB
1) 2.5 ×10 T northward
3) B’ = n2B 4) B = n2B’
−7
2) 2.5 ×10 T southward
11. Two wires with currents 2 A and I A are
−6 enclosed in a circular loop. Another wire with
3) 5 ×10 T northward current 3A is situated outside the loop as
 
−6
4) 5 ×10 T southward
show Q. The ∫ B.dI around the loop is;

8. The magnetic field intensity produced at O

due to current carrying wire shown in the 2A 1A 3A
figure will be

1) µ 0 2) 3µ 0
µI µI
1) 0 2) 0
2r 2 πr 3) 6µ 0 4) 2µ 0
µ0 I µ0 I
3) 4) 12. A long straight wire of radius a carries a
4r 4 πr steady current I, the current is uniformly
distributed over its cross section. The ratio of
9. A conducting wire bent in the form of a the magnetic fields B and B’, at radial
parabola y2 = 2x carries a current = 2A as a
shown in figure. This wire is placed in a distance and 2a respectively, from the
 2
uniform magnetic field B = − 4kˆ tesla. The axis of the wire is
magnetic force on the wire (in newton) 1 1
1) 2)
4 2
3) 1 4) 4

13. A long solenoid carrying a current produces

a magnetic field B along its axis. If the current
is doubled and the number of turns per cm
is halved. then new value of the magnetic
field is
1) −16 ˆi 2) 32 ˆi 1) B 2) 2 B

3) −32 ˆi 4) 16 ˆi 3) 4 B 4) B/2

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14. A, B and C are parallel conductors of 17. A 50 cm long wire is bent to form a particular
equal length carrying currents I, I and 2I geometrical shape. It carries a current of
respectively. Distance between A and B 15A and is kept in a magnetic field of 0.01 T.
is x. Distance between B and C is also x. The maximum torque obtainable using this
F1 is the force exerted by B on A. F2 is the arrangement is :
force exerted by C on A. Choose the correct
1) 3 × 10–3 Nm 2) 3 × 102 Nm
answer.
3) 3 × 10–2 Nm 4) 0.2 Nm
18. A uniform magnetic field of 3000 G is
established along the positive Z - direction.
A retangular loop of sides 10 cm and 5 cm
carries a current of 12 A. The torque on the
loop in the two cases shown are :
   
1) F1 = 2F2 2) F2 = 2F1

   

3) F1 = F2 4) F1 = − F2
15. A rectangular loop carrying a current I1 is
situated near a long straight wire carrying a
steady current I2. The wire is parallel to one
of the sides of the loop and is in the plane of
the loop as shown in the figure. 1) (i) Zero (ii) 1.8 × 10–2 Nm along positive y
axis
2) (i) 1.8 × 10–2 Nm along negative y - axis (ii)
zero
3) (i) zero (ii) 1.8 × 10–2 Nm along negative
y - axis

Then the current loop will 4) (i) 1.8 × 10–2 Nm along negative z - axis (ii)
zero
1) rotate about an axis parallel to the wire
19. A galvanometer has 25 divisions and
2) move towards the wire
resistance of 50 Ω . A current of 4 × 10–4 A
3) move away from the wire
gives a deflection of one division. To convert
4) remain stationary
this galvanometer into voltmeter having a
LEVEL III range of 25 V, it should be connected with a
resistance of
16. Magnetic moment and angular momentum of
an orbital electron are ‘M’ and L respectively. 1) 2500 Ω as a shunt
Specific charge of orbital election.
M M 2) 2450 Ω as a shunt
1) 2)
2L L 3) 2550 Ω in series

2M 2L 4) 2450 Ω in series
3) 4)
L M

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20. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 24. A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle
10 Ω and the meter shows full scale of side  is suspended between the pole

deflection for a current of 1 mA. The shunt pieces of a permanent magnet such that B is
resistance required to convert the in the plane of the coil. If due to current I in
galvanometer into an ammeter of range 0 – the triangle, a torque τ acts on it. The side 
100 mA is about
of the triangle is
1) 10 Ω 2) 1Ω
2  τ  1/2
3) 0.1Ω 4) 0.01Ω 1)   2) 2  τ 
3  Bi   
Assertion & Reason Type  3 Bi 

1) If both Assertion & Reason are True and 1/2

3)
2  τ  4) 1 τ
the Reason is a correct explanation of the  
Assertion 3  Bi  3 Bi
2) If both Assertion & Reason are True and
the Reason is a correct explanation of the 25. Match the physical quantities of Column I with
Assertion their mathematical expressions in Column II
3) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False
Column I Column II
4) If both Assertion & Reason are false Torque in a circular
21. Assertion : A linear solenoid carrying current loop placed µ 0i
current is equivalent to a bar A) in uniform magnetic 1)
2R
magnet. field
Reason : The magnetic field lines due
to current carrying solenoid Force per unit length
resemble exactly with those between parallel
of a bar magnet. B) current carrying 2) iABsin θ
22. Assertion : If a charged particle is wires
released from rest in a
region of uniform electric Magnetic field at the
mV
and magnetic fields parallel C) centre of a circular 3)
to each other, it will move in current carrying loop qB
a straight line. Radius of circular
Reason : The electric field exerts no path of a charge
force on the particle but the
magnetic field does. D) particle moving 4) µ 0i1i 2
uniform magnetic
23. A wire carrying a current I along the positive 2πd
field
x-axis has length L. It is kept in a magnetic

field B = ( 2iˆ − 3jˆ − 4kˆ ) T. The magnitude of
1) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
the magnetic force acting on the wire is :
2) A-2, B-2, C-4, D-3
1) 5 IL 2) 5 IL
3) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
3) 3 IL 4) 3IL
4) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

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26. A current carrying straight wire is kept along 28. Magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop
the axis of a circular loop carrying a current. of area A is B. Then the magnetic moment of
The straight wire the loop is ( µ 0 -permeability of the free
1) Will exert an inward force on the circular space)
loop
BA 2 BA A
2) Will exert outward force on the circular 1) 2)
loop µ0 π µ0
3) Will exert force on the circular loop parallel
to itself BA A 2BA A
3) 4)
4) Will not exert any force on the circular loop µ0 π µ0 π
27. A straight horizontal conducting rod of length Numerical
‘L’ and mass ‘M’ is suspended by two vertical
wires at its ends. If ‘I’ is the current passing 29. A moving coil galvanometer has a rectangular
through the rod, then in order that tension coil of 10 turns and length and breadth 5cm
in the wire is zero, the magnetic field set up and 2cm respectively situated in a radial
normal to the conductor is magnetic field of 0.4T. The coil is suspended
by a torsion wire of torsional rigidity
(Neglect the mass of wire, g = acceleration 2 × 10–6 N-m/degree. The current sensitivity
due to gravity) is x degree per mA, where x is
IL Mg 30. A moving coil galvanometer has resistance
1) 2)
M IL2 of 900 Ω . In order to send only 10% of the
Mg Mg main current through this galvanometer, the
3) 4) 2 resistance of required shunt is (in Ω )
IL IL

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 1 7. 2 13. 2 19. 2 25. 3

2. 2 8. 2 14. 2 20. 1 26. 1
3. 3 9. 2 15. 1 21. 3 27. 1
4. 1 10. 1 16. 3 22. 2 28. 3
5. 1 11. 2 17. 4 23. 1 29. 4
6. 2 12. 1 18. 2 24. 4 30. 4

LEVEL II LEVEL III

1. 2 6. 3 11. 1 16. 3 21. 1 26. 4

2. 3 7. 4 12. 3 17. 1 22. 3 27. 3
3. 1 8. 3 13. 1 18. 3 23. 2 28. 4
4. 1 9. 2 14. 4 19. 4 24. 2 29. 2
5. 2 10. 3 15. 2 20. 4 25. 4 30. 100

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MAGNETISM AND MATTER
04

SYNOPSIS
Magnetic Field Lines
Form continous closed loops
Tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field B at that
point
Bar Magnet
2 equal and opposite magnetic poles separated by small distance
A Magnetic dipole :- Consist of a pair of magnetic poles of equal and opposite strength separated
by small distance.
Magnetic moment of a bar magnet :- is defined as a vector quantity having magnitude equal to the
product of pole strength (m) with effective length (l) and it is directed along the axis of the magnet
from south pole to north pole ie M = m
It is an axial vector
Its S.I. unit is Am2
• A bar magnet attracts certain magnetic substances. The attracting power of the magnet is maximum
at two points near the ends called poles
• Pole Strength : The attracting power of a bar magnet at its poles called pole strength
• The pole strength of north pole and south pole of a bar magnet is conventionally represented by
+m and -m respectively
• The pole strength is a scalar quantity its unit is A.m.
• The pole strength of a bar magnet is directly proportional to its area of cros section. ie m α A

• The attracting power of a bar magnet at its centre point is zero. So it is called neutral point
• Magnetic poles are always exist in pairs ie monopole does not exist in magnetism. So Gauss law
∫
in magnetism given as B.ds = 0

• Effective length or magnetic length:- It is distance between two poles along the axis of a bar
magnet. As poles are not exactly at the ends, the effective length (l) is less than the geometrical
length (l0) of the bar magnet. ie l = 0.84 l0

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• Inverse square law:- The magnetic force between two isolated magnetic poles of strength m1
and m2 lying at a distance ‘r’ is directly proportional to product of poles strength and inversely
proportional to the square of distance between their centers.

m1m mm
ie F α 2
or F =
k 12 2
r r

µ0
(SI )
4π

where K

1(c.g.s)

• If a magnet is cut into two equal parts along the length then pole strength is reduced to half and
m M
length remains unchanged. New magnet moment M1 = m1 × l = ×=
2 2

• If a magnet is cut into two equal parts perpendicular to its length, then pole strength remains
unchanged and length reduced to half. The new magnetic dipole moment M1 = M
m× / 2 =
2
• The magnetic dipole moment of a magnet is equal to product of pole strength and distance
between poles. ie M = m × l
• As magnetic moment is a vector, in case of two magnets having magnetic moments M1 and M2
with angle θ between them, the resulting magnetic moment
1/2
M =  M12 + M 22 + 2M1M 2 Cosθ  with direction
 M 2Sinθ 
tan φ =  
 M1 + M 2 cos θ 

• Magnetic dipole in magnetic field

Torque on magnetic dipole
θ= 90 ⇒ τ= MB ( max i )
=
(a) Bar Magnet τ MBsin θ

=θ 0 or180
= ⇒ τ 0 ( min i )

In vector form τ= M × B

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(b) Coil or loop τ= M × B, τ= NI A × B ( )

θ= 90 ⇒ τ= BINA ( max i )
=τ BINA sin θ

=θ 0 or180
= ⇒ τ 0 ( min i )

Fnet = 0 ( not translatory motion )

Dipole in uniform magnetic field

τ − may or may not be zero ( decided by θ )

Fnet ≠ 0 ( not translatory motion )

Dipole in non uniform magnetic field

τ − may or may not be zero ( decided by θ )

θ2 θ2

• τ.dθ
Work done in rotating a magnetic dipole= ∫ ∫ MBsin
= θ dθ MB ( cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
θ1 θ1

If the magnetic dipole is rotated from field direction, Then work done
(1) in one - rotation ( θ1 = 0, θ2 = 360 )

W = MB (cos 0 - cos 360) = 0

(2) in 3/4 rotation ( θ1 = 0, θ2 = 270 )

W = MB (cos 0 - cos 270) = MB

(3) in half rotation ( θ1 = 0, θ2 = 180 )

W = MB (cos 0 - cos 180) = 2 MB.

(4) in 1/4 rotation ( θ1 = 0, θ2 = 90 )

W = MB (cos 0 - cos 90) = MB.

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• Work done to rotate a dipole in a magnetic field is stored in the form of potential energy of magnetic
dipole.
• Potential energy of magnetic dipole - defined as work done in rotating the dipole from a direction
perpendicular to the given direction
ie U =Wθ − W90 =MB (1 − cos θ ) − MB =− MBcos θ

 
In vector form U = − M.B
• When M and B are parallel ( θ =0 ) , the dipole has minimum potential energy and it is in stable

equilibrium
U = –MB (minimum)
When M and B are antiparallel ( θ =180 ) the dipole has maximum P.E. and it is in unstable

equilibrium, U = + MB (maxi)
• When M and B are perpendicular to each other ( θ =90 ) , the dipole has potential energy U = 0

and in this situation maximum torque acts on it hence no equilibrium.

Magnetism & Gauss’s Law
• The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero
 
∫ ds = 0
B.

• Atomic Magnetism:
Bohr’s Postulates
mv 2 kze 2 h
(i) = 2 (ii) L =
MrV =
n × where n =
1, 2,3...........
r r 2π

Basic elements of atomic magnetism

(a) Orbital current

e ev ew
=l ef= = =
T 2πr 2π

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µ 0 I µ 0 ef µ 0 e µ 0 ev µ 0 ew
(b) Magnetic Induction at nucleus position, BN
= = = = =
2r 2r 2Tr 4πr 2 4πr

2 πr 2 e evr ewr 2
(c) Magnetic moment of circular orbit, M= IA= ef × πr = = =
T 2 2

• Relation between magnetic moment and angular momentum of orbital electron


eVr m eL  −eL
M= × = ; In vector form M =
2 m 2m 2m
 
So for electron its M and L both are antiparallel axial vectors.

Bohr Magneton ( µ B ) - Bohr magneton canbe defined as the magnetic moment of orbital electron

which revolves in first orbit of the hydrogen atom.

eh 1.6 ×10−19 × 6.6 ×10−34

µ=
B = = 0.923 ×10−23 Am 2
−31
4πm 4 × 3.14 × 9.1×10

I
• Time period of oscillation of suspended magnet . T = 2π Where M = magnetic moment of
MBH

bar magnet.
I - Moment inertia of bar magnet about its geometric axis.
• Magnetic field due to a bar magnet
µ 2Mr µ 0 2M
(i) At axial position Ba = × = ×
0

4π ( r −  ) 4π r 3
2 2

µ M µ0 M
(i) At equatorial position Be = 4π × 2 ≈ ×
0

( )
3/2
r + 2 4π r 3

Magnetic Materials

• ( )
Magnetic field or magnetic intensity H − Field in which a material is placed for magnetisation,

called as magnetising field.

 B0 Magnetic field
( H=) =
µ 0 Permeability of free space

• Its S.I. unit is A/m

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
• Intensity of magnetisation I ()
When a magnetic material is placed in magnetising field then induced dipole moment / unit volume
 
m
of that material is known as intensity of magnetisation I − =
v

S.I. unit is Ampere / Meter

I
• Magnetic Susceptibility ( χ m ) = (It is a scalar with no units and dimensions)
H

• Physically it represent the way with which a magnetic material can be magnetised
Bm Total magnetic field inside the material
• Magnetic Permeability ( µ=
) =
H Magneti sin g field

its unit is TmA-1 or NA-2

µ
• Relative permeability µ r =
µ0

It has no units and dimensions

Relation between permeability and susceptibility
We know Bm = B0 + Bi = µ 0 H + µ 0 I

µ 0 ( H + 1)
Bm =
Bm  I
= µ 0 1 +  = µ 0 (1 + χ m ) ;
H  H
µ = µ 0 (1 + χ m ) ; µ r = (1 + χ m )

Classification of magnetic materials

On the basis of magnetic properties of the materials materials ae divided into three classes.

Properties Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Cause of magnetism Orbital motion of Spin motion of elec- Formation of domains
elctrons trons
Substacne placed in Poor magnetisation Poor magnetisation in Strong magnetisation
uniform magnetic field in opposite direction. same direction. Here in same direction.
Here Bm< B0 Bm>B0 Here Bm>>B0
I → small, negative I-small, positive var- I-very large, positive
ies linearly with field. & varies non-linearly
varies linearly with with field.
field

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I - H Curve

χ m → small, negative
χm − T 1 1
and temperature χmα χmα ( T > TC )
0 T T − TC
independent χ m α T

χm X

TC T TC T
µr >>> 1 ,Ni
Ex:
Bi, Cu, Ag, Pb, H 2 O
Na, K, Mg, Mn
Hg, H 2 , He, Ne, Au Fe3O 4 Gd, A ln ico, etc Iron, Cobalt,
Sn, Al, O 2 Nickel, CrO­2,
Zn,Sb, NaCl Gadolinium etc.
Diamond

Magnetic Hysteresis

The lagging of intensity of magnetisation (or magnetic Induction) behind the magnetising field,
when a magnetic specimen is taken through a cycle of magnetisation, is called hysterisis.
Residual Magnetism (Ob) = BK = retentivity = remanence - The value of Intensity of magnetisation of
the magnetic material, when the magnetising field is reduced to zero is called retentivity.
Coercivity (oc) = The value of reverse magnetising field which has to be applied to the magnetic
material so as to reduce the residual magnetisation to zero is called its coercivity.

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QUESTIONS 5. The distance between two magnetic poles

LEVEL I [HOMEWORK] is doubled and their pole strength is also
1. The magnetic dipole moment m in a current doubled. The force between them

loop is given by 1) Increase four times

2) Decreases by half
1) AI 2) NAI
3) Remains unchanged
3) RNAI 4) NAI
2 4) Increases to two times

2. The magnitude of the magnetic moment of 6. A steel wire of length '  ' has magnetic

the solenoid of length 2 ,radius a and

moment ‘M’. It is bent into semicircular arc.
having n turns per unit length is : The new magnetic moment is:
2) m n ( 4 ) Iπa 2M
2
1) m n ( 2 ) Iπa 2
= =
1) 2) M
π
3) m n ( 2 ) 2Iπa =4) m n ( 2 2 ) I ( πa )
2 2
=
3) M 4) M × 
3. The North-pole and South pole of a bar 

magnet of length ‘ 2 ’ is assigned a magnetic 7. A magnet of magnetic moment ‘M’ and pole
charge (also called pole strength) +qm and strength ‘m’ is cut into two equal parts along
the axis of magnet then magnetic moment of
-qm respectively.
each part will be
The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is 1) M 2) M/2
1) 2qm ( 2 ) 2) 4qm ( 2 ) 3) M/4 4) 2M
qm
3) ( 2 ) 4) qm ( 2 ) 8. The magnetic field at a distance ‘d’ from
2
a short bar magnet in longitudinal and
4. The north-pole and south pole of a bar transverse positions are in the ratio:
magnet of length ‘ 2 ’ is assigned a magnetic
1) 1 : 1 2) 2 : 3

charge (also called pole strength) +qm and 3) 2 : 1 4) 3 : 2

-qm respectively
9. The equatorial field (BE) of a bar magnet with
The field due to qm at a distance ‘r’ from it is magnetic moment m at a distance r for r >> 
given by
µ 0 qm where  is the size of the magnet is that
1) 2) 2µ 0 qm
2πr 2 πr 2 µ0 m −µ 0 m
1) 2)
4πr 3 4πr 3
3µ 0 qm µ 0 qm 3) µ 0 m 4) −µ 0 m
3) 4)
4πr 2 4πr 2 4π 3
4π3

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10. The axial field (BA) of a bar magnet for r >>  14. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.3Am2 is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of
is
2 ×10−5 T If each pole of the magnet
−µ 0 2m µ 0 2m
1) 2)
4π r 3 4π r 3 −5
experiences a force of 6 × 10 N , the length
µ 2m −µ 0 2m
3) 0 3 4)
4π  4π  3 of the magnet is:
11. A small compass needle of known magnetic
1) 0.5m 2) 0.3m
moment m and moment of inertia I is allowed
to oscillate in the magnetic field B Time 3) 0.2m 4) 0.1m
period of oscillation of the dipole is 15. If a bar magnet of magnetic moment it is
I freely suspended in a uniform magnetic field
1) 2π 2I 2) 2π
2mB of strength B, the work done in rotating the
mB
magnet through an angle θ is
3) I 4) I
4π 2π
mB mB 1) MB (1 − sin θ ) 2) MBsin θ

12. A small compass needle of known magnetic 3) MBcos θ 4) MB (1 − cos θ ) )

moment m and moment of inertia I is allowed
16. Gauss’s law for magnetism is
to oscillate in the magnetic field B The
magnetic potential energy Um is given by 1) The net magnetic flux through any closed
surface is B. ∆S .
1) U m = − m.B 2) U m = m.B
2) The net magnetic flux through any closed
surface is E. ∆S .
3) U m = 2m.B 4) U m = −2m.B
3) The net magnetic flux through any closed
 ˆ 2 is placed surface is 0
13. A magnet of moment m = 50iAm

along the x-axis in a magnetic field 4) Both 1 and 3


=B ( 0.5iˆ + 3jˆ ) T . The torque acting on the 17. Magnetisation M is a

magnet is: 1) Vector quantity

2) Scalar quantity
1) 175kˆ Nm 2) 150 kˆ Nm
3) neither (1) nor (2)

3) 75iˆ Nm 4) 25 37 kˆ Nm 4) Both 1 and 2

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18. Magnetic intensity is defined by 23. When will be the field lines completely expelled ?
1) x =−1and µ r =0
B B
H
1) = −M H
2) = +M
µ0 µ0
2) −1 ≤ χ and µ r >> 1
2B
µ0 ( M − B)
3) H = H
4) = −M
µ0 3) χ ≤ 1and µ r << 1

19. Consider a long solonoid of n turns per unit 4) neither 1 nor 2

length and carrying a current I. The magnetic
24. Which of the following possess a permanent
field at the centre of the solonoid is given by
magnetic dipole moment of their own ?

1) B0 = µ 0 I 2) B0 = −µ 0 I 1) Diamagnetic 2) Paramagnetic
3) Copper 4) Lead
3) B0 = µ 0 nI 4) B0 = −µ 0 n
25. The magnetisation of a paramagnetic
20. Magnetisation inside the solonoid is given by material is inversely proportional to
1) Curie’s constant
1) M = 2χH 2) M = 3χH
2) absolute temperature
3) M = χH 4) m = χH
4 3) susceptibility
4) Permeability
21. B =µ 0µ r H . In the given equation µ r is 26. When the external field is removed in
called
ferromagnetic materials the magnetisation
1) Relative magnetic permeability of a persists. Such materials are called
substance 1) Soft ferromagnetic materials

2) Magnetic susceptibility of substance 2) Hard ferromagnetic materials

3) Magnetic permeability of substance 3) neither 1 nor 2

4) Diamagnetic materials
4) Both 1 and 3
27. The temperature of transition from
22. Which of the following materials have feromagnetism to paramagnetism is called
tendency to move from stronger to weaker of the
the magnetic field ? 1) Absolute temperature
2) Curie temperature
1) Paramagnetic 2) Diamagnetic
3) Both 1 and 2
3) Feromagnetic 4) All of these
4) neither 1 nor 2

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28. The area enclosed by a hysteresis loop is a 31. Those substance which at room temperature
measure of: retain their feromagnetic property for a long
period of time are called
1) Retentivity
1) Permanent magnets

2) Susceptibility 2) Electromagnets

3) Diamagnets
3) Permeability
4) Paramagnet
4) Energy loss per cycle
LEVEL - II

29. χ − 1 graph for an alloy of paramagnetic 1. A short bar magnet is of magnetic moment
T
m = 0.32 J/T is placed in a uniform magnetic
nature is shown in the figure. The Curies field of 0.15T. If the bar is free to rotate in the

constant is: plane of the field the potential energy which

would correspond to its unstable equilibrium ?

1) 4.8 × 10-2J 2) -4.8 × 10-2J

3) 7.5 × 10-2 J 4) 3.6 × 105J

2. Rate of change of torque with deflection is

maximum for a magnet suspended freely in
a uniform magnetic field of induction B when
0 0
−3
1) θ =0 2) θ =45
1) 50K 2) 2.8 × 10 K
0
3) 570 K
−3
4) 17.5 × 10 K 3) θ =60 4) θ =90

30. A paramagnetic liquid is filled in a glass 3. The dimension of magnetic permeability are
U-tube of which one limb is placed between 1) MLT-2A-2 2) ML2T-2A-2
the pole pieces of an electromagnet. When
3) ML-2T-2A-1 4) ML-1T-2A-2
the field is switched on the liquid in the limb
which is in the field will: 4. A current flows in a conducting wire of length
L if we bend it in a circular form its magnetic
1) Rise
dipole moment would be
2) Fall IL IL2
1) 2)
4π 4π
3) Remain stationary
I2 L I 2 L2
3) 4)
4) First rise and then fall 4π 4π2

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5. If the total magnetic field strength due to earth 10. The magnetic susceptibility of a material of a
is 28 A/m, then the total magnetic induction rod is 499. Permeability in vaccum is
due to earth is 4π×10−7 H / m . Absolute permeability of the
1) 28T 2) 280 T material of the rod is
3) 0.352 gauss 4) 0.352 T −4
1) 4π× 10 H / m
−4
6. Core of electromagnets are made of 2) 2π× 10 H / m
ferromagnetic materials which have −4
3) 3π× 10 H / m
−4
1) High permeability 2) low retentivity 4) π× 10 H / m
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
11. Which of the following is true ?

7. The susceptibility of magnesium at 300K 1) Diamagnetism is temperature dependent

is 1.2 ×10 . At what temperature will the
-5

2) Paramagnetism is temperature dependent

susceptibility increase to 1.8 × 10-5
3) Paramagnetism is temperature
1) 100 K 2) 200 K
independent

3) 800K 4) 400 K
4) None of these
8. Ratio of intensity of magnetisation and
12. If a magnetic substance is kept in a magnetic
magnetising field is called
field then which of the following is thrown out?
1) Permeability 1) Paramagnetic

2) Magnetic induction 2) Ferromagnetic

3) Magnetic susceptibility 3) Diamagnetic

4) Antiferromagnetic
4) Magnetic Intensity
3 −1
13. A bar magnet has coercivity 4 × 10 Am .It is
9. At curies point a ferromagnetic material
desired to demagnetise it by inserting it inside
becomes
a solenoid 12 cm long and having 60 turns.
1) non magnetic The current that should be sent through the

2) diamagnetic solenoid is :

1) 2A 2) 4A
3) paramagnetic
3) 6A 4) 8A
4) Strongly ferromagnetic

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14. The magnetic moment produced in a 18. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 300
substance of mass 1 g is 6 × 10−7 Am 2 .If its with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25
T experiences a torque of magnitude equal
density is 5g cm-3, then the intensity of to 4.5 × 10-2 J. The magnitude of magnetic
magnetisation in Am-1 will be: moment of the magnet is

6
1) 0.38 J/T 2) 0.96 J/T
1) 8.3 × 10 2) 3
3) 0.45 J/T 4) 0.36 J/T
−7 −6
3) 1.2 × 10 4) 3 × 10
19. The magnetic induction along the axis of an
air solenoid is 0.03T. On placing an iron are
15. Two magnets of same size and mass makes inside the solenoid the magnetic induction
respectively 10 and 15 oscillations per minute becomes 15 T. The permeability of iron will
at certain place. The ratio of their magnetic be

moments is :
[wb-1 A-1 m-1]

1) 4:9 2) 9:4 1) 12.5 × 10-6 2) 9.41 × 10-5

3) 2:3 4) 3:2 3) 6.28 × 10-4 4)3.14 × 10-3

LEVEL - III 20. A magnetic needle lying parallel to a

magnetic field requires W units of torque to
16. A magnet is parallel to a uniform magnetic
field. It is rotated by 600. The work done is turn it through 600. The torque required to
0.8J. How much work is done in moving it maintain the needle in this position will be
further 300 ?

1) 0.4J 2) 0.8J 1) 3w 2) w

3
3) 1.2J 4) 1.6J 3) w 4) 2w
2
17. A thin rectangular magnet suspended freely 21. A magnetized wire of magnetic moment ‘M’
has a period of oscillation equal to ‘T’. Now it is bent into an arc of a circle that subtends
is broken into two equal halves (each having an angle of 600 at the centre. The equivalent
half of original length) and one piece is made
magnetic moment is
to oscillate freely in the same field. It its
period of oscillations is T1, the ratio T1 is M 2M
1) 2)
T π π
1
1) 1 4 2)
2 2 3M 4M
3) 4)
3) 1 2 4) 4 π π

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22. Two identical magnets each of magnetic 25. A rod of ferromagnetic material with
moment M are arranged as shown. The net
magnetic moment of the system is dimensions 10 cm × 0.5cm × 0.2 cm is placed

in a magnetic field of strength 0.5×104 Am-1

as a result of which a magnetic moment of

5 Am2 is produced in the rod. The value of

magnetic induction will be

2M 4M 1) 0.54 T 2) 6.28T
1) 2)
5 5 3) 0.358 T 4) 2.591 T

3M M 26. Magnetic materials used making permanent

3) 4)
5 5 magnets (p) and magnets in a transformer
23. Two identical magnetic dipoles ‘A’ and ‘B’ (T) have different properties of the following
each having a magnetic moment ‘m’ are which property best matches for the type of
placed separated a distance ‘d’ with their
magnet required ?
axis perpendicular mutually. The magnetic
field midway between the dipole is:
1) T : Large retentivity small coercivity

2) P : small retentivity , large coercivity

3) T : Large retentivity large coercivity

4) P : large retentivity, large coercivity

2µ 0 m 5µ 0 m Assertion and Reason

1) 2)
4πd 3 4πd 3
27. Assertion : Soft iron is used as
2 5µ 0 m µ0 m transformer core.
3) 4) Reason : Soft iron has low hysterisis
πd 3 πd 3
loss

1) Both A and R are correct and R is the

24. The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnet correct explanation of A
material at -730c is 0.0075. its value at -1730c
2) Both A and R are correct. But R is not
will be correct explanation of A

1) 0.015 2) 0.15 3) A is correct R is incorrect

3) 15.0 4) 1.50
4) A is incorrect R is correct

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28. Assertion : The poles of a magnet 30. Statement 1: Torque experienced by the
cannot be separated by bar magnet is minimum when
breaking into two pieces.
Reason : The magetic moment will field is applied perpendicular
be reduced to half when a to magnetic moment.
magnet is broken into two
equal pieces of half the Statement 2 : Torque on a bar magnet
length of the magnet depends on the angle
1) Both A and R are correct and R is the between applied magnetic
correct explanation of A field and magnetic dipole
2) Both A and R are correct. But R is not moment.
correct explanation of A
3) A is correct R is incorrect 1) Both statement 1 is true and statement 2
4) A is incorrect R is correct
Statement Type is true
29. Statement 1: The unit of intensity of
magnetisation is Am-1. 2) Both statement 1 is false and statement 2
Statement 2 : Intensity of magnetisation is false.
of a magnetic material is
defined as the magnetic
moment per unit volume. 3) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is
1) Both statement 1 is true and statement 2 false
is true
2) Both statement 1 is false and statement 2 4) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is
is false.
3) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is true
false
4) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is
true

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ANSWER KEY
LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 2 7. 2 13. 2 19. 3 25. 2

2. 1 8. 3 14. 4 20. 3 26. 2
3. 4 9. 2 15. 4 21. 1 27. 2
4. 4 10. 2 16. 3 22. 2 28. 4
5. 3 11. 4 17. 1 23. 1 29. 1
6. 1 12. 1 18. 1 24. 2 30. 1
31. 1
LEVEL II

1. 1 4. 2 7. 2 10. 2 13. 4
2. 1 5. 3 8. 3 11. 2 14. 2
3. 1 6. 3 9. 3 12. 3 15. 1

LEVEL III

16. 2 19. 3 22. 1 25. 2 28. 2

17. 3 20. 1 23. 3 26. 4 29. 1
18. 4 21. 3 24. 1 27. 1 30. 4

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 Chapter
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
05 AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

SYNOPSIS

Magnetic Flux

• Magnetic flux over an area held in a magnetic field represents the number of magnetic lines of
force crossing the area normally.
 
• Magnetic flux over a small area ds held in a magnetic field B is
 
dφ B.ds
= = B ds cos θ

where θ is the angle between directions of field vector and area vector.

• The total magnetic flux through the surface

   
=φ ∫ B.ds
= B.A

• The magnetic flux linked with a coil of N turns and area A placed in a magnetic field of induction
B,

=φ N B A cos θ

• Flux is a scalar quantity.

• SI unit of magnetic flux is weber.

Electromagnetic Induction

• It is the phenomenon of generation of emf in a circuit by changing the magnetic flux associated
with it.

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Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Laws (Magnitude of Induced emf)

• First Law – Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in it.
This induced emf lasts so long as the change in flux lasts

• Second Law – The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with it.

Lenz’s Law (Direction of Induced emf)

• The direction of induced emf is always such as to oppose the cause producing change in flux.

• Lenz’s law is a statement of the law of conservation of energy.

dφ φ − φ2
• Induced emf e =
− =1

dt t

e 1 dφ φ1 − φ2
• Induced current i ==
− =
R R dt Rt

dφ φ1 − φ2
• Induced charge q =
i dt =
− =
R R

Flemings Right Hand Rule

• Stretch out the thumb, fore figure and middle figure of the right hand along mutually perpendicular
directions with fore figure along the direction of magnetic field and the thumb along the direction
of motion of the conductor, then the direction along which the middle finger points will give the
direction of induced current.

Motional emf

When a conducting rod of length l moves with a velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B, the
motional emf between its two ends,

=e Blv sin θ

where is the angle made by the direction of magnetic field with the plane containing its length
and velocity.

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• When a conducting rod of length L is rotated with uniform angular velocity in a perpendicular
magnetic field of strength B, the induced emf generated,
BωL2
=e = BAf
2

where f is the frequency of rotation and A is the area of the circle.

Self-Induction

• It is the property of a coil due to which the coil opposes any change in the strength of current
through it by inducing an emf.

• Coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance,

Flux linked with a coil φ
L =
Current through the coil i

e
emf induced in the coil dφ
L =
Rate of change of current through the coil dt

• SI unit of L is Henry (H)

• Self-inductance of a solenoid of N turns, length l and area A with a core material having relative
permeability
µ 0µ r N 2 A
L=


Mutual Induction
• It is the property of two coils due to which a change of current in one of them induces an
instantaneous emf in the other.

• Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance,

Flux linked with one of the coils φ1 φ2
M
= = =
current through the other coil i 2 i1

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emf induced in one of the coil e2 e1

M
= = =
Rate of change of current through the other coil dφ1 dφ2
dt dt

• SI unit of M is Henry (H)

• Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids each of length l and area A
µ 0µ r N1 N 2 A
L=
l

• For two coupled coils, M = K L1 L 2 ,where K is the coefficient of coupling between the coils.

• When K = 1, the coils are said to be tightly coupled.

Energy Stored in an Inductor

• The energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor,

1 2
E= Li
2

Eddy Current

• Eddy currents are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic
field in the conductor.

• Eddy currents are also known as Foucault’s current.

• Eddy currents can be minimized by using laminated cores.

Alternating Current

• Working principle of an ac generator is electromagnetic induction.

• The instantaneous emf produced by an ac generator

• is the peak value of emf

• Instantaneous value of current

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Characteristics of AC

• Cycle – One complete set of positive and negative values of ac

• Time period (T) – The time taken to complete one cycle of ac

2π
T=
ω

• Frequency – The number of ac cycles per second

1 ω
v= =
T 2π

• Instantaneous value – The value of ac at a particular instant of time

=E E 0 sin ωt

• Peak Value (E0 or I0) – The maximum value of ac on either direction of the cycle

• The average value of ac over a complete cycle is always zero.

• The average value of ac is defined only for half cycles.

2E 0
E=
avg = 0.637E 0
π

2I0
I=
avg = 0.637I0
π

RMS value or virtual value or effective value of ac

E0
E=
rms = 0.707E 0
2

I0
I=
rms = 0.70710
2

• The ratio of rms value to the average value of ac is called form factor.

I rms
form factor
= = 1.11
Iavg

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Reactance

• The opposition offered to ac by a coil of inductance L or by a capacitor of capacitance C

• Inductive reactance, X L =ωL =2πfL

1 1
• Capacitive reactance, X
=c =
ωC 2π fC

AC Circuits

• In a purely resistive circuit, the alternating current and the alternating emf are in same phase.

• In a purely inductive circuit, the alternating current lags behind the alternating emf by a phase
angle 900.

• In a purely capacitive circuit, the alternating current leads the alternating emf by a phase angle
900.
Series LCR Circuit

• The total effective opposition to the flow of ac in an LCR circuit is called impedance Z

Z= R 2 + (X L − X C ) 2

• The reciprocal of impedance is called admittance (K)

• The phase angle by which the emf leads the current in an LCR circuit,
XL − XC
tan ϕ =
R
Power in an AC Circuit
• Instantaneous power, Pinst = EI
• power, Pavg E RMS I RMS cos φ
Average power or true =

• E RMS I RMS is the apparent power and cos θ is the power factor

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Series Resonant Circuit

• At resonance X L = X C
1
• Resonant angular frequency, ωr =
LC

1
• Resonant frequency, f r =
2π LC
• Current through the series LCR circuit is maximum and impedance is minimum at resonance.
E
ZM in Rand
= = I Max
R
• Series resonant circuit is also known as accepter circuit.
Quality factor or Q – factor
X1 Lω
Q
= =
R R

XC I
Q
= =
R C ωR

1 L
Q=
R C
Transformer
• Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing alternating voltages through mutual induction
Ns Es IP
• n
Transformation ratio or turn ratio, = = =
N P E P Is

Pout E s Is
• Efficiency of a transformer,=
η =
Pin E P I p

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QUESTIONS 4. The magnetic flux through a circuit of

resistance R changes by an amount in
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK]
a time . Then the total quantity of electric
1. A circular loop of area 50 cm2 has its normal
ˆi + ˆj charge Q that passes any point in the circuit
along the unit vector n̂ = . It is in a region during the time is represented by
2
 1 ∆φ ∆φ
of uniform magnetic field = B (8iˆ − 2k) ˆ T . The 1) Q = 2) Q =
R ∆t R
magnetic flux linked with the loop in weber is ∆φ ∆φ
3) Q = 4) Q = R
1) 2 x 10-4 2) 2 × 10−2 ∆t ∆t
5. A coil of resistance is placed in a
−4 −2
3) 2 2 × 10 4) 2 2 ×10 magnetic field. If the magnetic flux (Wb)
linked with the coil varies with time
2. An electron moves on a straight-line path XY
t (sec) as
= φ 50t 2 + 4 . The current in the coil
as shown. The abcd is a coil adjacent in the
path of electron. What will be the direction of at t = 2s is
current, if any induced in the coil?
1) 0.5 A 2) 0.1 A

3) 2 A 4) 1 A

6. A 800 turn coil of effective area 0.05 m2 is

kept perpendicular to a magnetic field
1) abcd
5 ×10−5 T . When the plane of the coil is
2) adcb
3) The current will reverse its direction as the rotated by 900 around any of its coplanar axis
electron goes past the coil
in 0.1 s, the emf induced in the coil will be:
4) No current induced
3. A conducting wire frame is placed in a 1) 2 × 103 V 2) 0.02 V
magnetic field which is directed into the paper.
3) 2 V 4) 0.2 V
The magnetic field is increasing at a constant
rate. The direction of induced current in wires 7. A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance
AB and CD are: is placed vertically in East – west plane.
A uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T is set up
across the plane in North – East direction.
The magnetic field is reduced to zero in 0.7s
at a steady rate. The magnitude of induced
current is

1) B to A and D to C 2) A to B and C to D 1) 1mA 2) 2 mA

3) A to B and D to C 4) B to A and C to D
3) 0.5 mA 4) 3 mA

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8. A thin circular ring of area A is held 12. Two parallel conducting rails with negligible
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of resistance are 10 cm apart. The circuit
induction B. A small cut is made in the ring and contains two metal rails AB and CD with
a galvanometer is connected across the ends resistance each along the rails. A uniform
magnetic field 0.01T is applied perpendicular
such that the total resistance of the circuit is
to the plane of rails. If AB and CD move with
R. When the ring is suddenly squeezed to uniform speed 4m/s and 2 m/s away from
zero area, the charge flowing through the each other, the induced current in the circuit
galvanometer is is

BR AB
1) 2)
A R

B2 A
3) ABR 4)
R2

9. Along solenoid of diameter 3.2 cm has 200

turns/cm and carries a current of 2A. At
its centre a 100 turns closely packed coil
of diameter 2.0 cm is placed with its axis
1) 0.5 mA 2) 1.5 mA
coinciding with the axis of solenoid. The
current in the solenoid is reduced to zero at 3) 1 mA 4) 2 mA
a steady rate in 20 ms. The induced e.m.f in
13. A thin semicircular conducting ring (PQR) of
the coil is: radius r is falling with its plane vertical in a
1) 80 mV 2) 25 mV horizontal magnetic field B, as shown in figure.
The potential difference developed across the
3) 100 mV 4) 160 mV
ring when its speed is v, is
10. A uniform magnetic field exists in a region

given by B = (3iˆ + 4ˆj + 5k)T
ˆ .A rod of length

5m is placed along the Y-axis and is moved

along the X-axis with constant speed 1 m/s.
Induced e.m.f in the rod is
1) Zero 2) 25 V
3) 20 V 4) 3 V
11. Lenz’s law is a statement of 1) Zero
1) Law of conservation of charge
2) Bvπr 2 / 2 and P is at higher potential
2) Law of conservation of current
3) Law of conservation of energy 3) and R is at higher potential
4) None of these
4) 2rBv and R is at higher potential

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14. A conducting rod PQ of length 1 m is moved 18. The magnetic potential energy stored in a
with a velocity 3 m/s in a uniform magnetic certain inductor is 25 mJ, when the current
field 2T, as shown. Then
in the inductor is 60 mA. This inductor is of
inductance

1) 1.389 H 2) 138.88 H
3) 0.138 H 4) 13.89 H

19. A long solenoid of diameter 0.1 m has 2×104

turns per meter. At the centre of the solenoid,
1) VP – VQ = 3V
a coil of 100 turns and radius 0.01 m is placed
2) VQ – VP = 3V with its axis coinciding with the solenoid axis.
3) VP – VQ = 6V The current in the solenoid reduces at a
constant rate to 0 A from 4 A in 0.05 s. If the
4) VQ – VP = 6V 2
resistance of the coil is 10 π Ω ,the total
15. A long solenoid has 500 turns. When a current
of 2 A is passed through it, the resulting charge flowing through the coil during this time
magnetic flux linked with each turn of the is
solenoid is 4 × 10-3 Wb. The self-inductance 1) 16 πµC 2) 32 πµC
of the solenoid is
3) 16 µ C 4)
1) 2.5 H 2) 2 H
20. An inductor coil stores 32 J of magnetic field
3) 1 H 4) 4 H
energy and dissipates energy as heat as 320
16. Two coils have a mutual inductance of 0.005 W, when a current of 4A is passed through it.
H. The current changes in the first coil The self inductance L and resistor R of the
according to equation I = I0 sin ω t, where coil are

1)
I0=10A and rad/s. The maximum
2)
value of emf in the second coil is

1) 2) 3)
4)
3) 4)
21. In which of the following devices, the eddy
17. Two coils are at fixed locations. When coil
I has no current and the current in coil II current effect is not used?
increases at the rate 15 A/s, the emf in coil I
1) Electromagnet
is 25 mV. When coil II has no current and coil
I has a current of 3.6A. The flux linkage in coil
2) Electric heater
II is
1) 16 mWb 2) 10 mWb 3) Induction furnace

3) 4 mWb 4) 6 mWb 4) Magnetic braking in train

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27. What is the value of inductance L for which

22. Alternating voltage V = 400 is
applied across a resistance of 0.2kΩ . The the current is a maximum in a series LCR
−1
rms value of current will be equal to circuit with C= 10 µF and ω =1000rads ?

1) zero 2) 1) 100 mH
3) 2 A 4) 2 2 A 2) 1 mH
23. In an AC circuit an alternating voltage 3) Cannot be calculated unless R is known
e = 200 2 sin 100t i s c o n n e c t e d t o a 4) 10 mH
capacitor of capacity . The rms value of
the current in the circuit is 28. In a circuit, L, C and R are connected in
1) 100 mA 2) 200 mA series with an alternating voltage source of

3) 20 mA 4) 10 mA frequency f. The current leads the voltage by

450. The value of C is:
24. An inductance of negligible resistance, whose
reactance is at 200Hz is connected 1
1)
to 200 V, 50Hz power line. The value of 2πf (2πf L + R)
inductance is 1
2)
1) 0.0175 H 2) 0.175 H πf (2πf L + R)
3) 1.75 H 4) 17.5 H
1
R 120 Ω has an
25. A series LCR circuit with = 3)
2 π f (2π f L − R)
angular frequency 4 x 105 rad / s. At resonance,
voltages across resistance and inductor are 1
60V and 40V respectively. The frequency at 4)
which the circuit current lags behind the π f (2π f L − R)
π
voltage by a phase of radian is:
4 29. The instantaneous values of alternating
1) 8 x 105 rad / s 2) 1 x 105 rad / s current and voltages in a circuit are given as

3) 4 x 105 rad / s 4) 2 x 105 rad / s=  1 

I   sin (100 πt) ampere and
26. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac  2
voltage source. When L is removed from the  1 
=
circuit, the phase difference between current e   sin (100 πt + π / 3) volt. The average
and voltage is . If instead C is removed  2 
from the circuit, the phase difference is again
between current and voltage. The power power in Watts consumed in the circuit is
factor of the circuit is
1) 2)
1) 0.5 2) 1.0
3) 4)
3) -1.0 4) zero

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30. In the circuit shown, the readings of voltmeters 33. The core of a transformer is laminated
V1, V2 and V3 at resonance are given by because:

1) energy losses due to eddy currents may

be minimised.

2) the weight of the transformer may be

reduced

3) rusting of the core may be prevented

4) ratio of voltage in primary and secondary

1) V1 = V2 − V3 = E 0 may be increased

E0 34. A step-up transformer operates on a 230 V

2) V= V= , V= 0
1 3
2
2
line and supplies current of 2 A to a load. The
ratio of the primary and secondary windings
3) V
=1 V=
3 E 0 , V=
2 0 is 1: 25. The current in the primary coil is:
1) 15A 2) 50A
E0
4) V
=1 , V=
2 V=
3 0 3) 25A 4) 12.5A
2
35. A transformer having efficiency of 90% is
working on 200V and 3kW power supply. If the
31. A coil of inductive reactance has a
current in the secondary coil is 6A, the voltage
resistance of . It is placed in series with a
across the secondary coil and the current in
condenser of capacitive reactance . The the primary coil respectively are
combination is connected to an a.c. source of 1) 450V, 13.5A 2) 600V, 15A
110 V. The power factor of the circuit is: 3) 300V, 15A 4) 450V, 15A
LEVEL - II
1) 0.56 2) 0.64
1. A square conducting loop of side 4cm is fold-
3) 0.80 4) 0.33
ed at right angles into two halves arranged in
32. A 220 V input is supplied to a transformer. The space such that one half is in X-Y plane and
output circuit draws a current of 2.0 A at 440 other half is in X-Z plane. The loop is in the
V. If the efficiency of the transformer is 80%, region of time varying magnetic field of induction

the current drawn by the primary windings of B − (2t 2 ˆi + 3tjˆ − 2k)T
ˆ . The magnetic flux-

the transformer is
linked with the loop in weber at t = 2s is
1) 3.6 A 2) 2.8 A 1) zero 2) 3.2 x 10-3
3) 2.5 A 4) 5 A 3) 16 x 10-4 4) 4.8 x 10-2

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2. A and B are two conducting rings placed 5. A circular coil of area 2.5 x 10-2 m2, 500 turns
on either side of an infinitely long straight and resistance is placed with its plane
conducting wire as shown. If the current in perpendicular to the horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field. It is rotated about its
the wire is slowly decreased, the direction of
vertical diameter through 1800 in 0.25 s. The
induced current will be
magnitude of induced current is (BH = 3 x 10-5 T)

1) 1.5 mA

2) 2.5 mA

3) 3 mA
1) Clockwise in A and anticlockwise in B
2) Anticlockwise in A and clockwise in B 4) 5 mA
3) Clockwise in both A and B
6. A circular conducting loop of area 2 x 10-2 m2
4) Anticlockwise in both A and B and resistance is placed with its plane
3. A square loop of side 4 cm is in the Y-Z perpendicular to a varying magnetic field B =
plane. The loop is in a region of time varying (10t +4) mT. The rate at which thermal energy
magnetic field of induction is generated in the loop is

B= ( 4t 2 ˆi − 3tjˆ + 4k)T.
ˆ 1) 4 µW 2) 4 mW

The magnitude of induced emf at t = 2s is

3) 0.4 µW 4) 6 mW
1) 6.4 mV 2) 16 mV
7. A metal rod moves at a constant velocity
3) 2.56 V 4) 25.6 mV in a direction perpendicular to its length.
A constant uniform magnetic field exists in
4. The variation of induced current with time
space in a direction perpendicular to the
due to the change in magnetic flux in a coil rod as well as its velocity. Select the correct
of resistance is shown in figure. The statements from the following.
magnitude of change in flux through the coil
in weber is 1) The rod is at the same potential

2) There is an electric field in the rod

3) Both ends are at the same potential

1) 4 2) 8 4) The electric potential is highest at the centre

3) 2 4) 6 and decreases towards its ends

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8. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each of 0.5 m 12. A bulb is rated at 100 V, 100 W. Find the
long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/minute inductance of the choke coil that should be
in a plane normal to the horizontal component connected in series with the bulb to operate
of earth’s magnetic field (BH = 4 x 10-5 T). The it at 200 V, 50 Hz ac is
induced emf between the axle and the rim of
π
the wheel is 1) H 2) 100 H
3
1) 3.14 x 10-5 V 2) 6.28 x 10-5 V
π 3
3) H 4) H
3) 6.28 x 10 V-4
4) 3.14 x 10 V
-3
2 π

9. A wire of fixed length is wound on a solenoid

13. In the circuit shown in figure XC = R and XL =
of length l and radius r. Its self-inductance is
2R. The potential difference between A and
found to be L. If the same wire is wound on a
solenoid of length l/2 and radius r/2, its self- B is
inductance will be

1) L 2) 4L

3) 2L 4) 8L

10. Two coils A and B have coefficient of mutual v

induction M = 2H. The magnetic flux through 1) 2V 2)
2
A changes by 4Wb in 10s due to the change
in current in B. The change in current in B in v
3) 4)
this time interval is 3

14. The quality factor of a series LCR circuit with

1) 0.5 A 2) 2 A
L = 2 H, C = 32 µF and R = is
3) 8 A 4) 1 A
1) 2.5 2) 5
11. A n alternating voltage
3) 25 4) 0.5
=V 20sin 50t + 40 cos 50t is applied to a
resistor of resistance . The rms value of 15. A transformer is used to light a 140 W, 24V
the current through the resistor is lamp from 240 V ac mains. The current in

10 the main cable is 0.7 A. the efficiency of the

1) 10 2) transformer is
2
1) 48% 2) 63.8%
7 5
3) 4) 3) 75% 4) 83.3%
2 2

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LEVEL - III 19. A conducting rod PQ is rotated with the end

P fixed with uniform angular velocity in a
16. In the situation described in figure, the polarity
uniform and perpendicular magnetic field of
of the capacitor is induction B. M is the midpoint of PQ. If the
potential difference between P and Q is 10V,
the potential difference between M and Q is

1) B positive with respect to A

2) A positive with respect to B
3) No charge on A and B
4 Polarity of A and B changes with time
1) 5 V 2) 7.5 V
17. The radius of a circular loop is increasing at
3) 2.5 V 4) 3 V
a constant rate of 2 mm/s. The loop is placed
in a uniform magnetic field 4T and has 1000 20. A jet plane is travelling towards West at a
turns, with its plane perpendicular to the field. speed of 1800 km/hr. The voltage difference
The instantaneous emf induced when its developed between the ends of the wing
7 having a span of 25m, if the earth’s magnetic
radius becomes , on the loop is
22 field at the location has a magnitude of 5 x
1) 0.08 V 2) 0.16 V 10-4T and the dip angle is 300 is

1) 1.1 V 2) 2.3 V
3) 0.02 V 4) 0.04 V
3) 3.1 V 4) 2 V
18. A battery of emf 6V and negligible internal
resistance is connected in a circular conducting 21. Two parallel frictionless conducting rails with a
sliding connector of length l = 1m is situated in
loop of area 2m2 and resistance . The coil a uniform magnetic field B = 2T perpendicular
is placed with its plane perpendicular to a to the plane of the rails. Resistance of the
uniform magnetic field that decreases at a connector is . Two resistances and
steady rate of 2T/s. The current in the loop is are connected as shown in figure. The
force required to keep the connector moving
with constant speed v = 2m/s is

1) 0.4 A 2) 4 A 1) 6 N 2) 4 N

3) 2 A 4) 0.2 A 3) 2 N 4) 1 N

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22. A coil has an inductance of 50 mH and a 26. In the circuit shown, phase difference between
resistance of . If a 12V emf is applied i1 and i2 is
across the coil, the energy stored in the
magnetic field after the current has reached
the maximum value is
1) 21 J 2) 0.31 J
3) 0.225 J 4) 17 J
23. A rectangular coil 20 cm x 10 cm having 100
turns rotates in a magnetic field of induction
π X π X
5 x 10-3 T with a frequency of 1200 rpm 1) + tan −1 t 2) − tan −1 L
about an axis perpendicular to the field. The 2 R 2 R
instantaneous emf in volt when the plane of
the coil makes an angle 300 with the field is −1 XL −1 XL − XC
3 2 3) tan 4) tan
1) π 2) π R R
5 5
π 27. An LCR series circuit with resistance
3) 4) 3π
5 is connected to an ac source of 200V and
angular frequency 300 rad/s. When only the
24. When a dc volt of 200 V is applied to a coil of capacitance is removed, the current lags
self inductance 2 3 H, a current of 1A flows behind the voltage by 600. When only the
π inductance is removed, the current leads the
voltage by 600. Then the current and power
through it. But by replacing dc source with ac dissipated in LCR are respectively
source of 200 V, the current in the coil is
1) 1A, 200W 2)1A, 400W
reduced to 0.5 A. The frequency of ac supply
is 3) 2A, 200W 4) 2A, 400W

1) 100 Hz 2) 75 Hz 28. A series LCR circuit with L = 1H, C = 1 µF

3) 60 Hz 4) 50 Hz and R = 40 is connected across a variable
25. In the series LCR circuit, the voltmeter reading frequency ac source. The angular frequency
of the source at which the power transferred
V and ammeter reading I are
to the circuit is half the power at the resonant
frequency is

1) 700 rad/s 2) 980 rad/s

3) 1020 rad/s 4) 700 rad/s

29. The power loss in a transformer working on

220 V ac supply is 30%. The ratio of primary
1) V = 100V, I =2A to the secondary current when the output
2) V = 100V, I = 5A voltage is 110 V is

3) V = 400V, I =2A 1) 1:2 2) 2:1

4) V = 300V, I = 1A 3) 1:1 4) 5:7

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Assertion and Reason Type 31. Assertion : An ac voltage source of

variable angular frequency
1) Both Assertion and Reason are the true and and fixed amplitude V
Reason is a correct explanation of Assertion. connected in series with
a capacitance C and an
electric bulb of resistance R
2) Both Assertion and Reason are the true (inductance zero). When
but Reason is not a correct explanation of is increased, the bulb glows
Assertion. brighter.
Reason : As increases, the total
impedance of the circuit
3) Assertion is true and Reason is false. decreases and hence the
current increases.
4) Assertion is false and Reason is true. Numerical Answer Type
32. A series LC circuit is connected to an AC
30. Assertion : If some ferromagnetic
source of 220 V and 50 Hz as shown. If the
substance is filled inside a
reading of three
solenoid, its coefficient of
self-induction will increase. volt meters V1, V2 and V3 are 65 V, 415 V and
204 V. Find the value of L.
Reason : By increasing the current in
a coil its coefficient of self-
induction L can be increased.

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 4 8. 2 15. 3 22. 2 29. 4

2. 3 9. 1 16. 2 23. 3 30. 2
3. 1 10. 2 17. 4 24. 1 31. 3
4. 2 11. 3 18. 4 25. 1 32. 4
5. 1 12. 3 19. 4 26. 2 33. 1
6. 2 13. 4 20. 3 27. 1 34. 2
7. 2 14. 1 21. 2 28. 1 35. 5

LEVEL II LEVEL III

1. 2 6. 2 11. 1 16. 2 22. 3 28. 3

2. 2 7. 2 12. 4 17. 2 23. 1 29. 4
3. 4 8. 2 13. 2 18. 1 24. 4 30. 3
4. 3 9. 3 14. 3 19. 2 25. 1 31. 1
5. 1 10. 2 15. 4 20. 3 26. 1 32. 1
21. 3 27. 4

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 Chapter
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
06

SYNOPSIS
Electromagnetic wave, is a wave radiated by an accelerated charge and which propagates through
space as coupled electric and magnetic fields, oscillating perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of propagation of the wave.

 
=E E 0 sin ( kx − ωt )
 
=B B0 sin ( kx − ωt )

Maxwell developed the theory of E.M. Waves by introducing the idea of the displacement current
(ID). According to Maxwell, the displacement current is that currnt which comes into existance,
between the plates of a capacitor, whenever the electric field and hence the electric flux changes
with time.
d d d (E) d  V  ∈ A d (V) dv
ID =
∈0 ( φE ) =
∈0 ( EA ) =
∈0 A ∈0 A   =0
= c
=
dt dt dt dt  d  d dt dt

According to Maxwell, a changing electric field induces a magnetic field. The time varying electric
field between the plates of the capacitor is directed perpendicular to the plane of the plates and
the time varying magnetic field (produced by the electric field) is along the perimeter of a circle, in
a plane, parallel to the plates of the capacitor. Thus the time varying electric field and the magnetic
field are perpendicular to each other. The two fields combine to constitute the EM wave which
propagates in space in a direction perpendicular to the directions of both the fields.

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- BIOLOGY]

The value of ID is numerically equal to the conduction current IC. Inside the capacitor, IC = 0 and i =
ID. Outside the capacitor, ID = O and i = IC.
Magnetic field (B) : On a circular loop of radius r, kept between the capacitor plates of radius R is
µ0 ID r
given by B =
2πR 2

µ0 ID
Bmax = . Balong theaxis = 0
2πR
The EM waves are governed by Maxwell’s Equations
  q
1. ∫S = ∈0 (Gauss’ Law in Electrostatics)
E.ds
 
2. ∫ B.ds = 0 (Gauss’ Law in magnetism - shows that isolated monopole doesnot exist)
S

 
d
3. − ( φ ) (Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction)
∫ E.d = B
C
dt

   d 
4. ∫C  = µ0 I+ ∈0 dt ( φE ) (Ampere - Maxwell Law)
B.d

1
Hertz produced E.M. Waves (oscillating L.C. circuit υ = . J.C. Bose transmitted EM waves
2π LC

through short distances. Marconi transmitted EM waves through long distances. EM Waves are
transverse progressive waves. They carry energy and momentum. They do not require a medium
for the propagation. The variation of E and B have the same frequency and in phase. At any instant
the ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic field is a constant and is equal to the velocity
 ∈0 
of EM waves  = C
 B0 

The velocity of EM waves in free space

1 1
c= = = 3 × 108 m / sec
µ 0 ∈0 −7
4π×10 × 8.85 ×10 −12

Velocity of EM waves in a medium

V=

where n = = refractive index of the medium

Propagation constant (Angular wave number)
2π 2π 2πυ ω ω
K
= = = = ∴c =
λ c c c K
υ

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Average energy density of electric field

1 1 1  E0 
UE = ∈0 E 02 = 2
∈0 ×2E rms = 2
∈0 ×E rms  E rms = 2 
4 4 2  

Average energy density of magnetic field

To show that <UE = UB>
1 1 1 1 1 1 B02
∈0 ( B0 c ) =
2
U E= ∈0 E 02= ∈0 B02 c 2= ×∈0 B02 × = = UB
4 4 4 4 µ 0 ∈0 4 µ 0

Total average energy density of an electromagnetic wave (U)

1 1
U av =U =×
2 U E =×
2 ∈0 E 02 =∈0 E 02 =
∈0 E 2rms
4 2

1 2 1 B2
OR, U =×
2 U B =×
2 B0 = B02 = rms
4µ 0 2µ 0 µ0

Poynting vector S ()
The energy transported by electromagnetic waves per second per unit area is represented by a
 
 E×B
vector quantity called the poynting vector. It is denoted by S =
µ0

u
Momentum of E.M. waves = P =
c

u
For a perfectly absorbing surface, change in momentum =
c

2u
For a perfectly reflecting surface, change in momentum =
c
Intensity of radiation
Energy 1
=I = Energy density × c ∈0 E 02 × c
Area × time 2

1 2 1 E 02 1 E 02  1 2
OR =I B0 c
= =
2
× c =  ∈0 E 0  c
2µ 0 2µ 0 c 2µ 0 c 2 

P
Also, I= ; Where P = Power of the source
4πd 2
d = distance from the point source

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- BIOLOGY]

Electromagnetic spectrum

The orderly distribution of electromagnetic radiations, according to their wavelength or frequency

is called electromagnetic spectrum.

γ -rays, X-rays, UV-rays, visible light, I.R. Rays, Microwaves, Radio waves
γ -rays. υ = 3 ×10−19 → 5 ×1020 Hz
They are highly energetic radiations and are emitted by radioactive nuclei. Detected by photographic
plate, Geiger tubes and ionisation chamber.

X-rays : υ = 1× 1016 → 3 × 1019 Hz

X-rays are produced when a target of high atomic number is bombarded by fast moving electrons.
They possess high penetrating power. They are used both for diagnosis and treatment.

U.V.Rays: υ = 8 × 1014 → 8 × 1016 Hz

They are part of solar spectrum. They can be produced by arcs of mercury and iron. They can be
detected by photocells and photographic film. U.V. rays can produce vitamin-D in the skin.

Visible light : υ = 4 × 1014 → 4 × 1014 Hz

Visible light is emitted due to atomic excitation. Human eye is sensitive to only visible part of the
EM. spectrum.

I.R. Rays:

υ = 3 ×1011 → 4 ×1014 Hz
Infrared radiactions are “heat radiation” and therefore all hot bodies including the sun are sources
of infra-red-rays. They are detected by thermopiles . I.R. rays are responsible for “Green house
effect”.

Microwaves

υ = 3 ×108 → 3 × 1011 Hz
Microwaves are produced by oscillating electronic circuits (Klystron valve, Magnetron valve etc).
They are used in RADAR and also in ovens.

Radiowaves

υ = 3 ×103 → 3 × 1011 Hz
They are produced by oscillating electronic circuits. Radiowaves are used as carrier waves in radio
broadcasting and TV Transmission.

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 6. The electric part of an electromagnetic wave

in a medium is represented by EX = 0
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK]

dφ
=E Y 2.5 N cos  2π×10 rad
c 
6

sec ( −2
) (
t − π×10 rad x 
m  )
1. Dimensions of ε 0 E is that of EZ = 0. The wave is
dt
1) Charge 2) Potential 1) Moving along + X - direction with
frequency 106 Hz and wavelength 100m
3) Capacitance 4) Current
2) Moving along + X - direction with frequency
2. Out of the following options which one 106 Hz and wavelength 200 m
can be used to produce a propagating
3) Moving along -X direction with frequency
electromagnetic wave ?
106 Hz and wavelength 200m
1) A chargeless particle
4) Moving along + Y - direction with frequency
2) An accelerating charge
3) A charge moving at constant velocity
2π×106 Hz and wavelength 200m
4) A stationary charge 7. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in
3. Which of the following equations was found the positive x- direction has a wave length of
to be inconsistent and corrected by Maxwell? 5.0 mm. The electric field is in the y -direction
  q and its maximum magnitude is 30V/m.
1) ∫ = ∈0
E.ds Find suitable equations for the electric and
magnetic fields as a function of x and t.

2) ∫ B.ds = 0 =1) E (30v m ) sin  5.0mm

2π
( ct − x ) ,

 
3) ∫  = µ0 I
B.d
=B
2π
(10 T ) sin  5.0mm
−7
( ct − x )
 d   
4) ∫ E.ds = −
dt ∫
B.ds

4. Which of the following has zero average

=2) E (30v m ) sin  5.0mm
2π
( ct + x ) ,

value in a plane electromagnetic wave
1) Kinetic energy 2π
2) Magnetic field
=B (10 T ) sin  5.0mm
−7
( ct + x )

3) Electric field

5.
4) Both B and C
Consider an electromagnetic wave that
=3) E (30v m ) cos  5.0mm
2π
( ct − x ) ,

propagates in the Z direction with an electric
field strength of 1 v/m pointing in the Y  2π
=
direction. Then the direction and magnitude (
B 10−7 T sin  ( ct − x )
)
 5.0mm 
of magnetic field pulse that travels along with
electric field is :
1) 3.33 × 10-9 T in y direction = 4) E m (  5.0mm )
30v sin  2π ( ct − x )  ,

2) 3.33 × 10-9 T in z direction
2π
3) 3.33 × 10-9 T in –ve x direction =B (10 T ) cos  5.0mm
−7
( ct − x )

4) 6.66 × 10 T in x direction
-9

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 LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

8. An electromagnetic wave passing through 13. If µ r is the relative permeability and ∈r is

vacuum is described by the equations
the relative permitivity of a medium, the
=E E 0 sin ( kx − ωt ) and
refractive index of the medium is given by:
1 µr
=B B0 sin ( kx − ωt ) . 1) 2)
µ r ∈r ∈r
Then :

1) E 0 k= B0 ω 2) E 0 ω = B0 k ∈r
3) 4) µ r ∈r
3) B0 E 0 = ωk 4) E 0 = B0 µr
14. Electromagnetic waves travel in a medium
9. A plane EM wave travels in free space along
 at a speed of 2.5 x 108 m/s. If the relative
X direction. If the value of B (in tesla) at a permeability of the medium is 0.2 its relative
particular point in space and time is permitivity is:

1.2 × 10–8 k̂ . The value of E (in Vm–1) at that 1) 14.4 2) 7.2
point is 3) 0.2 4) 1.8
15. If UE and Um be the electric and magnetic
1) 1.2 ĵ 2) 3.6 k̂
field energy densities in the electromagnetic
wave, then
3) 1.2 k̂ 4) 3.6 ĵ 1) UE = cUm 2) Um = cUE
10. In a plane electromagnetic wave propagating Um
3) UE = Um 4) =c
in space has an electric field of amplitude UE
9 ×103 V / m , then the amplitude of the 16. Which of the following is the property of a
magnetic field is monochromatic plane electromagnetic wave
−6 −3 in free space
1) 2.7 × 10 T 2) 9.0 × 10 T
1) The electric and magnetic fields have a
−4
3) 3.0 × 10 T
−5
4) 3.0 × 10 T π
phase difference of
2
11. Given the wave function ( in SI unit ) for a 2) The energy contribution of both electric
wave to be and magnetic fields are equal

( x.t ) 10 sin π ( 3 × 10 x − 9 × 10 t ) .
ψ= 3 6 14 3) The direction of propagation is in the
 
direction of B × E
The speed of wave is
4) The pressure exerted by the wave is the
1) 9 × 1014 ms −1 2) 3 × 108 ms −1 product of its speed and energy density
17. Speed of e.m. waves through a medium
6 −1 7 −1
3) 3 × 10 ms 4) 3 × 10 ms depends upon:
12. The velocity of electromagnetic wave is along 1) only electric properties of the medium
the direction of 2) only magnetic properties of the medium
3) both electric and magnetic properties of
1) B × E 2) E × B
the medium
4) mechanical and thermal properties of the
3) E 4) B
medium

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

18. The frequency of light wave in a material is 24. The electric field in N/c in an electromagnetic
2 × 10 14 Hz wavelength is 5000 A . The
o
E 50sin ω t − x
wave is given by = c ( ) the
refractive index of material will be : energy stored in a cylinder of cross section
1) 1.40 2) 1.50 10 cm2 and length 100 cm along the axis will
be
3) 3.00 4) 1.33
12 11
1) 5.5 × 60 J 2) 1.1× 10 J
1
19. Dimension of is −11 −11
µ0ε0 3) 2.2 × 10 J 4) 1.65 × 10 J
25. The r.m.s. value of the electric field of the light
L T coming from the sun is 720N/C. The average
1) 2) total energy density of the EM wave is:
T L
−9 3
1) 6.37 × 10 J / m
2 2
L T −12 3
3) 4) 2) 81.35 × 10 J / m
T2 L2
−3 3
  3) 3.3 × 10 J / m
20. The vectors E and B of e.m. wave is: 6 3
4) 4.58 × 10 J / m
1) along the same direction but out of phase
26. A plane EM wave is incident on a material
by 900
surface. If the wave delivers momentum P
2) along the same direction and in phase and energy E, then
3) perpendicular to each other and in phase 1) P = 0, E = 0 2) P ≠ 0, E ≠ 0
4) perpendicular to each other and out of 3) P ≠ 0, E = 0 4) P = 0, E ≠ 0
phase by 900
27. A wave of intensity falls on a surface kept in
21. The total average energy density of e.m a vacuum and exerts radiation pressure on
waves whose electric field variation is given it. Which of the following are wrong ?
by E = (50 N/c) sin ( ω t - kx) will be nearly
1) Radiation pressure is I/C if the wave is
1) 10-8 J/m3 2) 10-6 J/m3
totally absorbed
3) 10-10 J/m3 4) 10-12 J/m3
2) Radiation pressure is I/C if the wave is
22. A plane e.m wave of intensity 10 w/m2 strikes totally reflected
normally a small mirror of area 20 cm2. The
3) Radiation pressure is 2I/C if the wave is
radiation force on the mirror will be
totally reflected
1) 6.6 × 10-11 N 2) 1.33 × 10-8 N
4) Radiation pressure is in the range
3) 6.6 × 10-8 N 4) 1.33 × 10-10 N I/C < p < 2 I/C for real surfaces
23. The sun delivers 104 W/m2 of electromagnetic 28. A plane electromagnetic wave is incident
flux to the earth’s surface. The total power on a plane surface of area A normally and
that is incident on a roof of dimensions is perfectly reflected. If energy E strikes in
(10 ×10 ) m 2 will be time t then average pressure exerted on th
surface is (c = speed of light)
1) 104W 2) 105W 1) zero 2) E/Act
3) 106W 4) 107W 3) 2E/Atc 4) E/c

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29. Light with an energy flux of 20 W/m2 falls on 35. ‘Green House Effect’ is due to:
a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence.
If the surface has an area of 30m2, the 1) UV radiations
total momentum delivered (for complete
absorption) during 30 minute is 2) infrared radiations
−5
1) 36 × 10 kg m / s 3) X-rays

−4 4) gamma - rays
2) 36 × 10 kg m / s
36. A charged particle oscillates in vacuum
−4
3) 108 × 10 kg m / s about its mean equilibrium position with a
frequency of 109 Hz. The electromagnetic
waves produced
7
4) 108 × 10 kg m / s
1) will have frequency of 2 × 109 Hz
30. The electric field produced by the radiations 2) will have speed of 30 ms–1
coming from 100 W bulb at a 3 m distance
is E. The electric field produced by the 3) will have a wave length of 0.3m
radiations coming from 50 W bulb at the
same distance is 4) fall in the region of infrared waves
1) E/2 2) 2E
37. In an electromagnetic wave in free space
E
3) 4) 2E the root mean square value of the electric
2 field is Erns = 6Vm-1. The peak value of the
magnetic field is
31. Frequency of x-rays, γ -rays and ultraviolet
1) 2.83 × 10-8T 2) 0.70 × 10-8T
rays are respectively a, b and c. Then
1) a < b, b < c 2) a > b, b > c 3) 4.23 × 10-8T 4) 1.41 × 10-8T
3) a > b, b < c 4) a < b, b > c
38. The condition under which a microwave
32. A Radar sends the waves towards a distant oven heats up a food item containing water
object and receives the signal reflected by molecules most efficiently is
the object. These waves are
1) Sound waves 2) X-rays 1) Microwaves are heat waves, so always
3) Microwaves 4) Light waves produce heating
33. Gamma rays are detected by 2) Infra-red waves produce heating in a
1) Thermopiles microwave oven
2) Ionisation chamber
3) The frequency of the microwaves must
3) Bolometers match the resonant frequency of the water
4) Photo cells molecules
34. The order of energy of X-rays (EX) radio
waves (ER) and microwaves (EM), is given by 4) The frequency of the microwaves has
no relation with natural frequency of water
1) EX > EM > ER 2) EX < ER > EM molecules
3) ER > EM > EX 4) EM < ER < EX

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39. An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3. An electromagnetic wave going through

υ =3.0MHz passes from vacuum into a =
vacuum is described by E y E 0 sin ( ωt − kx )

dielectric medium with relative permitivity Which of the following is independent of the
∈= 4.0 . Then wavelength
2
1) Wavelength is doubled and frequency 1) k 2) ω
becomes half
ω ω2
2) Wavelength is halved and frequency 3) 4)
k k
remains unchanged
4. The electric and the magnetic field associated
3) Wavelength and frequency both remain with an e.m wave propagating along the +z
unchanged axis can be represented by
 
4) Wave length is doubled and frequency  E E= ˆ B0 ˆj
=
1)  0 i, B
unchanged
40. The electric field associated with an em wave  
 E E= ˆ B0 ˆi 
=
2)  0 k, B
in vacuum is given by E = 40 cos
(kz - 6 × 108 t) î where E, z and t are in volt/m,  
 E E= ˆ B0 ˆi 
=
3)  0 i, B
meter and seconds respectively. The value
of wave vector k is  
 E E= ˆ B0 kˆ 
=
4)  0 i, B
1) 2m-1 2) 0.5m-1
3) 6m-1 4) 3m-1 5. Electromagnetic waves travel in a medium
which has relative permeability 1.3 and
LEVEL II
relative permitivity 2.14. Then the speed of
1. An instantaneous displacement current of the electromagnetic wave in the medium will
2A can be established across 2µF capacitor, be
1) 13.6 × 106 m/s 2) 1.8 × 102 m/s
if the potential difference across the plates 3) 3.6 × 108 m/s 4) 1.8 × 108 m/s
changes at the rate of
6. In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric
6
1) 2 × 10 v / sec field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of
2.0 × 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 Vm-1. The
6
2) 10 v / sec wavelength of the wave is:
3) 2 v/sec 1) 1.5 m 2) 1.5 × 10-1 m
3) 1.5 × 10-2 m 4) 1.5 × 10-3 m
4) 1 v/sec
7. In an electromagnetic wave, the amplitude
2. Maxwell introduced displacement current to
of electric field is 1 V m , the frequency of
remove the conceptual contradiction in
1) Gauss’s law in electrostatics wave is 5 × 104Hz. The wave is propagating
along z - axis. The average energy density
2) Gauss’s law in magnetism
of electric field in J is
3) Faradays law m3
4) Ampere’s law 1) 1.1 × 10–11 2) 2.2 × 10–12
3) 3.3 × 10–13 4) 4.4 × 10–44

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8. EM waves is travelling along y-direction of 13. The mean intensity of radiation on the

the corresponding E vector at any time is surface of the Sun is about 108 W/m2. The
 rms value of the corresponding magnetic
along the x-axis, the direction of B vector at field is closed to :
1) IT 2) 102T
that time is: 3) 10 T-2
4) 10-4T
1) y axis 2) –x axis 14. Magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic

3) +z axis 4) –z axis =
wave is given by B B0 sin ( kx + ωt ) ˆjT

9. The magnetic component of a polarised Expression for corresponding electric field

wave of light is will be :
Where c is speed of light
B
= x ( 4.0 ×10 T ) sin (1.57 ×10 m ) y + ωt 
−6 7 −1 
1) E B0 c sin ( kx + ωt ) kˆ V / m
=
The intensity of light is:
1) 1.9 kW/m2  B0
2) E
= sin ( kx + ωt ) kˆ V / m
2) 3.8 kW/m2
C

3) 5.7 kW/m2 3) E = − B0 c sin ( kx + ωt ) kˆ V / m
4) 7.6 kW/m2 
4) E = − B0 c sin ( kx − ωt ) kˆ V / m
10. A radiation of energy E falls normally on a
perfectly reflecting surface. The momentum
transferred to the surface is: LEVEL III

1) E/c 2) 2E/c 15. A large parallel plate capacitor with plate

area 1m2 and separation between the plates
3) Ec 4) E/c2
1mm is charged at the rate of 25v/s. If the
11. Given below is a list of EM spectrum and its dielectric between the plates, has a dielectric
mode of production . Which does not match constant 10, then the displacement current
is given by:
1) Gamma rays - Radioactive decay 1) 25 µA 2) 2.2 µA
2) Infrared rays - Vibration of atoms and
3) 11 µA 4) 1.1 µA
molecules

3) Radiowaves - Rapid acceleration and 16. A parallel plate capacitor with plate area
A and separation between the plates d, is
deceleration of electrons in conducting wires
charged by a constant current I. Consider
4) u- v- rays - Magnetron valve a plane surface of area A/2 parallel to the
plates and drawn simultaneously between
12. To which region of electromagnetic spectrum the plates. The displacement current through
the frequency 1 GHz corresponding? this area is:
I
1) Ultraviolet rays 1) I 2)
2
2) Radiowaves
I I
3) Visible radiation 3) 4)
4 8
4) X-rays

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17. A plane electromagnetic wave travelling in 20. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave
X- direction in free space has a wavelength in free space is given by
3mm,. The variation in the electric field in =
the Y- direction with an amplitude of 50
( )
E 10 cos 107 t + kx ˆj V/m, where t and x
N/c. Which of the following represents the are in seconds and metres respectively. it
equation for magnetic field in that wave can be inferred that

=
1) Bx 50sin 2π×1011 t − x
c ( ) (1) the wavelength λ is 188.4 m

(2) the wave number k is 0.33 rad/m

By 16.66 ×10 sin 2π×10
2)=
8 11
(t − x c ) (3) the wave amplitude is 10 V/m

=
3) Bz 50sin 2π×1011 t − x
c ( ) (4) the wave is propagating along +x direction
which one of the following pairs of statements
is correct ?
Bz 16.66 ×10−8 sin 2π×1011 t − x
4)= c ( ) 1) (3) and (4) 2) (1) and (2)

18. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating 3) 92) and (3) 4) (1) and (3)
in the X-direction has wavelength of 6.0 mm.
The electric field is in the Y-direction and 21. A point source of electromagnetic radiation
its maximum magnitude is 33 V m-1. The has an average power output 800W. The
equation for the electric field as a function maximum value of electric field at a distance
of x and t is: 40 m from the source is

1) 11sin π  t −
x 1) 54.7 v m 2) 60.7 v m

 c

11  x 3) 5.672 v m 4) 5.477 v m
2) 33sin x × 10  t − 
 c 22. About 5% of the power of a 100W bulb is
converted to visible radiation. The average
 x intensity of the visible radiation at a distance
3) 33sin π  t −  of 10m from the bulb is:
 c
1) 0.4W/m2
11  x
4) 11sin π× 10  t −  −5 2
 c 2) 4 × 10 W / m

19. A beam of light travelling along x-axis is −3

3) 4 × 10 W / m
2

described by the electric field,

=Ey ( 600Vm ) sin ω ( t − x / c )
−1
, then
−1
4) 5 × 10 W / m
2

maximum magnetic force on a charge 23. The electric field produced by the radiation
q = 2e, moving along y-axis with a speed of coming from a 100W bulb at a distance of
3.0 × 107 ms-1 is (e = 1.6 × 10-19C) 3m from the bulb is (in v/m) (Assume that
1) 19.2 × 10-17 N the efficiency of the bulb is 2.7% and it is a
point source)
2) 1.92 × 10-17 N
1) 3 2) 5
3) 0.192 N
4) none of these 3) 4.5 4) 12

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24. A perfectly reflecting mirror has an area of 29. If the magnetic field of a plane electromagnetic
1cm2. Light energy is allowed to fall on it for wave is given by (The speed of light = 3 ×108
1 hour at the rate of 10w . The force that  15 x 
cm 2 m/s) B = 100 × 10-6 sin  2π× 2 × 10  t − 
  c  
acts on the mirror is: then the maximum electric field associated
−8 8 with it is
1) 3.35 × 10 N 2) 6.7 × 10 N
−7 −4 1) 6 × 104 N/C 2) 3 × 104 N/C
3) 1.34 × 10 N 4) 2.4 × 10 N
25. Match the following: 3) 4 × 104 N/C 4) 4.5 104 N/C
P) X- ray 1) Gauss’s law in
magnetism 30. Statement 1 : Microwaves are better carriers
 of signals than optical waves
Q) 2) Longitudinal
∫ = 0
B.ds
Statement 2 :Microwaves and optical waves
R) Radiowaves 3) Vitamin - D move with the same speed.
S) Microwaves 4) Oscillating
electric circuit 1) Both the statements are true and the
5) RADAR statement -2 is the correct explanation of
6) Sudden statement-1
deceleration
of high energy 2) Both the statements are true but
electrons statement-2 is not the correct explanation
of the statement-1
7) Faradays Law
1) P → 7; Q → 1;R → 4; S → 6 3) Statement-1 true but statement-2 is false
2) P → 6; Q → 1; R → 2; S → 3
3) P → 6, Q → 1; R → 4; S → 5 4) Statement-1 is false but statement-2 is
true
4) P → 3; Q → 1; R → 4; S → 7
26. Light is incident normally on a completely 31. Assertion: If the earth did not have an
absorbing surface with an energy flux of 25 atmosphere, the day would be warmer and
Wcm-2. If the surface has an area of 25cm2, the night cooler
the momentum transferred to the surface in
49 min time duration will be Reason: The earth’s atmosphere produce
green-house effect
1) 6.3 × 10-4Ns 2) 1.4 × 10-6 Ns
3) 5.0 ×10-3 Ns 4) 3.5 ×10-6 Ns 1) If both Assertion and Reason are true
Integer Type and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
27. A plane electromagnetic wave
Ez 100 cos ( 6 ×108 t + 4x ) v / m propagates
= 2) If both Assertion and Reason are true
but Reason is not the correct explanation of
in a medium of refractive index Assertion.
28. The magnetic field in a travelling
electromagnetic wave has a peak value of 20 3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
nT. The peak value of electric field strength
is : (in V/m) 4) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)
9. 4 17. 3 25. 4 33. 2
1. 4
10. 4 18. 3 26. 2 34. 1
2. 2
11. 2 19. 3 27. 2 35. 2
3. 3
12. 2 20. 3 28. 3 36. 3
4. 4
13. 4 21. 1 29. 2 37. 1
5. 3
14. 2 22. 1 30. 3 38. 3
6. 2
15. 3 23. 3 31. 4 39. 2
7. 1
16. 2 24. 2 32. 3 40. 1
8. 1
LEVEL II
1. 2 5. 3 9. 2 13. 2
2. 4 6. 1 10. 2 14 4
3. 2 7. 4 11. 2
4. 2 8. 4 12. 3
LEVEL III
15. 4 20. 1 25. 3 30. 1
16. 4 21. 2 26. 3 31. 2
17. 3 22. 4 27. 2
18. 1 23. 2 28. 6
19. 2 24. 2 29. 2

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 Chapter
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL
07 INSTRUMENTS

SYNOPSIS
Mirror
R
i) f=
2

−1
ii) P(D) =
f (m)

1 1 1
iii) = +
f v u

−v f − v f
iv) m
= = =
u f f −u
Refraction
The phenomenon of bending of light when it travels from one medium to another medium is known
as refraction.

When the ray passes from rarer to denser medium, the refracted by bends towards the normal and
when it passes from denser to rarer medium, the refracted ray bends away from the normal. When
light passes from one medium to another medium, the frequency and colour of light remains same
but the wave length and velocity of light changes.
Laws of refraction
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence are in same plane
(ii) The ratio sin of angle incidence to sin of angle of refraction is a constant for a given pair or
media and for a given colour of light
sin i
ie = a constant (n). This is known as Snell’s law
sin r

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n2 n1
If light passes from medium (1) to (2) the constant is 1 n2 = ; 2 n1 =
n1 n2

Also we can write 1

1 n2 =
2 n1

What happen if ray of light falls normally at the surface of separation of two media
The ray goes undeviate, ie. no refraction possible
sin i sin i sin 0
n= Here i =0; sin r = = =0 ∴ r =0
sin r n n

Absolute refractive index

Refractive index of a medium with respect to air or vacuum is called absolute refractive Index,
denoted by n or µ

Absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction when refraction takes place from air or vacuum to the medium.
sin i
n=
sin r

Since there is a change in the direction of light as it goes from one medium into another depends
on the speeds of light in the two media.
Refractive index of medium = velocity of light in vacuum c
=
velocity of light in medium v

Expression for the lateral shift when a ray of monochromatic light passing through a parallel
sided glass slab.

t
=L.S sin (i − r)
cos r
t = thickness i = angle of incidence
r = angle of refraction
Critical angle

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When a ray of light passes from denser to rarer medium, the refracted ray bends away from the
normal (as i increases, r also increases). At a particular angle of incidence, the refracted ray just
grasses the surface of separation. This angle of incidence is known as critical angle (C). At this
case angle of refraction is 900. At critical angle , r = 90
sin 90 1
=n =
sin C sin C
Relative critical angle
The critical angle of a medium B with respect to a rarer medium A is related to the refractive index
by the formula.
1
A nB =
sin A CB
where ACB is the critical angle of medium B with respect to A.
Some typical critical angles are listed below

Substance Refractive index Critical angle

Water 1.33 48.75o
Crown glass 1.52 41.14o
Dense flint glass 1.65 37.31o
Diamond 2.42 24.41o

Total internal reflection

If the angle of incidence is increased beyond the critical angle, the incident ray is reflected back to
the same medium obeying the laws of reflection (i = r). This is known as total internal reflection
The conditions for total internal reflection are
i) The light must travel from denser to rarer medium
ii) The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle
(c) Real and apparent depth: A fish at the bottom of a lake appears to be raised due to refraction.
Let I is the apparent position of the fish. A0 is the real depth; AI is the apparent depth 0I is the
displacement or shift of the image. (The fish is really at 0).

Refractive index of the medium

Real depth AO AO
=n = or
App.depth AI n

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To find the shifts(S) in the position of the images

S = AO – AI
AO
S =AO − =AO (1 − 1/ n)
n
But AO = t, the real depth
 1
S t 1 − 
=
 n
Expression for refractive index of prism
A+D
sin  
2  where
n= 
sin (A / 2)

n = refractive index A = angle of prism D = angle of minimum deviation

Deviation produced by a thin prism
A thin prism is a prism of small refracting angle. For a prism d = i1 + i2 – A
sin i1 sin i 2 r1 + r2 = A
=n =
sin r1 sin r2
When A is small r1 and r2 are small. When r1 and r2 are small i1 and i2 will be small (sinq = q when
q is small)
sin i1 i1
n= = ∴ i1 = nr1
sin r1 r1
Similarly i2 = nr2 Substituting d = nr1 + nr2 – A
= n (r1 + r2) – A [\ r1+ r2 = A] d = A (n–1)
Thus deviation is independent of the angle of incidence.
The factors on which the angle of deviation produced by a thin prism depends are
d = A (n –1)
1. Refractive index of the medium 2. Surrounding medium 3. Angle of prism
If nv and nR the refractive indices for violet and red colours for a medium and n the average refractive
index,
nv − nR nv + nR
=The ω = where n
(n − 1) 2
The new Cartesian sign convention for reflection and refraction at spherical surfaces
This convention borrows the technique of fixing signs from co - ordinate geometry

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1. The pole of the spherical surface will be the origin O and the principal axis along the X - axis
2. All distances are measured from the pole. Distances measured in the direction of incidence will be
positive and opposite to the direction of incidence negative.
3. Distances measured perpendicular to the principal axis will be positive if measured upwards and
negative if measured downwards.
One advantage of this system is that, if the object is placed to the left of the spherical surface,
Cartesian convention of sign comes into operation.
Relation between u, v and R

n 2 n1 n 2 − n1
= =
v u R
R, +ve for convex surface
R1 –ve
­
for concave surface
n1 – R index of the medium where the object is placed
The lens
A lens is a piece of transparent material with two refracting surfaces such that at least one is curved
and refractive index of its material is different from that of the surroundings.
Different types of lenses

Sign Convention
1. Whenever and where ever possible, rays of light are taken to travel from left to right
2. Transverse distances measured above the principal axis are taken to be positive while those below
it negative
3. Longitudinal distances are measured from optical centre and are taken to be positive if in the direction
of light propagation and negative if opposite to it.e.g., according to our convention in case of a:

while using the sign convention it must be kept in mind that:

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Ray diagrams

Formula for thin lens (Len’s maker’s formula)

1  1 1 
∴ = (n − 1)  −  − (4) and it is known as Len’s maker’s formula from (4 ) and (3)
f  R1 R 2 
1 1 1
= −
f v u
This is known as the Lens formula or the law of distances for a lens
Power of a lens
1 100 100
It is the reciprocal of focal length. P = and and is measured in dioptre (D).
f (m) f (cm) f (cm)

Power is positive for the converging lens and negative for diverging lens.

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QUESTIONS 6. The focal length of a concave mirror is f and

the distance from the object to the principal
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK] focus is x. The ratio of the size of the image
1. Two vertical plane mirrors are inclined at an to the size of the object is
angle of 60o with each other. A ray of light f +x f
1) 2)
travelling horizontally is reflected first from f x
one mirror and then from the other. The
resultant deviation is
2
f f 
1) 60
o
2) 80 o
3) 4)  
x x
3) 180o 4) 240o
7. A convex mirror of focal length 10 cm is placed
2. A man runs towards a mirror at a speed of 10 in water. The refractive index of water is 4/3.
ms-1. The speed of the image with respect to What will be the focal length of the mirror in
the man is: water
1) 20 ms-1 2) 10 ms-1 1) 10 cm

3) 5 ms-1 4) 30 ms-1 2) 40/3 cm

3) 30/4 cm
3. A ray reflected successively from two plane
mirrors inclined at a certain angle undergoes 4) None of these
a deviation of 300o. The number of images 8. An object 5 cm tall is placed 1 m from a
observable are concave spherical mirror which has a radius
1) 10 2) 11 of curvature of 20 cm. The size of the image
is
3) 12 4) 13
1) 0.11 cm 2) 0.50 cm
4. A convex mirror of focal length f forms an
image which is 1/n times the object. The 3) 0.55 cm 4) 0.60 cm
distance of the object from the mirror is 9. A plane mirror makes an angle of 30o with
n −1  horizontal. If a vertical ray strikes the mirror,
1) (n – 1) f 2)  f find the angle between mirror and reflected
 n  ray
1) 30o 2) 45o
n +1 
3)  f 4) (n + 1) f
 n  3) 60o 4) 90o
10. An object of length 2.5 cm is placed at a
5. An object is placed in front of a convex distance of 1.5 f from a concave mirror
mirror of focal length f. Find the maximum where f is the magnitude of the focal length
and minimum distance of an object from the of the mirror. The length of the object is
mirror such that the image formed is real and perpendicular to the principle axis. The length
magnified of the image is
1) 2f and infinity 1) 5 cm, erect
2) f and 2f 2) 10 cm, erect
3) f and zero 3) 15 cm, erect

4) None of these 4) 5 cm, inverted

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11. A candle flame 3 cm is placed at distance of 15. A fish in water looks at a bird vertically above
3 m from a wall. How far from wall must a in the air. If y is the height of the bird and x is
concave mirror be placed in order that it may the depth of the fish from the surface, then
form an image of flame 9 cm high on the wall the distance of the bird as estimated by the
fish is[Let µ is the refractive index of water]
1) 225 cm 2) 300 cm

3) 450 cm 4) 650 cm  1  1
1) x + y  1 +  2) x + y  1 − 
12. A thin rod of length f / 3 lies along the axis of  µ  µ
a concave mirror of focal length f. One end
of its magnified image touches an end of the  1
3) y + x 1 −  4) x + ry
rod. The length of the image is  µ

1 16. A point source of light is placed 4m below the

1) f 2) f
2 surface of water of refractive index 5/3. The
minimum diameter of a disc which should be
1 placed over the source on the surface of water
3) 2 f 4) f
4 to cut off all light coming out of water is

13. A beam of monochromatic blue light of 1) 2m 2) 6m

wavelength 4200 A0 in air travels in water 3) 4m 4) 3m
 4
 µ =  . Its wavelength in water will be 17. A ray of light passes through four transparent
 3
media with refractive indices µ1 , µ 2 , µ3 and
1) 2800 A0 2) 5600 A0
µ 4 as shown in the figure. The surfaces of
3) 3150 A0 4) 4000 A0

14. A vessel of depth 2d cm is half filled with a all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD
is parallel to the incident ray AB, we must
liquid of refractive index µ1 and the upper half have

with a liquid of refractive index µ 2 . The

apparent depth of the vessel seen

perpendicularly is

 µ1µ 2  1 1 
1) d   2) d  + 
 µ1 + µ 2   1 µ2 
µ
1) µ1 =µ 2 2) µ 2 =µ3

1 1   1 
3) 2d  +  4) 2d  
 µ1 µ 2   µ1µ 2  3) µ3 =µ 4 4) µ 4 =µ1

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18. The ratio of thickness of plates of two 23. A plano convex lens fits into exactly in to a
transparent mediums A and B is 6 : 4. If light plano-concave lens. Their plane surfaces are
takes equal time in passing through them, parallel to each other. If lenses are made of
then refractive index of B with respect to A
different materials of refractive indices
will be
µ1 and µ 2 and R is the radius of curvature of
1) 1.4 2) 1.5
3) 1.75 4) 1.33 the curved surface of the lenses, then the
focal length of combination is
19. A rectangular slab of refractive index µ is
2R R
1) 2)
(µ 2 − µ1 ) 2 (µ 2 + µ1 )
placed over another slab of refractive index
3, both slabs being identical in dimensions. If
R R
a coin is placed below the lower slab, for what 3) 4)
value of µ will the coin appear to be placed 2 (µ1 − µ 2 ) (µ1 − µ 2 )

at the interface between the slabs when 24. A thin lens focal length f1 and its aperture has
viewed from the top diameter d. It forms an image of intensity I.
1) 1.8 2) 2 Now the central part of the aperture upto
3) 1.5 4) 2.5
diameter d/2 is blocked by an opaque paper.
20. When light rays are incident on a prism at an The focal length and image intensity will
angle of 45 , the minimum deviation is
o change to
obtained. If refractive index of the material of f I I
prism is 2 , then the angle of prism will be 1) and 2) f and
2 2 4
1) 30o 2) 40o
3) 50o 4) 60o 3f I 3I
3) and 4) f and
21. A prism ( µ =1.5 ) has the refracting angle of 4 2 4

30o. The deviation of a monochromatic ray 25. Figure given below shows a beam of light
incident normally on its one surface will be
converging at point P. When a concave lens
0
(sin 48 36 ' = 0.75)
of focal length 16 cm is introduced in the path
1) 18 36’
o
2) 20 30’
o
of the beam at a place O shown by dotted line,
3) 18
o
4) 22o 1’
the beam converges at a distance x from the
22. Flint glass prism is joined by a crown glass lens. The value x will be equal to
prism to produce dispersion without deviation.
The refractive indices of these for mean rays
are 1.600 and 1.500 respectively. Angle of
prism of flint prism is 10o, then the angle of
prism for crown prism will be

1) 8o 2) 11o 1) 12 cm 2) 24 cm
3) 15o 4) 12o 3) 36 cm 4) 48 cm

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26. A combination of two thin lenses with focal 31. The magnifying power of telescope is high if
lengths f 1 and f 2 respectively forms an 1) Both objective and eye-piece have short
image of distant object at distance 60 cm focal length.
when lenses are in contact. The position
2) Both objective and eye piece have long
of this image shifts by 30 cm towards the
focal length.
combination when two lenses are separated
by 10 cm. The corresponding values of f1 and 3) The objective has long focal length and
f2 are eye piece has short focal length.
1) 30 cm, – 60 cm 2) 20 cm, – 30 cm 4) The objective has short focal length and
3) 15 cm, – 20 cm 4) 12 cm, – 15 cm eye piece has long focal length.
27. A thin double convex lens has radii of LEVEL II
curvature each of magnitude 40 cm and is 1. An object is placed at a distance of 20cm from
made of glass with refractive index 1.65. Its a convex mirror of radius of curvature 0.5 m.
focal length is nearly Which of the following statements are correct.
1) 20 cm 2) 31 cm a) image formed is real and inverted
3) 35 cm 4) 50 cm b) the image formed is virtual and erect
28. A convex lens produces a real image m c) image formed is at 100cm behind the mirror
times the size of the object. What will be the d) image formed is at 11.1cm behind the mirror
distance of the object from the lens e) image is 0.55 time the size of the object

1) (a) only
 m +1 
1)  f 2) (m − 1) f 2) both (b) and (c)
 m 
3) (a), (d) and (e)
4) (b), (d) and (e)
 m −1  m +1
3)  f 4) 2. A beam of light converges towards a point O
 m  f
behind a convex mirror of focal length 20cm.
29. In a compound microscope, the focal lengths The position and the magnification of the
of two lenses are 1.5 cm and 6.25 cm an images are if (1) the point O is 10cm behind
object is placed at 2 cm form objective and the mirror and (2) the point. O is 30 cm behind
the final image is formed at 25 cm from eye the mirror
lens. The distance between the two lenses is 1) (1) 10 cm in front of the mirror and m=2
1) 6.00 cm 2) 7.75 cm (2) 30 cm in front of the mirror and m=-3
3) 9.25 cm 4) 11.00 cm
2) (1) 20 cm in front of the mirror and m=3
30. A compound microscope has a magnifying
(2) 40 cm behind the mirror and m=-2
power 30. The focal length of its eye-piece is 5
cm. Assuming the final image to be at the least 3) (1) 20 cm in front of the mirror and m=2
distance of distinct vision. The magnification (2) 60 cm behind of the mirror and m=-2
produced by the objective will be
4) (1) 20 cm in front of the mirror and m=-2
1) +5 2) – 5
(2) 60 cm behind the mirror and m =2
3) +6 4) – 6

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3. In a convex mirror if x1 and x2 are the distances 8. A fish rising vertically to the surface of water in
of object and its image respectively from its a lake uniformly at the rate of 3ms–1 observe a
focus, then the focal length of the mirror is bird diving vertically towards water at the rate
(x1 + x 2 ) of 9ms–1 vertically above it. If the refractive
1) x1x2 2) index of water is 4/3, the actual velocity of
2 dive of the bird is

x1 x 2 x1 x 2 1) 4.5ms–1 2) 6 ms–1
3) 4)
( x1 + x 2 ) 3) 9ms–1 4) 12ms–1
4. A concave mirror of focal length f produces
9. A ray of light in a denser medium strikes a rarer
an image n times the size of the object. If the
medium at an angle of incidence i, the angle
image is real, the distance of the object from
of reflection and refraction are respectively r
the mirror is
and r1. If the reflected and refracted rays are
(n − 1) f at right angles to each other, the critical angle
1) ( n − 1) f 2) for the given pair of media is
n
1) sin-1 (tan r) 2) tan-1 (Sin r)
3) (n + 1)f 4) (n + 1)f
3) sin-1 (tan r1) 4) sin-1 (cot r)
n
10. The angle of a prism is ‘A’. One of its refracting
5. A thin rod of length f/3 is placed along the surfaces is silvered. Light rays falling at an
principal axis of a concave mirror of focal angle of incidence 2A on the first surface
length f, such that its image which is real returns back through the same path after
and elongated, just touches the rod. The suffering reflection at the silvered surface.
magnification is The refractive index µ , of the prism is
1) 4/3 2) 3/2 1
1) cos A 2) tan A
3) 5/2 4) 5/3 2
6. A point object is at a height x above the 3) 2 sin A 4) 2 cos A
surface of water of refractive index 4/3 in a
lake. A fish inside the lake observe the point 11. A glass prism of angle and refractive
object at a height 32 cm from the surface of index 1.7 is immersed in a liquid of refractive
water. The value of x is index 1.2. For parallel beam of incident light
passing through the prism, the angle of
1) 32 cm 2) 20 cm
minimum deviation is nearly
3) 24 cm 4) 36 cm 1) 300 2) 450
7. Light of wave length 6000A0 and yellow colour
3) 600 4) 900
4
enters from air to water of refractive index .
3 12. Refractive indices for water and glass are
The wave length and the colour of light in 4 5
and respectively. When light tends to go
water will be 3 3
from glass to water, the critical angle is
1) 4500 A0 and blue
2) 4500 A0 and yellow
1) sin ( 4 / 3) 2) sin ( 5 / 3)
−1 −1

3) 6000 A0 and red

3) sin ( 25 / 7 ) 4) sin ( 4 / 5 )
−1 −1
4) 4800 A0 and yellow

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13. In a compound microscope the focal length of 18. A thin prism P1 of refractive index 1.525 is
the two lenses are 2.5cm and 8.5 cm. If the combined with another thin prism of refractive
object is placed at 4cm from the objective index 1.70 and angle 30 for dispersion without
lens the final image is formed at 25.5 cm from deviation. The angle of the prism P1is
the eye lens. The distance between the two
1) 30 2) 40
lenses is nearly
0
3) 20 4) 2 30 '
1) 15.80 cm 2) 12.95 cm
3) 25.5 cm 4) 18.90 cm 19. Light from a point source in air falls on a
convex spherical glass surfaces of refractive
14. The magnifying power of a telescope is 9. index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20cm. If the
When it is adjusted for parallel rays the distance of the source of light from the glass
distance between the objective and eyepiece surface is 50cm, the distance of the image
is 20cm. The focal length of lenses are: form the surface will be
1) 200cm 2) 50cm
1) 10cm, 10cm 2) 15cm, 5cm
3) 18cm, 2cm 4) 11cm, 9cm 3) 300cm 4) 240cm
20. A plano-convex lens has a thickness 4cm.
15. Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal
length of the combination is 80 cm. If the focal When placed on a horizontal table with the
length of one of the lenses is 20 cm, the power curved surface in contact with it, the apparent
of the other lens will be depth of the bottom-most point of the lens is
found to be 3 cm. If the lens is inverted such
1) 1.66 D 2) − 3 D
80 that the plane face is in contact with the table,
the apparent depth of the centre of the plane
3) 80 D 4) –3.75D face of the lens is found to be
25
cm . The
3 8
LEVEL III focal length of the lens will be

16. A ray of light travelling in glass of reflective 1) 50cm 2) 75cm

index 3/2 is incident on a horizontal glass-air 3) 25cm 4) 12.5cm
surface at the critical angle C. If a thin layer
of water of refractive index 4/3 is now poured 21. How will the image formed by a convex lens
on the glass-air surface, the ray will emerge be affected if the upper half of the lens is
into air at the water-air interface at an angle wrapped with a black paper?

1) 600 2) 900
3) 450 4) 300
17. A ray of light passing through a prism of
refractive index 2 suffers minimum

deviation. It is found that the angle of

incidence is double the angle of refraction 1) The size of the image is reduced to one-half
inside the prism. The refracting angle of the
2) The upper half of the image will be absent
prism is
3) The brightness of the image is reduced
1) 0 2) 300
3) 600 4) 900 4) There will be no effect

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22. A thin symmetrical double convex lens of 25. Match the following Column-I gives number
power P is cut into three parts, as shown in of image formed, Column-II shows an
figure. Power of A is: arrangement and an objects
Column I Column II
A) Number of p)
images-3 O

600

B) Number of q) µ1
1) 2P images-5 µ2
µ3
O µ2
P µ1
2)
2 C) Number of r) µ1
images-2 µ2
P O
3)
3 µ1 µ3

4) P D) Number of s)
image-1 n1 n2
23. When an object is placed at a distance 0.5m O n1 n2

from a double convex lens a real inverted

image twice the size of the object is formed. t)

The focal length of the lens is

1) 3m
1) A-q, B-p, C-r, D-t 2) A-p, B-q, C-s, D-t
2) 1m 3) A-q, B-p, C-r, D-t 4) A-q, B-p, C-r, D-s,t
3) 1/2m Given below are two statements :
In the light of the statements, choose the most
4) 1/3m appropriate answer from the options given
below :
24. A divergent lens is placed in a cell filled with 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are
incorrect
a liquid of refractive index 1.6. The lens has a 2) Both Statement I and Statement II are
focal length of 10 cm when in air and is made correct
3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
of a material of refractive index 1.4. The focal
incorrect
length of the lens inside the liquid is 4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
correct
1) –32 cm 26. Statement I : Focal length of an
equiconvex lens placed in air
2) 32 cm is always equal to the radius
of curvature of either face.
3) –16 cm Statement II: For an equiconvex lens the
radius of curvature of both
4) 16 cm the surfaces is not same.

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27. Statement I : The frequencies of incident, Integer Type

reflected and refracted beam 29. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed
of monochromatic light in front of convex mirror with principal axis
incident from one medium to coinciding each other. The distance between
another are same. the lens and mirror is 10 cm. A point object
Statement II : The reflected and is placed on principal axis at a distance of
refracted rays are mutually 60 cm from the convex lens. The image
perpendicular. formed by combination coincides the object
28. Assertion : A double convex (µ =1.5)
itself. The focal length of the convex mirror is
has focallength 10 cm. When ____ cm
the lens is immersed in water
30. A light ray is incident, at an incident angle θ1 ,
(µ =4 / 3), its focal length
on the system of two plane mirrors M1 and M2
become 40 cm.
having an inclination angle 750 between them
1  µ g − µ a  1 1  (as shown in figure). After reflecting from
=
Reason :   − 
f  µa   R1 R 2  mirror M1 it gets reflected back by the mirror
1) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct M2 with an angle of reflection 300. The total
deviation of the ray will be _____ degree.
2) Both (A) and are not correct

3) Both (A) and (R) are correct (R) is the

correct explanation of (A)

4) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not

the correct explanation of (A)

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 4 7. 1 13. 3 19. 3 25. 4

2. 1 8. 3 14. 2 20. 4 26. 2
3. 2 9. 3 15. 4 21. 1 27. 2
4. 1 10. 4 16. 2 22. 4 28. 1
5. 4 11. 3 17. 4 23. 4 29. 4
6. 2 12. 2 18. 2 24. 4 30. 2
31. 3

LEVEL II

1. 4 4. 3 7. 2 10. 4 13. 2
2. 3 5. 2 8. 1 11. 1 14. 3
3. 3 6. 3 9. 1 12. 4 15. 4

LEVEL III

16. 2 19. 3 22. 4 25. 4 28. 2

17. 4 20. 2 23. 4 26. 1 29. 10
18. 2 21. 3 24. 2 27. 3 30. 210

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 Chapter

08 WAVE OPTICS

SYNOPSIS
1. Wave front Intensity Amplitude
1 1
a. Spherical Iα Aα
r2 r

1 1
b. Cylindrical Iα Aα
r 2

c. Plane I α r0 A α r0

2π
2. Relation between phase difference and path difference ∆φ
= ∆L
λ
3. Amplitude of the resultant wave
A= A12 + A 22 + 2A1A 2 cos φ

I α A2

2 2
ie I α A1 + A 2 + 2A1A 2 cos φ

I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos φ

(=I + I )
2
( A1 + A 2 )
2
I max 1 2
=
4.
( I− I) ( A1 − A 2 )
2 2
I min
1 2

2 φ
5. I = Imax cos
2

W1 I1 A12
6. = = ( W → slit width )
W2 I 2 A 22

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 LT-2025
CLASS (XI)(CLASS XII)
[NC 2026 PHYSICS
- BIOLOGY]

7. For constructive interference φ= 2nπ ( n= 0,1, 2,3...)

∆L = nλ ( n = 0,1, 2,3....)

8. For destructive interference =

φ ( 2n − 1) π (=
n 1, 2,3...)

λ
∆L= ( 2n − 1) ( n= 1, 2,3...)
2
9. In YDSE for constructive interference dsin θ = nλ (n = 0, 1, 2, 3...)

λ
and for destrutive interference dsin θ = (2n–1) ( n = 1, 2,3...)
2
Distance to the nth bright fringe from central maximum
nDλ Dλ
y nb
= = ( n 0,1, 2,3...) and to the nth dark fringe ynd = (2n – 1) ( n = 1, 2,3...)
d 2d

Dλ β λ
Fringe width, β = ; Angular fringe width θ= =
d D d

I max − I min 2 I1I 2

=
10. Fringe visibility V =
I max + I min I1 + I 2
11. nλ =a constant n1λ1 = n 2 λ 2

∆β λ
12. =
∆D d

1 β
13. If YDSE is performed in a medium β =
µ

14. If transparent sheet is introduced in the path of one of the two waves
D β
y=
0 ( µ − 1) t ; y=
0 ( λ − 1) t
d λ
15. Diffraction
Position of the secondary minimum a sin θ = nλ ( n = 1, 2,3...)

Position of the secondary maximum

λ λ x Dλ
a sin=
θ ( 2n − 1) ( n − 1, 2,3...) First sec. min 0= = i.e. x=
2 a D a

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 LT-2025
CLASS (CLASS
(XI) XII)- PHYSICS
[NC 2026 BIOLOGY]

2λ
Angular width of the central maximum 2θ =
a

2Dλ
=
Linear width of the central maximum 2x ( 2θ ) D
a
The first minimum for the diffraction pattern of circular aperture of diameter d is located by
1.22λ
sin θ =
d
17. Polarization
I0
Malu’s law (Cosine squared law) I2 = I1 cos2 θ I1 =
2
if θ = 90 (ie polaroids are crossed) I2 = 0 if θ = 0 I2 = I1
Brewsters law
nd 1
= tan θB ; tan θB=
nr sin c

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 LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 5. The necessary condition for an interference

by two sources of light is that:
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK]
1) two point sources should have same
1. Count the number of correct statements: amplitude and wavelength
i. According to Newton’s Corpuscular theory, 2) two sources must be coherent
the speed of light is lesser in denser medium
3) amplitude must be equal
ii. α − ray, β − ray and γ − ray generates a
plane wavefront 4) two sources must be point sources
iii. Origin of spectra can be explained by 6. The following sources are coherent light
Huygen’s construction of wavefront sources:
iv. From a line of source, if amplitude of wave 1) Two mercury lamps of same wattage
at a distance r is A, then amplitude of distance
2r is A/2 2) two sodium lamps of same wattage
v. The frequencies of incident, reflected 3) two flourescent lamps of the same
and refracted beam of monochromatic light wavelength and same power
passing from one medium to another are the
same 4) two phase locked He-Ne lasers

1) 1 2) 3 7. Interference of light waves from two coherent

sources is possible for:
3) 4 4) 5
2. Ratio of intensities of two waves is given by 1) unpolarised light waves only
4 : 1. The ratio of the amplitudes of the waves 2) polarised light waves only if their polarisation
is: is in the same direction
1) 1 : 1 2) 2 : 1
3) polarised light waves only if their polarisation
3) 4 : 1 4) 1 : 4 is in the opposite direction
3. Two coherent monochromatic light beams 4) Both 1 and 2
of intensities I and 4I are superposed; the
maximum and minimum possible intensities 8. In YDSE, the angular width of a fringe formed
in the resulting beam are: on a distant screen is 1o. The wavelength of
light used is 6000Ao. The spacing between the
1) 5I and I 2) 5I and 3I slits is approximately:
3) 9I and I 4) 9I and 3I
1) 1 mm 2) 0.05 mm
1
4. In a YDSE intensity at a point is th of 3) 0.03 mm 4) 0.01 mm
4
maximum intensity. Angular position of this 9. Bichromatic light is used in YDSE having
point is: wavelengths λ1 =400nm and λ 2 =700nm .

−1 λ −1  λ  Find the minimum order of λ1 which overlaps

1) sin   2) sin  
d  2d  with λ 2 .
1) 7 2) 4
−1  λ  −1  λ 
3) sin   4) sin  
 3d   4d  3) 14 4) 8

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

10. Which of the following statements are correct 14. In YDSE, the two slits are separated by 0.1
about YDSE? mm and they are 0.5m from the screen. The
i) Water is filled in the space between the slits wavelength of light used is 5000A o. The
and the screen, then fringe width decreases distance between the 7th maxima and 11th
and fringe pattern shifts upwards minima on the screen is:
ii) One of the slits is painted over, so that it 1) 8.75 mm 2) 6.75 mm
transmits only light waves having intensity half
3) 4 mm 4) 2 mm
of the intensity of light waves through other
slit, as a result of this dark fringe get brighter 15. The interference fringes for sodium light
and bright fringes get darker.  o

 λ =5890 A  in double slit experiment have
iii) If monochromatic light is replaced by white  
light, fringe closest to central bright fringe is
violet. an angular width of 0.2o. For what wavelength
iv) One slit is covered by red filter and other will the width be 10% greater?
is covered by green filter, coloured fringes are
observed on the screen. 1) 5479Ao 2) 6479Ao
v) If a beam of electron is used in YDSE and 3) 3479Ao 4) 4479Ao
velocity of electron is increased, fringe width 16. Two coherent sources of intensity 1 : 4
decreases produce an interference pattern. The fringe
1) ii, v 2) only v visibility will be:
3) i, ii, iii, iv, v 4) ii, iii 1) 1 2) 0.8
11. The maximum number of possible interference
3) 0.6 4) 0.4
maxima for slit separation equal to twice the
wavelength in YDSE, is: 17. The angular fringe width of fringes formed
1) infinite 2) five with sodium light of wavelength 5890Ao is
0.2o. If the whole arrangement is immersed
3) three 4) zero
in water, then the angular width of the fringes
12. The distance between the first dark and bright will become:
band formed in YDSE with band width B is:
1) 0.11o 2) 0.15o
1) B 4 2) B
3) 0.22o 4) 0.1o
18. A laser beam is used for carrying out surgery
3) B 2 4) 3B 2 because
1) is highly monochromatic

 o
 2) is highly coherent
13. In YDSE, using red light  λ =6600 A  , 60
  3) is highly directional
4) can be sharply focussed
fringes are seen in the field of view. How many
19. What causes changes in the colours of the
fringes will be seen by using violet light
soap or oil films for the given beam of ligtht?
 o

 λ =4400 A . 1) angle of incidence
 
2) angle of reflection
1) 10 2) 20
3) 45 4) 90 3) thickness of film
4) polarisation

128
 LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

20. The diffraction effect can be observed in 25. Ray optics is valid if
1) only sound waves 1) characteristic dimension is much greater
than wavelength of light is used
2) sound as well as light waves
2) characteristic dimension is much less than
3) only light waves
wavelength of light used
4) only ultrasonic waves
3) characteristic dimension is independent of
21. Yellow light is used in single slit diffraction diffraction
experiment with slit width 0.6mm. If yellow
4) nothing can be said
light is replaced by X-rays, then the pattern
will reveal: 26. Light of wavelength λ is incident on a slit of
1) that the central maximum is narrower
width d and distance between screen and slit
2) no diffraction pattern is D. Then width of maxima and width of slit
3) more number of fringes will be equal, if D is equal to:

4) less number of fringes d2 d2

1) 2)
22. Condition for diffraction is
2λ λ

1) a λ = 1 2) a λ >> 1
2d 2 d2
3) 4)
λ 4λ
3) λ a >> 1 4) a λ << 1
27. The Brewster’s angle for the glass-air interface
is 54.74o. If a ray of light going from air to glass
23. To obtain 5 maxima of the double slit pattern strikes at an angle of incidence 45o, then the
within the central maximum of single slit angle of refraction is
pattern, the width of slit has to be o
(Given tan 54.74 = 2 )
(Given λ =600nm, D=1m, d=1mm) 1)
1) 60o 2) 35o
0.1 mm 2) 0.2 mm 3) 30o 4) 54.74o
3) 0.3mm 4) 0.4mm 28. A ray of light is incident at polarising angle
24. In a Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit of such that its deviation is 24o, then angle of
width d with incident light of wavelength incidence is
5500Ao, the first minima is observed at an 1) 24o 2) 57o
angle 30o. The first secondary maxima is
observed at an angle θ equals 3) 66o 4) 33o

 1  1 29. Two polaroids are crossed to each other. If

−1 −1
1) sin   2) sin   one of them is rotated through 60o, then what
 2 4 percentage of the incident unpolarised light
will be transmitted by the polaroids?

−1 3 −1
 3 1) 25% 2) 37.5%
3) sin   4) sin  
4  2  3) 50% 4) 75%

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LT-2025 (CLASS XII) PHYSICS

30. When unpolarised light is incident on a plane 4

glass plate at Brewster’s angle, then which of 34. The refractive index of water is and
3
the following statement is correct? 3
refractive index of glass is . A ray of light is
1) Reflected and refracted rays are completely 2
polarised with their planes of polarisation travelling from water to glass, then for what
parallel to each other. angle of incidence, will the reflected light be
plane polarised?
2) Reflected and refracted rays are completely
polarised with their planes of polarisation  tan 48o 26' = 1.125
perpendicular to each other
o
3) Reflected light is plane polarised but 1) 41 34 ' 2) 90o
transmitted light is partially polarised o o
3) 48 26 ' 4) 34 48'
4) Reflected light is partially polarised but
LEVEL - II
refracted light is plane polarised
1. Light waves travel in vaccum along the X-axis.
31. When a plane polarised light is passed Then the wave front is :
through an analyser and analyser is rotated
through 360o, the intensity of emergent light 1) X=constant 2) Y=constant
3) Z=constant 4) X+Y+Z = constant
1) becomes twice maximum and twice
minimum 2. If the distance between a point source and
screen is doubled then intensity of light on
2) doesnot vary the screen will become
3) becomes zero 1) Four times 2) Double

4) varies from maximum to zero 3) Half 4) One-fourth

3. In Young Double slit experiment, the two slits
32. Two coherent sources whose intensity ratio
acts as coherent sources of same intensity I0
9: 16 produce interference fringes. The ratio
of maximum intensity to minimum intensity in and wave length λ . In another experiment
fringe system is:
with the same setup they act as incoherent.
1) 1 : 49 2) 49 : 1 The ratio of intensity of light at the midpoint
of the screen in the first case to second case
3) 3 : 4 4) 4 : 3 is
33. Light of wavelength 600nm is incident on 1) 3:1 2) 4:3
an aperture of size 2mm. The distance upto 3) 2:1 4) 5:1
which the ray of light can travel such that its
spread is less than the size of the aperture is: 4. In Youngs Double slit Experiment wavelength
of 500 nm, d = 1mm and D=1 m is arranged,
1) 6.67 m The minimum distance from the central
maxima for which the intensity is half of the
2) 6.67 cm maximum intensity
3) 0.667 m −4
1) 2 × 10 m
−1
2) 1.25 × 10 m
4) 0.667 cm −4
3) 4 × 10 m
−4
4) 2.5 × 10 m

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5. In young’s double slit experiment, distance 10. In YDSE, the fringes are displaced by a
between two sources is 0.1 mm. The distance Y when a glass plate of refractive
distance of screen from the sources is 20 index 1.5 is introduced in the path of one of
cm. Wavelength of light used is 5460A0. Then the interfering beams. If this plate is replaced
angular position of the first dark fringe is by another plate of the same thickness but
of refractive index 1.75, the fringes will be
1) 0.080 2) 0.160
displaced by
3) 0.200 4) 0.3130
2Y
6. A light of wavelength 5890 A0 falls normally on 1)
3
a thin air film. The minimum thickness of the
film such that the film appears dark in reflected
light 7Y
2)
−7
1) 2.945 × 10 m
−7
2) 3.945 × 10 m 6

−7 −7 3Y
3) 4.95 × 10 m 4) 4.945 × 10 m 3)
2
7. What happens to the fringe patten when the
Young’s double slit experiment is performed 6Y
in water instead or air then fringe width 4)
7
1) Shrinks 2) Disappear
3) Unchanged 4) Enlarged 11. Figure shows a standard two slit arrangement
8. In Young’s double slit experiment, the aperture with slits, S1, S2, P1 and P2 are the two minima
screen distance is 2m. The fringe width is pointson either side of P. At P2 on the screen,
1mm. Light of 600 nm is used. If a thin plate there is a hole and behind P2 is a second
of glass (mu = 1.5) of thickness 0.06 mm is 2-slit arrangement with slits S3 and S4 , and a
placed over one of the slits, then there will be second screen is behind them.
a lateral displacement of the fringes by
1) 0 cm 2) 5 cm
3) 10 cm 4) 15 cm
9. If two coherent sources are placed at a
distance 3λ from each other, symmetric to

the centre of the circle shown in figure

( R >> λ ) , then number of bright fringes
shown on the screen placed along the
circumference is
1) There would be no interference pattern on
the second screen but it would be lighted.
2) The second screen would be totally dark
3) There would be a single bright point on the
second screen
1) 16 2) 12 4) There would be a regular two slit pattern
3) 8 4) 4 on the second screen

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12. Two coherent narrow slits emittin light of 14. A parallel beam of monochromatic light of
wavelength λ in the same phase are placed wavelength 450 nm passes through a slit of
width 0.2 mm. Then the angular divergence
parallel to each other at a small separation of in which most of the light diffracted is :
2λ . The light is collected on a screen S which −3
1) 2.25 × 10 rad
−3
2) 9 × 10 rad

is placed at a distance D ( >> λ ) from the slit 3) 0.125o 4) 0.25o

15. In a Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit
S1 as shown in figure. The finite distance x of width d with incident light of wavelength
such that the intensity at P is equal to intensity
, the first minima is observed at an
at O is :
angle 300. The first secondary maxima is
observed at an angle equals.
−1  1  −1 1
1) sin   2) sin  
 2 4

−1 3 −1
 3
3) sin   4) sin  
4  4 
D
1) X = D 2) X = LEVEL - III
3
16. A single slit is located effectively at infinity
infront of a lens of focal length 1 m and it is
3 illuminated normally with light of wavelength
3) 3D 4) 600 nm. The first minimum on either side of
D
the central maximum are separated by 4 mm
13. A monochromatic light of wavelength is the width of the slit is (in mm)
incident at an angle α with the normal to a
1) 0.1 2) 0.2
plane containing two slits of separation ‘d’. 3) 0.3 4) 0.4
Find the minimum value of α so that a minima
17. Direction of the first secondary maximum in
the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern at a single
is formed at the centre of the screen.
slit is given by (a is the width of the slit)
λ 3λ
1) a sin θ = 2) a sin θ =
2 2
λ
3) a sin θ = λ 4) a cos θ =
2
18. A beam of light of wavelength 600nm from
a distant source falls on a single slit 0.1mm
wide and there sulting diffraction pattern is
observed on a screen 2m away. The distance
−1 λ −1  λ 
1) cos   2) cos   between first dark fringeson either side of
d  2d  central bright fringe is
1) 1.2 cm 2) 1.2 mm
−1  λ  −1  λ 
3) cos   4) sin   3) 2.4 cm 4) 2.4 mm
 4d   2d 

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19. At the first minimum adjacent to the central Numerical type

maximum of a single slit diffraction pattern
the phase difference between the Huygen’s 25. Two slits are separated by 0.320 m. A beam
wavelet from the edge of the slit and the of 500 nm light strikes the slites producing an
wavelet from the mid point of the slit is interference pattern determine the no of
π π maxima observed in the angular range
1) 2) −30o < θ < 30o
8 4
π 26. A thin paper of thickness 0.02 mm having a
3) 4) π
2 refractive index 1.45 is pasted across one of
20. The Brewster’s angle for the glass-air the slits in YDSE. How many fringes will cross
interface is 54.740.If a ray of light going from through the centre if an identical paper piece
air to glass strikesat an angle of incident 450, is pasted on the other slit also wavelength of
then the angle of refraction is light used is 600 nm.
o
(Given tan 54.74 = 2 )
Assertion-Reason
1) 600 2) 350
3) 300 4) 54.740 1) If both Assertion and Reason are true and
21. Two polaroids are crossed to each other. If the Reason is the correct explanation of the
one of them is rotated through 600, then what Assertion
percentage of the incident unpolarised light
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true and
will be transmitted by the polaroids?
the Reason is no the correct explanation of
1) 25% 2) 37.5% the assertion
3) 50% 4) 75%
3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
22. Unpolarized light of intensity 32 Wm -2
passes through three polarizers such that 4) If Assertion and Reason both are false
transmission axis of the first and second
polarizer makes an angle 300 with each other 5) If Assertion is false but reason is true
and the transmission axis of the last polarizer
is crossed with that of the first. The intensity 27. Assertion : Thin film such as soap bubble
of final emerging light will be or a thin layer of oil on water
1) 32 Wm-2 2) 3 Wm-2 show beautiful colours when
illuminated by white light.
3) 8 Wm-2 4) 4 Wm-2
23. Two plaroids are crossed to each other. If Reason : It happens due to the
one of them is rotated through 600, then what interference of light reflected
percentage of the incident unpolarised light from upper and lower face of
will be transmitted by the polaroids? the thin film.
1) 1.25% 2) 37.5%
28. Assertion : Diffraction takes place for all
3) 50% 4) 75% types of waves mechanical or
24. Suppose θ is the polarising angle for a non mechanical, transverse
or longitudinal
transparent medium and V is the speed of
light in that medium, then Reason : Diffraction’s effect are
1) θ = tan
−1
( C)
V 2) θ =cot
−1
( C)
V perceptible only if wavelength
of wave is comparable to
dimensions of diffracting
3) θ =sin V C
−1
( ) 4) θ =cos V C
−1
( ) device.

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ANSWER KEY
LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 1 10. 1 19. 3 28. 2

2. 2 11. 2 20. 2 29. 2
3. 3 12. 3 21. 2 30. 3
4. 3 13. 4 22. 2 31. 1
5. 2 14. 1 23. 4 32. 2
6. 4 15. 2 24. 3 33. 1
7. 4 16. 2 25. 1 34. 3
8. 3 17. 2 26. 2
9. 1 18. 3 27. 3
LEVEL II
1. 1 5. 4 9. 2 13 4
2. 4 6. 1 10. 3 14. 1
3. 3 7. 1 11. 4 15. 3
4. 2 8. 2 12. 3
LEVEL III
16. 3 20. 3 23. 1 26. 15
17. 2 21. 1 24. 2 27. 1
18. 3 22. 2 25. 599 28. 2
19. 4

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 Chapter
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER
09 AND RADIATION

SYNOPSIS
Introduction
At normal conditions most of the gases do not conduct electricity. However, it can be made conducting
by (i) applying a very high voltage (ii) by reducing the pressure of the gas to a very low value, or
(iii) by irradiating the gas with certain radiations such as γ -rays, x-rays, u-v rays etc. The process

of splitting up gas molecule into +ve and –ve ions is called ionisation. If the ionisation is taking
place in a tube having +ve and –ve electrodes the arrangement is called a discharge tube. Then
+ve and –ve ions move in opposite directions constituting an electric current called ionisation
current. The flow of electric current through gases is called discharge of electricity through gases.
The experiments with discharge tubes led to the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen in 1895 and
cathode rays (electron) by J.J Thomson in 1897.
Electrons and Photons
Experimental studies on conduction of electricity through gases at low pressures led to the discovery
of electrons by J. J. Thomson.
c 
1. The specific charge  value  of the electron is determined by Thomson as 1.76 ×1011 C/kg
m 
2. The charge of the electron is determined by Millikan as 1.602 × 10-19 C
3. The mass of the electron is then calculated as 9.11 × 10-31 kg
4. The electron is the integral part of all constituents of matter in all forms and the charge carried
by it is considered as the basic unit charge
According to Planck’s quantum theory, light consists of tiny packets of energy called quanta or
photons of energy h υ and momentum h/ λ .

Electron Emission
Free electrons in the metals are responsible for their electrical conductivity. But, the free electrons
normally, can not escape from the metal. A certain energy is required for the emission of electron.
The minimum energy required to escape an electron from a metal surface is called the work
function φ0 of that metal, and is expressed in eV (electron volt)

[One eV is the KE acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through a p.d of 1 volt ie,
1eV = 1.602 × 10-19C × 1V = 1.602 × 10-19J].
Metal φ0 in eV Metal φ0 in eV

Cs 2.14 Al 4.25
K 2.30 Cu 4.65
Na 2.75 Ag 4.75
Ca 3.20 Ni 5.15
Pb 4.25 Pt 5.65

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The minimum energy required for the electron emission can be supplied by one of the following
methods (i) By heating (thermionic emission) (ii) By applying very strong electric field of the order
of 108 V m-1 (field emission) (iii) By irradiating the surface with light rays of suitable frequencies
(Photoelectric emission)
Photoelectric Emission : Discovered by Hertz. The phenomenon of emission of electrons from the
surface of the metals when irradiated with radiation( γ rays, X-rays, U.V rays or visible rays) of

suitable frequency is called Photoelectric emission.

Experimental Study

The minimum negative potential V0 given to the anode for which the photo current stops or becomes
zero is called the cut-off or stoping potential. At this conditions, the maximum KE of the emitted
1
electron mv 2max = eV0
2
Effect of intensity of light

Photoelectric current i or number of photoelectrons emitted is directly proportional to intensity of

light.
Effect of p.d between A and B

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1. Saturation current value increases with intensity I of incident light

2. Cut-off potential V0 is independent of intensity
Effect of Frequency

1. Saturation current is same for all frequencies when intensity remains constant
2. Below saturation value photoelectric current depends on frequency - the higher the frequency
the larger the current.
3. Stopping potential is different for different frequencies - the higher the frequency the greater (-ve
value) the stopping potential.
Frequency and stopping potential

The graph with stopping potential against frequency is a straight line for all metals. These lines are
h
parallel and are having same slope (h is Planck’s constant and e is the charge of electron).
e
Frequency υ0 is called the threshold frequency the minimum frequency for photo electric emission.

Einstein’s Equation
The electron absorbs the entire energy of only one photon. Part of this is used as work function
( φ0 = hυ0 ) and the rest remains as KE.

1
Then mv 2max = hυ − hυ0
2

1
Also mv 2max= h ( υ − υ0 =
) eV0
2

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Discussion
1. Velocity and hence KE of photoelectrons depends on the frequency υ of incident lights.
2. If υ ≤ υ0 there is no emission of photoelectrons

3. When intensity of light increases number of photoelectrons emitted increases and hence
photoelectric current increases
4. When frequency of light increases stopping potential increases (-ve value).
1
5. If V0 is the stopping potential, mv 2max = eV0 = hυ − hυ0
2

h h
V0= υ − υ0
e e

h
is the slope of the graph between V0 and υ
e
Photocell : is a device used to convert light energy to electrical energy. There are three types of
photocells. Viz (i) photo emissive cell (ii) photo voltaic cell and (iii) photo conductive cell.
Photo emissive cell

It consists of a glass tube containing a cathode C and anode A. When light incident on C
photoelectrons are emitted and are collected by A producing a current in the circuit. The change
in intensity of light produces corresponding change in photoelectric current in the circuit.
Photocells are used in burglar alarms, automatic switching arrangements, reproduction of sound
in cinemas, automatic counting devices etc.
Particle nature of Radiation - According to Planck, light consists of tiny packets of energy called
h h h
quanta or photons of energy value hυ and momentum P mc
. Momentum of photon = = or =
λ
λ λ mc
λ is the attribute of a wave while mc is an attribute of particle. This shows the dual nature of

radiation.
1) Interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles called
photons.

2) Each photn has energy E (= hυ ) and momentum p = hυ c ( ) and speed C, the speed of light.
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3) All the photons of a particular frequency υ of wavelengths λ have the same energy

(
E = hυ = hc )  hυ h 
p= =
λ and the same momentum  c λ  . Photon energy is independent of intensity

of radiation.
4) Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
5) Frequency of photon gives the radiation,a definite energy (or colour) which doesn’t change.
When photons travel through different media.
6) Velocity of the photon in different media is different ( due to change in its wavelength)
7) The rest mass of a photon is zero
8) In a photon-particle collision, the energy and momentum are conserved. However the number
of photons may not be conserved in a collision.
Wave nature of particle
From the particle nature of radiation, Louis de Broglie, argued that what is true for radiation must
be true for particles also. ie, for a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v a wave must be
associated with it. This wave is called de Broglie wave or matter wave. The wave length of de
h
Broglie wave, λ =
mv
de Broglie wavelength of an accelerated electron
2cV
Velocity of electron accelerated through a p.d of V volts. v =
m

h h 12.27 o
de Broglie wavelength of the electrons =
λ = = A
mv 2mcV V
o
For V = 100 volts, λ =1.227A
This was verified by Davisson and Germer.
It is not possible to measure both the position and momentum of an electron at the sametime
exactly. ∆x∆p ≈ h .

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QUESTIONS 7. The photoelectric effect is based up on

conservation of
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK]
1) momentum
1. The specific charge of a proton is
2) mass
9.6 ×107 C / kg . The specific charge of an
3) energy
alpha particle will be 4) angulur momentum
7 7
1) 9.6 × 10 C / kg 2) 19.2 × 10 C / kg 8. In photoelectric effect, the number of
7 7 photoelectrons emitted is proportional to
3) 4.8 × 10 C / kg 4) 2.4 × 10 C / kg
1) intensity of incident beam
2. Cathode rays are
2) frequency of incident beam
1) Streams of positive ions
2) Streams of negatively charged particles 3) velocity of incident beam

3) Streams of nuclei 4) work function of photocathode

4) Streams of neutron 9. A metal work function 3.3 eV is illuminated by

light of wavelength 300 nm. The maximum
3. Millikan’s experiment established that K.E. of photoelectron emitted is
1) electric charge is conservative in nature −34
(taking h = 6.6 × 10 Js )
2) electric charge is additive in nature
1) 0.413 eV 2) 0.825 eV
3) electric charge is quantised in nature
3) 1.65 eV 4) 1.32 eV
4) electric charge is transferable in nature
10. The kinetic energy of electron is E when light
4. Work function is has wavelength λ . To increase kinetic energy
1) maximum possible energy required by an
electron to 2E, the incident light must have wavelength
2) energy of electrons in valence shell hc hcλ
1) 2)
3) minimum energy required by an electron Eλ − hc Eλ + hc
to move out of metal surface
4) maximum energy which is given to electron hλ hcλ
3) 4)
to move it out of metal surface Eλ + hc Eλ − hc
5. Work function value is 11. Photon of energy 4.2 eV is incident on a metal
1) same for all electrons of work function 2eV. Maximum kinetic energy
of photoelectron ejected:
2) diffefent for all electrons
1) 2 eV 2) 2.2 eV
3) decreased after emission of few electrons
3) 2.4 eV 4) 2.6 eV
4) increased after emission of few electrons
12. The stopping potential in an experiment
6. Wave theory of light could not explain
on a photoelectric effect is 1.5V. What is
1) interference the maximum kinetic energy of the photo
electrons emitted
2) diffraction
1) 2eV 2) 3eV
3) reflection
3) 1.5eV 4) 1eV
4) photo electric effect

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13. Experiment study of photoelectric effect 19. Frequency of photons having energy of 66eV
shows that is
1) Photocurrent α intensity of light −15 −15
1) 8 × 10 Hz 2) 12 × 10 Hz
2) Saturation current α intensity of light
15 −15
3) Photoemission occurs only at frequency 3) 16 × 10 Hz 4) 20 × 10 Hz
greater than theshold frequency 20. The energy of photon of light of wavelength
4) All of the above are correct 450nm is
14. In the photoelectric experiment, if both the −10 −19
1) 4.4 × 10 J 2) 2.5 × 10 J
intensity and frequency f incident light are
doubled, the saturation photoelectric current −17 −17
3) 1.25 × 10 J 4) 2.5 × 10 J
1) Remains constant
2) is halved 21. Macroscopic objects like a moving cricket
ball does not show any wave like properties
3) is doubled because
4) becomes four times
1) de broglie’s hypothesis is not true
15. The mass of photon in motion is
2) de-broglie’s hypothesis is true only for
1) hυ 2 2) hυ
c electrons

3) de-broglie’s hypothesis is true only for

3) hυ c 4) Zero photons

16. If h is Planck’s constant, find the momentum 4) Wavelength associated with macroscopic
o object is small
of a photon of wavelength 0.01A
1) 1012h 2) 1010h 22. What is the de- Broglie wavelength associated
with an electron accelerated through a
3) 109h 4) 1011h potential difference of 100 volt?
17. A particle with rest mass m0 is moving with
o
velocity c. What is the de-Briglie wavelenth 1) 1.227 A 2) 1.227 nm
associated with it?

1) 0 2) h m c o
0 3) 12.27 A 4) 12.27nm

3) h mv 4) h mc 23. Mass of a particle is 400 times than that of

an electron and charge is double that of an
18. Photocell is a device used to electron. The particle is accelerated by a
potential difference of 5V. If particle is initially
1) store electrical energy at rest then its final KE will be
2) store photons
1) 5eV 2) 10eV
3) convert photon energy to electric energy
4) adjust the intensity of light 3) 100eV 4) 2000eV

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24. Cathode rays are produced, when the 30. What is the momentum of photon of energy
pressure is of the order of 3MeV in kgms-1?
1) 2cm of Hg −21
1) 1.6 × 10 kgms
−1 −21
2) 2.5 × 10 kgms
−1

2) 0.1 cm of Hg
−21 −1 −23 −1
3) 1.8 × 10 kgms 4) 10 × 10 kgms
3) 0.01 mm of Hg
4) 1mm of Hg 31. The magnitude of de-Broglie wavelength ( λ )

25. Wave nature of electrons is exploited in of electron (e), proton (p), neutron and alpha
1) mass -spectrometer particle ( α ) all having the same energy of
2) coolidge tube
1MeV, in the increasing order will follow the
3) synchrotrons sequence
4) electron microscope 1) λ c , λ p , λ n , λ α 2) λ c , λ n , λ p , λ α
26. The velocity of the particle is increased three
time then percentage decreases in its de- 3) λ α , λ n , λ p , λ c 4) λ p , λ c , λ α , λ n
Broglie will be
32. According to de- Broglie’s relation if velocities
1) 53.3% 2) 66.6% of particle infinite, wavelength will be
3) 99.9% 4) 33.2% 1) ∞ 2) small
27. Electron micrscope works on which principle?
3) large 4) zero
1) Particle nature of electron
LEVEL II
2) Wave nature of electron
3) Particle nature of light 1. An electron initially at rest is accelerated
through a potential difference of 200V, so that
4) Wave nature of light 6
in acquire a velocity of 8.4 × 10 m / s . The
28. de-Broglie wavelength associated nwith an
electron accelerated through a potential value of e/m of electrons is
difference v is λ . What will be its wavelength
12 11
1) 2.76 × 10 c / kg 2) 1.76 × 10 c / kg
when the accelerating potential is increased
12 11
to 4V? 3) 0.76 × 10 c / kg 4) 2.76 × 10 c / kg

1) λ 4 2) λ 3 2. In millikan’s oil drop experiment an oil drop

having charge q gets stationary on applying
3) 2λ 4) λ 2 a potential difference v between two plates
separated by a distance ‘d’. The weight of the
29. What is the momentum of an electron beam drop is
o
of wavelength 4 A ? d
−24 −1 −24 −1 1) qvd 2) q.
1) 1× 10 kgms 2) 2.2 × 10 kgms v

−24
3) 1.65 × 10 kgms
−1 −23
4) 10 × 10 kgms
−1 q v
3) 4) q.
vd d

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3. A beam of wavelength λ and intensity L falls 6. The threshold frequency of a metal is f0 .

When the light of frequency 2f0 is incident
over a clean surface of sodium metal. If N on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of
photoelectrons are emitted with kinetic energy electrons emitted is v1. When the frequency of
E, then the incident radiation is increased to 5f0, the
maximum velocity of electrons emitted is v2.
Find the ratio of v1 and v2.
1) N α L and E α L
1) 2:1 2) 4:1
1 3) 1:2 4) 3:4
2) N α L and E α
λ 7. Ultra violet light of wavelength 310nm is used
in an experiment of photo electric effect with
3) N α λ and E α L
lithium [work function φ =2.5eV ] find energy

1 1 of photon in joule
4) N α and E α
λ L −19 −19
1) 1.2 × 10 J 2) 6.4 × 10 J
4. Two streams of photons, possessing energies −19 −19
equal to five and ten times the work function 3) 4.2 × 10 J 4) 5 × 10 J
of metal are incident on the metal surface o

successfully. The ratio of maximum velocities 8. Light of wavelength 2000 A falls on an

of the photo electron emitted, in the two cases
respectively will be aluminium surface. In aluminium 4.2eV are
required to remove an electron from its
surface. What is its K.E in eV of fastest
1) 1:2 2) 1:3
photoelectrons?

3) 2:3 4) 3:2 1) 4eV 2) 3eV

3) 2eV 4) 5eV
5. The figure shows the variation of photoelectric 9. The work function of silver and sodium are 4.6
current with anode potential for a photon and 2.3eV respectively. The ratio of the slope
sensitive surface for three different radiations. of the stopping potential versus frequency plot
Let Ia, Ib and Ic be the intensities and fa, fb and for silver to that of sodium is,
fc be the frequencies for the curves a, b and
c respectively. 1) 2 2) 1/2
3) 2.3 4) 1
10. Maximum KE of a photoelectric electron is
E when the wavelength of light incident on it
is . If the energy becomes four times when
wavelength is reduced to one third, then the
work function of the metal is
3hc hc
1) 2)
λ λ
1) fa - fc and Ia = Ic 2) fa - fb and Ia = Ib
hc hc
3) 4)
3) fa - fb and Ia ≠ Ib 4) fb - fc and Ia ≠ Ib 2λ 3λ

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11. Which of the following moving particles LEVEL III

(moving with same velocity) has largest
wavelength of matter waves? 16. The stopping potential for photoelectrons from
a metal surface is V1 when monochromatic
1) Electron 2) α − particle light of frequency ν1 is incident on it. The
stopping potential becomes V 2 when
3) Proton 4) Neutron
monochromatic light of another frequency is
12. T h e m o m e n t u m o f a p h o t o n o f a n incident on the same metal surface. If h be
−29
electromagnetic radiation is 3.3 × 10 kgms
−1 the planck’s constant and e be the charge of
an electron, then the frequency of light in the
What is the frequency of the associated second case is
wave?
e e
1) v1 − ( V2 + V1 ) 2) v1 + ( V2 + V1 )
13
1) 1.5 × 10 Hz 2) 7.5 × 10 Hz
12
h h
8 3
3) 6 × 10 Hz 4) 3 × 10 Hz e e
3) v1 − ( V2 − V1 ) 4) v1 + ( V2 − V1 )
h h
13. An electron of mass m and a photon have
same energy E. The ratio of de-Broglie 17. When photon of energy 4.25 eV strike the
wavelngths associated with them is: surface of a metal A, the ejected photoelectrons
1 1
have maximum kinetic energy TA eV and
1 E  2
 E  2
de-Broglie wavelength λ A . The maximum
1)   2)  
c  2m   2m  kinetic energy of photoelectrons liberated from
another metal B by photon of energy 4.70 eV
1 is T B = (TA – 1.50) eV. If the de-Broglie
1 1  2m  2
3) c ( 2mE ) 2
4)   wavelength of these photoelectrons is
λc  E  λ B = 2λ A , then which of the following is
wrong:
14. If the momentum of electron is changed by P,
then the de- Broglie wavelength associated 1) The work function of A is 2.25 eV
with it changed by 0.5%. The initial momentum
2) The work function of B is 4.20 eV
of electron will be
3) TA = 2.00 eV
1) 200P
4) TB = 2.75 eV
2) 400P
18. A point source of light is at a distance of 0.2m
3) P/200 from a photoelectric cell. The cut off voltage
and saturation current are respectively 0.6V
4) 100P and 18mA. If the same source is placed 0.6m
away from the cell then ,
−9
15. The wavelength of a 1keV photon is 1.24 × 10
1) stopping voltage will be 0.2V
what is the frequency of 1MeV photon?
2) stopping voltage will be 0.8V
15 20
1) 1.24 × 10 2) 2.4 × 10 3) saturation current will be 6mA

3) 1.24 × 10
18
4) 2.4 × 10
23 4) saturation current will be 2mA

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19. Monochromatic light of frequency 6 × 1014 Hz 23. Momentum of particle radiating energy with
is produced by a laser. The power emitted is −10
wavelength of 1.5 × 10 A is
2 × 10-3 W. The number of photons emitted
on the average by the source per second is : −11
1) 1.4 × 10 kg − m / s
1) 5 × 1016 2) 5 × 1017
−14
3) 5 × 1014 4) 5 × 1015 2) 2.4 × 10 kg − m / s

20. A source S1 is producing , 1015 photons per −14

o 3) 3.4 × 10 kg − m / s
second of wavelength 5000 A . Another
−14
15
4) 4.4 × 10 kg − m / s
source S2 is producing 1.02 × 10 photons per
24. de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 270C is
o λ . What will be its wavelengths at 9270C
second of wavelength 5100 A . Then (power
λ λ
of S2) / (Power of S1) is equal to : 1) 2)
9 4
1) 1.00 2) 1.02
λ
3) 1.04 4) 0.98 3) 4) 2λ
2
21. Electrons used in an electron microscope are
accelerated by a voltage of 25kv. If the voltage 25. A particle of mass 5m at rest decays into
is increased to 100kv then the de- Broglie two particles of masses 2m and 3m having
wavelength associated with electrons would non - zero velocities. The ratio of de-Broglie
wavelengths of tyhe particles is
1) increase by 2 times
2) decrease by 2 times 3 2
1) 2)
3) decrease by 4 times 2 3
4) increase by 4 times 1
3) 4) 1
22. An electron of mass m with an initial velocity 3

v − v 0 ˆi ( v 0 − 0 ) enters an electric field
= Numerical type

E − = −E 0 ˆi [E0 = constant > 0] at t = 0. If λ 0 is 26. The workfunction for a certain metal is 4.2eV.
Will this metal give photoelectric emission for
its de-Broglie wavelength initially, then its de- incident radiation of wavelength 330nm? The
Broglie wavelength at time t is 15
threshold frequency is ........ × 10 Hz
λ0 1 + eR 0 
1) 2) λ 0  t 27. When light of wavelength 400nm is incident
 eE 0   mV0  on the cathode of a photocell. The stopping
1 + t
 mV0  potential recorded is 6V. If the wavelength
of the incident light is increased to 600nm,
3) λ 0 4) λ 0 t calculate the new stopping potential.

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Assertion - Reason type 30. Match the following

a) If both assertion and reason are correct Column I Column II
and the reason is a correct explanation of the Emission of electron
assertion Field
1) from the surface of P)
emission
metal on heating
b) If both assertion and reason are correct
but reason is not a correct explanation of the Emission of
assertion electron from the
surface of metal Secondary
c) If the assertion is correct but reason is 2) Q)
when radiation of emission
incorrect suitable wavelength
falls on it
d) If both the assertion and reason are
incorrect Emission of electron
from the surface of
28. Assertion : In photoelectric emission Thermionic
3) metal when strong R)
all emitted electrons do not emission
electric field is
have same kinetic energy
applied on metal
Reason : The kinetic energy of
photoelectrons varies Emission of
between zero to maximum electrons from the
value because of the range surface of metal Photoelectric
4) S)
of frequencies present in the when high energy emission
incident light electron fall on
29. Assertion : Photoelectric saturation metal surface
current increases with the ABCD ABCD
increase in frequency of 1) 2)
PQRS QRSP
incident light
Reason : Energy of incident photons
ABCD ABCD
increases with increase 3) 4)
the frequency and as a RSPQ SPQR
result photoelectric current
increase

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ANSWER KEY
LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)
1. 3 9. 2 17. 1 25. 4
2. 2 10. 2 18. 3 26. 2
3. 3 11. 2 19. 3 27. 3
4. 3 12. 3 20. 1 28. 2
5. 4 13. 4 21. 4 29. 4
6. 4 14. 3 22. 1 30. 3
7. 3 15. 1 23. 2 31. 1
8. 1 16. 1 24. 3 32. 3
LEVEL II
1. 3 5. 3 9. 4 13. 1
2. 4 6. 3 10. 3 14. 1
3. 2 7. 2 11. 1 15. 2
4. 3 8. 3 12. 1

LEVEL III
16. 4 20. 1 24. 3 28. 2
17. 4 21. 2 25. 4 29. 4
18. 4 22. 1 26. 1 30. 3
19. 4 23. 4 27. 5

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 Chapter
ATOMS AND NULCEI
10

SYNOPSIS
Atomic Structure and Spectrum
The first atom model was proposed by Thomson. The model failed to explain the origin of spectral
lines from the atom and the large angle scattering of α -particles. Then Rutherford proposed another
model of atom. According to Rutherford, the atom consists of a central core called atomic nucleus,
where the mass and positive charge of the atom are concentrated and the electrons are moving
round the nucleus in circular orbits. This model explained large angle scattering of α - particles.

1 Ze.2e
The distance of closest approach r0 =
4π ∈0 1 mv 2
2

1 Ze 2
Impact parameter=
b is given by b cot ( θ / 2 )
4π ∈0 1 mv 2
2

N 0 nt ( 2Ze 2 )
2
1 1
=
Number of atoms scatterd at an angle θ, N θ or, N θ α 4
4 ( 4π ∈0 ) r 2 ( mv
2
)
2 2 sin ( θ / 2 )
4
sin ( θ / 2 )
0

Rutherford measured the size of the nucleus as of the order 10–15 m (ie, fm) and atoms as of the
order of 10–10m (ie, A0). But, the model failed to explain the origin of spectral lines from the atoms.

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Bohr Atom Model

Bohr modified Rutherford atom model by introducing certain postulates.
1. Every atom consists of the central nucleus and the electrons are revolving round the nucleus in
specified orbits. The centripetal force required for the motion is given by
mv 2 1 Ze 2
=
r 4π ∈0 r 2

mv 2 1 e2
For hydrogen Z = 1; ∴ = . 2 ................ (1)
r 4π ∈r r
2. The electrons can revolve only in orbits for which the angular momentum is an integral multiple of
h
2π

h
ie; mvr = n ................................. ( 2 )
2π
3. Electrons revolving in the orbit do not radiate energy.
4. Energy is radiated when the electrons jump from an outer orbit to inner orbit. The energy radiated
is given by, hυ= E 2 − E1................... ( 3)

Calculations for hydrogen atom Z = 1

Radius of the orbit rn
∈0 h 2 2
Sq. eq (2) and devide by eq. (1) r rn=
= .n ........ ( 4 )
πme 2

or ; rn = 0.53n A ......................... ( 5 )
2 0

Velocity of electon vn
e2 c 1
v v=
Dividing eqn. (1) by eq (2) = n .
2 ∈0 h c n

1 c
or, v n = ................................ ( 6 )
137 n

e2 1
= = α is called fine structure constant.
2 ∈0 hc 137
Period of revolution of the electron Tn

2πrn
Period Tn
= ∞ n 3 ........................ ( 7 )
vn

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Energy of electron in the orbit En

1 e2 1 e2
KE = ; PE = −
8π ∈0 r 2 4π ∈0 r 2

−1 e 2
TE =KE + PE =E =E n =
8π ∈0 r 2

−me 4 1
E E=
Substituting for r,= n . ................... ( 8 )
8 ∈02 h 2 n 2

1 1
− mc 2 α 2 .
In terms of fine structure constant E n =
2 n2

1
In eV, E n = −13.6. ................... ( 9 )
n2
For n = 1 ie; ground state, E1 =
−13.6eV, KE =
13.6eV, KE ==
13.6eV, PE −27.2eV

Spectral lines
From eqn (3) h=
υ E n 2 − E n1

c 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
ie; hυ = h = mc α  2 − 2  or, = υ = R  2 − 2  ...................... (10 )
λ 2  n1 n 2  λ  n1 n 2 
λ is the wavelength, υ wave number
1 2 2
R
R is Rydberg constant, = = 1.097 ×107 m −1
mc α
2
For hydrogen like atoms
1
rn= .rn of H, Vn= Z × Vn of H
Z

1 1
Z2 × E n of H,
En = Z2 × of H
=
λ λ
Spectral series
1. For Lyman Series (U.V. rays) n1 = 1, n2 = 2, 3, 4, 5...............
2. For Balmer series (Visible rays) n1 = 2, n2 = 3, 4, 5,.................
3. For Paschen series (Infra red rays) n1 = 3, n2 = 4, 5, 6, ..............
4. For Bracket series (Infra red rays) n1 = 4, n2 = 5, 6, 7, ...............
5. For Pfund series (Far infrared rays) n1 = 5, n2 = 6, 7, 8, ..............

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Spectrum - Emission spectra and Absorption spectra

Emission spectra are of three types
1. Line spectrum : is obtained when substances in atomic state are excited.
Eg : H spectrum, Hg spectrum, Sodium lamp
2. Band spectrum : is obtained when substance is in molecular state are excited.
Eg : O2, N2, CO2
3. Continuous spectrum : is obtained when matter in bulk is excited
Eg : Carbon arc, copper arc, hot filament lamp.
Absorption spectra is obtained when a composite light is passing through a less intense medium
and the transmitted light is examined through a spectro graph. If the medium is in atomic state,
absorption line spectrum is obtained and if the medium is in molecular state absorption band
spectrum is obtained.

Fraunhofer Lines: If the solar rays are examined through a prism spectrometer large number of dark
lines are observed in the bright back ground of solar spectrum. These lines are called Fraunhofer
lines. These lines are due to absorption of energy by the atoms of the elements present in the
photosphere around the sun.
ATOMIC NUCLEI
Atomic nucleus is the central part of every atom. Its size is of the order of 1 fm or 10–15 m. The
mass of the nucleus is more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom and is expressed in atomic mass
unit (a.m.u) or simply u.
1 12
1amu
= of mass of 6 C
= 1.66 ×10−27 kg. When 1 a.m.u is fully converted into energy, the energy
2
produced is 1.49 x 10–10 J.
1 a.m.u. = 931 MeV
A A
The nucleus of an atom is represented by Z X or Z X
Where Z is the atomic number ie, number of protons and A is the atomic mass number ie, total
number of protons and neutrons
4 3
Nuclear size : The nucleus is assumed to be almost spherical. Its volume πR αA
3
R 3αA or R R 0 A=
∴= 1/3
; R 0 1.2fm to 1.3fm
mass µA
Nuclear density =
:ρ = = 2.29 ×1017 kg / m3
volume 4 πR 0 A
3
3
Conservation Laws : The sum of mass-energy, the momentum and the total charge are conserved
before and after any nuclear interactions.

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Binding Energy and mass defect

=BE mass defect × c 2

BE= ( Zm + ( A − Z ) m
p n − M N ) c2

M N → mass of nucleus

The importance of BE curve is that it led to the possibility of release of energy during nuclear fission
and fusion.

Nuclear forces : Nuclear forces are the strongest attractive forces and are existing between
nucleons - which are independent of charge, short range, non central, non-conservative and not
obeying inverse square law. The nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular momentum of
nuclei. According to Yukawa, the exchange of π mesons is responsible for nuclear forces.

Nuclear fission: is the process of splitting the nucleus of a heavy atom in to two nuclei of nearly
equal mass with release of large energy.

235
Eg : 92 U + 0 n1 →56 Ba144 + 36 Kr 89 + 30 n1 + 200MeV

The three neutrons released can produce further fission and the process is going on, resulting in
chain reaction. An uncontrolled chain reaction results in explosion (atom bomb) and a controlled
chain reaction gives controlled release of energy and is achieved in nuclear reactors. The main
parts of a nuclear reactor are (1) nuclear fuel (U235 or Pu239) (2) Moderators - (heavy water, parafin)
and control rods (Boron, Cadmium)

Nuclear Fusion : is the fusion of two light nuclei into a single nucleus with release of large energy.
This requires large KE and hence very high temperature of the order of 107 K. So, fusion process
is taking place in the sun and the stars. Then, the process is also called thermonuclear process.

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QUESTIONS 6. The ratio of minimum wavelengths of Lyman

LEVEL I [HOMEWORK] and Balmer series will be

1. Wavelength of light emitted from second orbit
1) 1.25 2) 0.25
to first orbit in a hydrogen atom is
3) 5 4) 10
1) 2)
7. The acceleration of electron in the first orbit
of H atom is
3) 4)
2. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom
is -13.6 eV. the kinetic energy of the electron 1) 2)

in this state is 3) 4)
1) 27.2 eV 2) 13.6 eV
3) 6.8 eV 4) 122. 4 eV 8. In Bohr’s model of atom which of the

3. In Rutherfords scattering experiment what following is an integral multiple of ?

will be the correct angle for scattering for 1) Kinetic energy

an impact parameter b = 0 ?
2) Radius of an atom
1) 900 2) 00
3) Potential energy
3) 180 0
4) 270 0

4) Angular momentum
4. The spectrum of an oil flame is an example
9. Energy required for the electron excitation
of
in Li++ from the first to the third Bohr orbit is
1) Line emission spectrum
1) 12.1 eV 2) 36.3 eV
2) Continuous emission spectrum
3) 108.8 eV 4) 122.4 eV
3) Line absorption
10. Which of the following atoms has the lowest
4) Band emission spectrum
ionisation potential ?
5. If the radius of the first Bohr orbit of the H
1) 2)
atom is 5.29 × 10-11 m, the radius of the
3) 4)
second orbit will be
11. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionise the
1) 21.16 × 10-11 m
hydrogen atom, then energy required to
2) 10.58 × 10 -11
m remove an electron from n = 2 is

3) 15.87 × 10-11 m 1) 10.2 eV 2) 0 eV

4) 2.64 × 10-11 m 3) 3.4 eV 4) 6.8 eV

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12. The energy of a hydrogen like atom in its 17. Frequency of revolution of an electron
ground state is -54.4 eV. It may be revolving in nth orbit of H atom is proportional
to
1) Hydrogen 2) Helium (He+)
3) Deuterium 4) Lithium (Li++)
1) Independent of n 2)
13. An of energy bombards 3) n 4)
a heavy nuclear target of charge Ze. The 18. If R is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen,
distance of closest approach for alpha then the wave number of the first line in the
particle will be proportional to Lyman series is

1) V 2)
1) 2) 2R
3) 4)

14. When an electron makes transition from n = 3) 4)

4 to n = 2, then emitted line spectrum will be 19. A radioactive nucleus A finally transforms into
a stable nucleus B. Then A and B can be
1) First line of Lyman Series

2) Second line of Balmer series 1) Isobars 2) Isotones

3) Isotopes 4) None of these
3) First line of paschen series

4) Second line of Paschen series 20. Radius of nucleus is 3 fermi. The radius

15. The ground state energy of H-atom is -13.6 of nucleus will be

eV. What is the potential energy of the 1) 5 fermi 2) 6 fermi

electron in this state ? 3) 7 fermi 4) 11.16 fermi

1) 0 eV 2) -27.2 eV 21. The penetrating power is maximum for

3) 1 eV 4) 2 eV 1) 2)
3) 4) None of these
16. For which one of the following Bohr model

is not valid ? 22. The binding energy of deuteron is 2.2 MeV

and that if is 28 Mev. If two electrons
1) Hydrogen atom are fused to form one , then the energy
2) Singly ionized helium atom (He+) released is

3) Deuteron atom 1) 19.2 MeV 2) 23.6 MeV

4) Singly ionized neon atom (Ne ) +
3) 25.8 MeV 4) 30.2 MeV

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23. Which of the following is a good nuclear fuel ? 29. Matrix Match
1) Plutonium - 239 2) Thorium - 236 Colum I Colum II
3) Neptunium - 239 4) Clranium - 236 A) Moderator p) Boron
B) Nuclear q) Critical
24. Which of the following are suitable for the fuel
fusion process ? C) Control r) Uranium-235
rods
1) Light nuclei
D) Multiplication s) Heavy water
2) Heavy nuclei factor =1
3) Element must be lying in the middle of the
1) A-s; B-r; C-p; D-q 2) A-q; B-s; C-r; D-p
periodic table
3) A-s; B-p; C-r; D-q 4) A-p; B-q; C-r; D-s
4) Middle elements, which are lying on
binding energy curve. 30. Binding energy per nucleon in heavy nuclei
is of the order of
25. The radius of germanium (Ge) nuclide is
measured to be twice the radius of . 1) 8 MeV 2) 8 eV
The number of nucleons in Ge are 3) 80 eV 4) 80 MeV

1) 72 2) 73 LEVEL - II

3) 74 4) 75 1. The ionisation energy of 10 times ionised

26. In an atom bomb, the reaction which occurs sodium atom is
is
1) 2)
1) Thermonuclear reaction
3) 4)
2) controlled fission
2. When an electron makes transition from
3) Controlled fission
n = 4 to n = 2, then emitted line spectrom
4) Fusion
will be
27. A nuclear reactor delivers a power of 10w. 1) First line of Lyman series
Find fuel consumed by the reactor per hour,
2) Second line of Balmer series
if its efficiency is 20%
3) First line of Paschen series
1) 2 × 10-6g/h 2) 9 × 10-12 g/h
4) Second line of paschen series
3) 8 × 10-9 g/h 4) 2 × 10-9 g/h
3. Maximum frequency of emission is obtained
28. Mass equivalent to energy 931 MeV is for the transition
1) 6.02 × 10-27 Kg 2) 1.66 × 10-27 Kg 1) n = 2 to n = 1 2) n = 6 to n=2
3) 16.66 × 10-27 Kg 4) 6.02 × 10-29 Kg 3) n = 1 to n= 2 4) n = 2 to n = 6

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4. The total energy of an electron in the first 9. If the electron in the hydrogen atom
excited state of hydrogen atom is about -3.4 jumps from third orbit to second orbit, the
wavelength of the emitted radiation in terms
eV. Its kinetic energy in this state is of Rydberg constant is
1) 3.4 eV 2) 6.8 eV

3) -3.4 eV 4) -6.8 eV 1) 2)

5. In terms of Rydberg constant R, the

3) 4) None of these
wavenumber of the first Balmer line is
10. Energy levels of A, B and C of a certain
atom corresponding to increasing values
1) R 2) 3R of energy ie, . If and
are wavelength of radiations corresponding
3) 5R/36 4) 8R/ 9 to transitions C to B, B to A and C to A
respectively, which of the following relation
6. In Rutherford’s experiment then number of is correct ?
alpha particles scattered through an angle
1)
of 900 is 28 per minute. Then the number of
particles scattered through an angle of 600 2)
per minute by the same nucleus is
3)
1) 28 per minute
4)
2) 112 per minute
11. When electron jumps from n=4 level to n=1
3) 12.5 per minute level, the angular momentum of electron
changes by
4) 180 per minute

7. The energy of hydrogen atom in nth orbit is 1) 2)

En, then energy in nth orbit of singly ionised
3) 4)
helium atom will be

1) 4 En 2) 12. The electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from

the ground state to the higher energy state
3) 2 En 4)
where its velocity is reduced to one-third of
8. Hydrogen atom in ground state is excited by its initial value. If the radius of the orbit in the
a monochromatic radiation of wavelength ground state is r, the radius of new orbit will
. Number of spectral lines in the be
resulting spectrum emitted will be 1) 3r 2) 9r
1) 3 2) 2
3) 4)
3) 6 4) 10

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13. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom 17. In a hypothetical system, a particle of mass
is –13.6 eV. When its electron is in the first M and charge - 3q is moving around a very
excited state, its excitation energy is heavy particle having charge q. Assuming
Bohr’s model to be true to this system, the
1) 3.4 eV 2) 6.8 eV
orbital velocity of mass M when it is nearest
3) 10.2 eV 4) 0 to heavy particle is
14. The graph of log (R/R 0 ) versus log A
(R = radius of a nucleus and A = its mass 1) 2)
number) is
3) 4)
1) A straight line 2) A parabola

3) An ellipse 4) None of the above 18. In a nuclear fusion reaction, two nuclei A and
B fuse to produce a nucleus C, releasing
15. Binding energy per nucleon versus mass
an amount of energy in the process.
number curve for nuclei is shown in figure.
w, x, y and z are four nuclei indicated on If the mass defects of the three nuclei are
the curve. The process that would release and respectively, then
energy
which of the following relations holds ? Here
c is the speed of light

1)

2)

3)

4)

1) 2) W X+Z 19. 200 MeV of energy may be obtained per

fission of U235. A reactor is generating 1000
3) W 2Y 4) X Y+Z
KW of power. the rate of nuclear fission in
16. For mass defect of 0.3%, the binding energy the reactor is
of 1 kg material is
1) 1000
1) 2.7 × 10-14 erg
2) 2 × 108
2) 2.7 × 1014 erg

3) 2.7 × 10-14J 3) 3.125 × 1016

4) 2.7 × 1014J 4) 931

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Assertion and Reason 23. Let T1 and T2 be the energy of an electron

in the first and second excited states of
1) If both assertion and reason are true
hydrogen atom, respectively. According to
and reason is the correct explanation of the the Bohr’s model of an atom, the ratio T1: T2
assertion. is :

2) If both assertion and reason are true and 1) 4:1 2) 4:9

reason is not the correct explanation of the 3) 9:4 4) 1:4

assertion. 24. In the spectrum of hydrogen, the ratio of the
longest wavelength in the Lyman series to
3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
the longest wavelength in the Balmer series
4) If assertion is false, but reason is true. is
9 27
20. Assertion : In n = 2, energy of electron in 1) 2)
4 5
hydrogen like atoms is more
5 4
compared to n = 1. 3) 4)
Reason : As n increases, kinetic 27 9
energy increases.
LEVEL - III 25. Electron in hydrogen atom first jumps from
third excited state to second excited state
21. An electron of a stationary hydrogen atom and then, from second excited to the first
passes from the fifth energy level to the excited state. The ratio of the wavelength
ground level. The velocity that the atom λ1 : λ 2 emitted int the two cases is
acquired as a result of photon emission will
1) 7/5 2) 27/20
be:
3) 27/5 4) 20/7
24hR 25hR
1) 2) 26. The wavelength of the first line of Lyman
25m 24m
series for hydrogen atom is equal to that
25m 24m of the second line of Balmer series for a
3) 4) hydrogen like ion. The atomic number Z of
24hR 25hR
hydrogen like ion is

22. The transition from the state n = 3 to n = 1 1) 3 2) 4

in a hydrogen like atom results in ultraviolet 3) 1 4) 2

radiation. Infrared radiation will be obtained 27. A nucleus of mass number 189 splits into
two nuclei having mass number 125 and 64.
in the transition from:
The ratio of radius of two daughter nuclei
respectively is :
1) 2 → 1 2) 3 → 2
1) 4:5 2) 5:4
3) 4 → 2 4) 4 → 3 3) 25:16 4) 1:2

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28. The radius of germanium (Ge) nuclide is 32. The binding energy per nucleon in deuterium
9
measured to be twice the radius of 4 Be .The and helium nuclei are 1.1 MeV and 7.0 MeV,

number of nucleons in Ge are respectively. When two deuterium nuclei fuse

to form a helium nucleus the energy released
1) 74 2) 75
in the fusion is :
3) 72 4) 73
29. When a uranium isotope
235
92 U is bombarded 1) 30.2 MeV 2) 23.6 MeV

89 3) 2.2 MeV 4) 28.0 MeV

with a neutron, it generates 36 kr , three
Statement Type Question
neutrons and :
91 101 1) Statement I and statement II are correct.
1) 40 Zr 2) 36 Kr
103
Kr 144
Ba 2) Statement I correct, statement II wrong.
3) 36 4) 56

3) Statement I wrong, statement II correct.

30. A certain mass of Hydrogen is changed
to Helium by the process of fusion. The 4) Both statement I and II are wrong.

mass defect in fusion reaction is 0.02866 33. Statement I : Nuclear force is charge in

a.m.u.The energy liberated per a.m.u. is dependent and long ranged

Statement II : In pair production and pair
(Given :1 a.m.u = 931 MeV) annihilation total charge is
1) 26.7 MeV 2) 6.675 MeV conserved
Numerical type
3) 13.35 MeV 4) 2.67 MeV
235
34. A single electron orbits around a stationary
31. The power obtained in a reactor using U
nucleus of charge +ze, where z is constant
and ‘e’ is the magnitude of electronic charge.
disintegration is 1000 kW. The mass decay It requires 40.8 ev to excite the electron from
of U 235
per hour is second Bohr orbit to fourth Bohr orbit. The
value of z is
1) 10 microgram 2) 20 microgram
35. Find recoil speed [approximately in m/s]
3) 40 microgram 4) 1 microgram
when a hydrogen atom emits a photon during
the transition from n = 5 to n = 1.

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ANSWER KEY
LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)
1. 2 7. 2 13. 3 19. 3 25. 1
2. 2 8. 4 14. 2 20. 4 26. 2
3. 3 9. 3 15. 2 21. 3 27. 4
4. 2 10. 2 16. 4 22. 2 28. 2
5. 1 11. 3 17. 4 23. 1 29. 3
6. 2 12. 2 18. 4 24. 1 30. 1

LEVEL II

1. 3 5. 3 9. 2 13. 3 17. 1
2. 2 6. 2 10. 2 14. 1 18. 1
3. 1 7. 1 11. 3 15. 3 19. 3
4. 1 8. 3 12. 2 16. 4 20. 3
LEVEL III

21. 1 24. 3 27. 2 30. 2 33. 3

22. 4 25. 4 28. 3 31. 3 34. 4
23. 3 26. 4 29. 4 32. 2 35. 4

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 Chapter

11 SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

SYNOPSIS
Conductors have large number of free electrons. Good conductors : silver, copper, gold.
Insulators have very few free electrons. Good insulators : Mica, glass, paper.
Semiconductors have conductivity much less than that of conductors but slightly more than that
of insulators.
Outermost energy band in solids is conduction band; Band gap energy is the difference between
the energies of conduction band and valence band.
Types of Semiconductor
1) Intrinsic Semiconductor eg: pure silicon or pure germanium
2) Extrinsic Semiconductor eg: Impure Semiconductor
Difference between Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors

Intrinsic Extrinsic
Semiconductor in pure form. It Pure semiconductor is doped
1 contains only one element like with impurity to increase the
Si or Ge conductivity.
There are two type; N-type and
There is only one type
2 P-type depending on the nature
semiconductor
of the material.
Number of electrons and holes
In N-type, number of electrons
are equal n= n= n i where ni
3 e h are greater than number of
holes and vice versa in P-type
is intrinsic carrier concentration.
4 Electrical conductivity is small. Electrical conductivity is high.
Conductivity is mainly increased
Conductivity is increased with
5 with increase in doping
increase in temperature.
concentration.
Conductivity at particular By adding impurity, conductivity
6 temperature is constant and at particular temperature can be
cannot be changed changed.
7 Almost no practical use Used in electronic devices

Table 1.1

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Types of extrinsic semiconductors :

1) N - type semiconductors 2) P-type semiconductors

• Doping is the process of adding impurity to the intrinsic semiconductor.

Distinguish between N-type and P-type semiconductors

N-type P-type
Intrinsic semiconductor with penta Intrinsic semiconductor with
1
valent impurity. trivalent impurity.
2 Impurities are N, P, As, Sb, Bi Impurities are B, Al,Ga, In, Tl
Impuritiy atoms are called donor
Impurity atoms are called acceptor
3 impurity which donate extra
atom which provide extra holes.
electrons
It has excess of electrons but It has excess of holes but
4
electrically neutral electrically neutral
n e > n h ; electrons are called
n h > n e ; holes are called majority
5 majority charge carriers and
charge carriers and electrons are
holes are called minority charge
called minority charge carriers
carriers.

Donor energy level is just below Acceptor energy level is just

6
the conduction band above the valence band

Fermi level shifted towards Fermi level shifted towards

7
conduction band valence band
Electrons are due to both doping
Holes are due to both doping and
8 and thermal generation but
thermal generation but n h ≈ N A
ne ≈ ND
Holes are only due to thermal Electrons are only due to thermal
9
generation generation
10 Ie >> I h and I ≈ Ie I h >> Ie and I ≈ I h

11 n i2 n i2 n i2 n i2
n=
h ≈ ne
= ≈
ne ND nh NA

Table 1.2

PN junction diode:

P N

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PN junction formation:

• Two important process during PN junction formation are diffusion and drift.

• During formation of PN junction, due to concentration gradient, hole diffused from P to N and

electrons diffused from N to P. This motion results in diffusion current.

• As the diffusion of charge carriers continue, a layer of positive charge developed on N - side and a

layer of negative charge developed on P - side. This space charge region is called deplition

region.

• Larger the doping, smaller is the width of the PN junction.

• Due to the oppositively charged immobile ions, and electric field is directed from positive charge to

the negative charge ie, from N - side to P - side.

• Motion of charge carriers due to the electric field is drift current which is opposite to the direction of

diffusion current

• In a P-N junction under equilibrium there is no net current.

• Barrier potential prevents the further motion of majority charge carriers.

Biasing of PN juction:

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Comparission of biasing:
Forward bias Reverse bias
Positive terminal of cells is
Positive terminal of cells is
connected to N region and
1 connected to P-region and negative
negative terminal is connected to
terminal is connected to N-region
P-region
External voltage (V) opposes the External voltage (V) support the
2
internal voltage (V0) internal voltage (V0)

3 Effective voltage is V − V0 Effective voltage is V + V0

4 Depletion width decreases Depletion width increases
5 Diffusion current flows from P to N Drift current flows from N to P
Current due to majority charge Current due to minority charge
6
carriers carries
7 Current is in milli ampere order Current is in micro ampere order
Forward current rapidly increase at Reverse current rapidly increase
8
knee voltage or threshold voltage at breakdown voltage
9 It offers low resistance It offers high resistance
For ideal diode it is equivalent to For ideal diode it is equivalent to
10
short circuited path open circuited path.

Table 2.1
V–I characteristics of a PN junction diode:

∆V
Forward resistance rf = is very small. For an ideal PN junction the forward resistance is zero
∆I

∆V
Reverse resistance rr = is large. For Germanium diode it is 40kΩ . For silicon diode it is
∆I

1000kΩ . When the reverse biasing is larger than a certain value, the PN junction breaks down.

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There are two types of junction breakdown:

1) Avalanche break down

2) Zener breakdown

Avalanche breakdown is due to collision. Avalanche breakdown takes place in lightly doped diodes

Zener breakdown takes place in heavily doped diodes.

Application of PN junction diode

Half wave rectifier:

The output of a half wave rectifier is in the form of ripples. In a half wave rectifier the ripple frquency

is equal to the input frequency. The number of ripples per second is called ripple frequency.

Full wave rectifier:

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Comparission of rectifiers:

Full wave rectifier Full wave rectifier

NAME Half wave rectifier
(Centre-Tapped) (Bridge)
Number of
1 1 2 4
diodes
Center taped
2 Transformer Ordinary transformer Ordinary transformer
transformer

i/p wave
3
form

o/p wave
4
form

o/p
5 i/p frequency 2 x i/p frequency 2x i/p frequency
frequency

6 efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%

7 ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

8 Irms I0 I0 I0
2 2 2

9 Erms E0 E0 E0
2 2 2

10 Idc or Iavg I0 2I0 2I0

π π π
11 E0 2E 0 2E 0
E dc or E avg
π π π

Table 2.2

Filter circuits are circuits used to remove the ac components in the output of a rectifier. In forward

biased diodes the current is due to diffusion. Forward current is due to majority carriers. In reverse

biased diodes the current is due to drifting of electrons and holes.

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Special purpose PN juction diodes

1 Name Zener diode Photo diode LED Solar cell

2 Symbol

Operating
3 IIIrd Quadrent IIIrd Quadrent Ist Quadrent IV th Quadrent
region

4 Biasing Reverse biasing Reverse biasing Forward biasing No biasing

1. To measure
Convert light
Voltage intensity of light Convert electrical
5 Application to electrical
regulator energy to light
energy
2. Photodetector
6 Doping Heavily doped Lightly doped Heavily doped Lightly doped

7 Deplition width Narrow Wide Narrow Wide

8 Characteristics

1. Carrier
1. Carrier generation
Process during Field ionization generation Radiative 2. Carrier
9
operation or field emission 2. Carrier recombination seperation
seperation 3. Carrier
collection

Where :IR - Infra red, R - Red, A - Amber, Y - Yellow, G - Green, B - Blue

Table 2.3

Zener Diode

• Deplition width is less than 10–6 m

6
• Electric field of the junction is high about 5 × 10 V / m

• After reverse voltage Vz , zener voltage remains constant even though current through the zener

diode varies over a wide range.

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• Field ionization or field emission : when reverse voltage, V = Vz, the electric field strength is high
enough to pull valance electrons from the host atom on the P side which are accelerated to N
side. These electrons account for the high current at break down. This emission of electrons
from host atom due to high electric field is known as internal field emission.
• The electric field required for field ionization is of the order of 106V/m
Zener diode as voltage regulator:

Vi − Vz Vz
(i) Is = (ii) I L = (iii) I Z= IS − I L (iv) Pz = Vz I z
Rs RL

V − Vz V − Vz
=
(v) Rs =
Is I z + IL

• If input voltage increases, current through Rs and zener diode also increases. This increases
voltage drop across Rs without any change in voltage drop across zener. This is because in
the break down region, zener voltage remains constant eventhough current through zener
changes.
• If we decrease input voltage, current through Rs and zener decrease without any change in
voltage across zener.
• Any increase/decrease in the input voltage results in increase/decrease of voltage drop across
Rs without any change in voltage across zener diode, thus it act as a voltage regulator.
Opto electric PN junction diode
(i) Photo diode:
• It fabricated with a transperent window to allow the light to fall on it
• When photodiode is illuminated with light (photon) with hυ > Eg , then electron-hole pair

generates, near the depletion region.

• Due to electric field at junction, electrons and holes are seperated before they recombine.
[electrones are collected on N - side holes are connected on P-side]
• Magnitude of photo current depends on intensity of incident light
• On illumination of light, fractional change in majority carriers would be much less than that
in minority charge carriers. ie, fractional change due to the photo effects on minority carrier
dominated reverse bias current is more easily measurable than forward bias.

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(ii) LED
• Due to forward bias, minority carrier concentration at the junction increases. Thus they are
recombine with majority carrier and energy is released in the form of photon with energy equal
to or slightly less than the band gap.
• Intensity of light from LED increases as forward current increases and reaches a maximum at
a critical value, further increase in forward current results in decrease of light intensity.
• V-I characteristics of LED is similar to that of silicon but threshold voltage is much higher and
different for each colour
• For fabrication of visible LED the energy gap must lie between 1.8 eV and 3 eV.
• GaAs1-x Px and for LED of different colours
• GaAs0.6P0.4 (Eg ≈ 1.9 eV) and for Red LED
• GaAs (Eg ≈ 1.43 eV) for infra red LED
• LED used in remote controls, burglar alarm system
• advantages (i) low operational voltage and less power
       (ii) fast action, no warm up time required
       (iii) nearly monochromatic
       (iv) long life and ruggedness
       (v) fast on-off switching
(iii) Solar cell
• Top layer is made to be thin for generation near the depleation area
• Junction area has kept larger for handling more power
• Materials with band gap close to 1.5 eV (between 1eV – 1.8 eV) are ideal for solar cell fabrication
eg: Si (1.12 eV), GaAs (1.43 eV), Cd Te (e.45 eV) CuInSe2(1.04 eV)
• Sunlight is not required for a solar cell. Any light with photon energy greater than the band gap
can be used.

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Digital Electronics

• In digital electronics we use only digital signals

• Digital signal is a pulse wave form, in which discrete values of voltage are possible

• We use binary numbers to represent digital signal ie 0 (say 0V) and 1 (Say 5V)

• In digital system, we follows boolean

algebra

boolean multiplication boolean addition

0x0=0 0+0=0

0x1=0 0+1=1

1x0=0 1+0=1

1x1=1 1+1=1

Logic Gates

• Logic gate is a digital circuit that follows certain logical relationship between the input and output
voltages

• Logic gates are basic building blocks of digital electronics

• Logic gate also represented by boolean expressions [We use capital letters of english alphabet
for representing variables of boolean expression]

• Operation of logic gate is indicated in a table known as truth table. It is the tabular represen-
tation of all the possible combination of inputs and their corresponding outputs.

Basic logic gates

• There are three basic logic gates. AND gate, OR gate and NOT gate.

• We can realize all the boolean expression with the combination of these three logic gates.

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Basic logic gates

1 Name AND OR NOT

Electrical
2
Analogue

3 Truth table

Boolean
4 X = A.B X= A + B X=A
expression

5 Symbol

6 Law

Realization
7
using diodes

Table 4.1

• Demorgan’s law : ( i ) A + B =
A.B

(ii) ( i ) A.B= A + B

• Indentities : (i) A + AB = A

(ii) A . (A+B) = A

(iii) (A+B) (A+C) = A + BC

(
(iv) A A + B =)
AB

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Universal logic gates

• There are two universal logic gate, NAND gate and NOR gate.
• We can realize all the boolean expression using repeated use of universal logic gates. ie we can
realize other basic gates like OR, AND, NOT etc with these gates. Hence it is considered as basic  
building blocks of other gates.
• NAND gate is an AND gate followed by a NOT gate similarly NOR gate is an OR gate followed  
by a NOT gate
Universal logic gates
1 Name NAND NOR

2 Structure

3 Symbol

Boolean
4 X = A.B X= A + B
expression

5 Truth table

Electrical
6
analogue

Realization
7 using diode
and transistor

Table 4.2

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Exclusive logic gates

• There are two exclusive logic gate XOR gate and XNOR gate
1 Name XOR XNOR

2 Symbol

Boolean
3 X= A ⊕ B X=
A⊕B X =
AB
expression X AB + AB
= X AB + AB
=

4 Truth table

Table 4.3

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4.3 Realization of other gates using universal logic gates

No.of
gate NAND NOR
used

Table 4.4

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QUESTIONS 4. The energy band diagram of three

semiconductors is given they are respectively
LEVEL I [HOMEWORK]
1. In a semiconductor at room temperature
1) Lowest energy level of conduction band
is lower than highest energy level of valence
band
1) N-Intrinsic-P 2) P-Intrinsic-N
2) Conduction bands and valence band are
overlap each other 3) N-P-Intrinsic 4) P–N–Intrinsic

3) The valence band is partially empty and 5. A semiconductor has equal electron and hole
conduction band is partially filled
concentrations of 6 x 108 m–3. On doping with
4) Valence band is completely filled and a certain impurity, the electron concentration
conduction band is completely empty
increases to 9 x 1012 m–3. The new hole
2. FEG for Si is 1.12 eV and that for Ge is concentration in the sample is
0.72 eV. Therefore, it can be concluded that
1) 4 x 104 m–3 2) 3 x 104 m–3
1) More number of electron-hole pair will 3) 2 x 104 m–3 4) 104 m–3
be generated in Si than in Ge at room
temperature 6. The probability of electrons to be found
2) Less number of electron hole pair will in the conduction band of an intrinsic
be generated in Si than in Ge at room semiconductor at a finite temperature
temperature
1) increases exponentially with increasing
3) Equal number of electron hole pair will be
generated in both at lower temperature band gap

4) Equal number of electron hole pair will be 2) decreases exponentially with increasing
generated in both at higher temperature band gap
3. Which of the following statement is not true 3) decreases with increasing temperature
about intrinsic semiconductor?
4) is independent of the temperature and the
1) The hole behaves as apparent free particle
with effective positive charge band gap

2) Number of free electrons ne is equal to 7. A Si specimen is made in to P-type

number of holes nh , that is ne = nh= ni
semiconductor by doping on an average
3) Motion of hole is a convenient way of one indium atom / 6×107 silicon atoms. If the
describing the actual motion of bound
number density of atoms in Si be 6×1028/m3
electrons
what is the indium atom/cm3
4) At equilibrium rate of thermal generation
greater than the rate of recombination of 1) 1012 2) 1015
charge carriers 3) 1018 4) 1020

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8. The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor 11. A PN junction diode is not connected to any
increases when electromagnetic radiation of circuit, then
wavelength shorter than 2500nm is incident
1) The potential is the same every where
on it. Find the band gap of the semiconductor.
2) The P type side is a higher potential than
1) 8 × 10-20 eV
the N type side
2) 0.5 eV
3) There is an electric field at the junction
3) 1.6 eV directed from N type side to P type side

4) 2.5 eV 4) There is an electric field at the junction

directed from P type side to N type side
9. A P-type semiconductor has acceptor levels
57 meV above the valence band. The 12. In forward biasing of the P-N- junction
maximum wavelength of light required to
1) The positive terminal of the battery is
create a hole is:
connected to P - side and the depletion
1) 11.61 x 10 -3
A
0
region becomes thick

2) 57 x 10 -3 A0 2) Direction of applied voltage is same as

the direction of barrier potential
3) 217100 A0
3) Effective barrier height under forward bias
4) 57 A0
is V0 + V, were V0 is barrier potential and V
10. A hole diffuses from the p-side to the n-side is applied voltage
in a p-n junction. This means that
4) At the junction boundary, on each side,
1) a bond is broken on the n-side and the minority carrier concentration increases due
electron freed from the bond jumps to the to minority carrier injection
conduction band
13. For a forward bias P-N junction
2) a conduction electron on the p-side jumps
1) P region is positive and current is due to
to a broken bond to complete it
both electrons and holes
3) a bond is broken on the n-side and the
2) P region is positive and the current is due
electron freed from the bond jumps to a
to holes
broken bond on the p-side to complete it
3) P region is negative and the current is due
4) a bond is broken on the p-side and the to electrons
electron freed from the bond jumps to a
4) P region is negative and current is due to
broken bond on the n-side to complete it
both electrons and holes

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14. The dominant mechanisms for motion of 17. Determine ID for the network given
charge carriers in forward and reverse
biased silicon P-N junctions are

1) drift in forward bias, diffusion in reverse

bias
2) diffusion in forward bias, drift the reverse
bias
1) 1.55 mA 2) 1.67 mA
3) diffusion in both forward and reverse bias
3) 3.33 mA 4) 1 mA
4) drift in both forward and reverse bias
18. If in a PN junction diode, a square input signal
15. In the following circuits, PN junction diode of 10V is applied as shown
D1 , D2 and D3 are ideal for the following
potential of A and B. The correct increasing
order of resistance between A and B will be:

Then output signal across RL will be

1)

(i) –10V, –5V (ii) –5V, –10V

2)
(iii) –4V, –12V
1) (i) < (ii) < (iii) 2) (iii) < (ii) < (i)
3)
3) (ii) = (iii) < (i) 4) (ii) = (iii) > (ii)

16. The circuit shown in the figure contains two

diodes each with a forward resistance of 50 4)
ohm and with infinite reverse resistance. If 19. With an ac input from 50Hz power line, the
the battery voltage is 6V, the current through ripple frequency is
the 100 ohm resistance (in ampere) is
1) 50Hz in the dc output of half wave rectifier
as well as full wave rectifier

2) 100Hz in the dc output of half wave rectifier

as well as full wave rectifier

3) 100Hz in the dc output of half wave rectifier

and 50Hz in the dc output of full wave rectifier

4) 50Hz in the dc output of half wave rectifier

1) zero 2) 0.02
and 100Hz in the dc output of a full wave
3) 0.03 4) 0.036 rectifier

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20. Consider the given circuit, supply voltage 22. Output Waveform of the given circuit diagram
(AC mains) = 220V, is

Number of turns in primary Np = 1000;

Number of turn in secondary Ns = 50 ;

Current in primary coil = 0.25 A. Diode is

ideal

1)

Average value of current flowing through load

resistance RL is 2)
1) 5A
5
2) A 3)
π

5
3) A
2
4)

5 2 23. Choose the wrong statement about solar cell

4) A
π 1) It converts solar energy into electricity
2) No external bias is applied
21. A full wave rectifier circuit along with the 3) It is operated photovoltaic mode
output is shown in figure. The contribution(s) 4) an external bias applied
from the diode 1 is (are) 24. The current in forward bias is known to
be more than current in the reverse bias.
But photodiodes are used in reverse bias
because
1) Forward current is independent of the
intensity of illumination
2) Forward current increase more rapidly
than reverse current due to illumination
3) Reverse current is independent of intensity
1) C of illumination
2) A,C 4) Fractional change due to the photo effect
3) B,D on the minority carriers dominated reverse
current is more easily measurable than the
4) A,B,C,D majority carrier dominated forward current

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25. For the given combination of gate, if the logic LEVEL II

states of inputs A, B, C are as follows A = B 1. Which of the following is wrong about a
= C = 0 and A = B = 1, C = 0 then the logic conductor?
states of output O are
1) Lowest energy level of conduction band
is lower than highest energy level of valance
band

2) Conduction band and valance band

1) 0, 0 2) 0, 1
overlap each other
3) 1, 0 4) 1, 1 3) The valence band is partially empty and
26. The following configuration of the gates are conduction band is partially filled
equivalent to
4) The valence band is completely filled and
conduction band is completely empty

2. The ratio of the concentration of electrons to

that of the holes in a semiconductor is 7 5

1) NAND 2) NOT
and the ratio of currents is 7 4 . Then what is
3) OR 4) NOR
the ratio of their drift velocities
27. What will be the input of A and B for the
1) 4 7 2) 5 8
Boolean expression ( A + B ).( A.B ) =
1

1) 0, 0 2) 0, 1
3) 4 5 4) 5 4
3) 1, 0 4) 1, 1

28. The output of the following circuit is

3. A semiconductor has equal electron and hole
concentrations of 6 x 108 m–3. On doping with
a certain impurity, the electron concentration
increases to 9 x 1012 m–3. The new hole
concentration in the sample is
1) 4 x 104 m–3
2) 3 x 104 m–3
1) A + B 2) A ⊕ B
3) 2 x 104 m–3
4) 104 m–3
3) AB 4) AB

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4. The given energy band diagram represents 6. Of the diodes shown in the following
diagrams, which one is reverse biased

1)

2)

3)

4)
1) N - type semiconductor at T = 0k
7. The diode used in the circuit shown in fig.
has a constant voltage drop at 0.5 V at all
2) P - type semiconductor at T > 0K
currents and a maximum power rating of 100
milliwatt. What should be the value of the
3) N - type semiconductor at T > 0K resistance R connected in series and with
diode for obtaining maximum current?

4) P - type semiconductor at T = 0K

5. A PN junction diode is not connected to any

circuit, then

1) 2Ω 2) 4Ω
1) The potential is the same every where
3) 6Ω 4) 10Ω

2) The P type side is a higher potential than 8. Assume the diodes are ideal, the current
through D1 and D2
the N type side

3) There is an electric field at the junction

directed from N type side to P type side

4) There is an electric field at the junction 1) 0.5mA, 0 2) 5mA, 0

directed from P type side to N type side 3) 5mA, 5mA 4) 0.5mA, 0.5 mA

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9. The circuit has two oppositely connected 13. For the given circuit to work as a full wave
ideal diodes in parallel. What is the current rectifier, the AC input should be connected
across .......... and ....... and DC out put taken
flowing in the circuit? across .......... and ..........

1) 1.71 A 2) 2.00 A 1) A and B & C and D

3) 2. 31 A 4) 1.33 A 2) B and C & A and D

10. In a Zener regulated power supply a Zener
3) A and C & B and D
diode with VZ = 6V is used for regulation.
4) D and C & A and B
The load current is found to be 4 mA and
14. The given graph represents V-I characteristic
unregulated input is 10V. The value of series
for a semiconductor device
resistance RS is

(Zener current is five times load current)

1) 167Ω 2) 140Ω

3) 1kΩ 4) 196 Ω

11. In the figure the current through the diode is Which of the following statement is correct?
(use ideal diode approximations)
1) It is for a photodiode and points A and B
represent open circuit voltage and current
respectively

2) It is for an LED and points A and B

represent open circuit voltage and short
1) 1 mA 2) 10 mA circuit current respectively
3) 9 mA 4) 0 mA
3) It is V-I characteristic for solar cell where
12. An ac signal of 50 Hz frequency is the input of
point A represents open circuit voltage and
a half wave rectifier using single diode. The
point B short circuit current
output frequency after full wave rectification
is 4) It is V-I characteristic for solar cell and

1) 25 Hz 2) 50 Hz points A and B represent open circuit voltage

3) 100 Hz 4) 200 Hz and current respectively

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15. V-I characteristics of some PN junction 18. In the following circuit the output y becomes
devices are given: zero for inputs

1) A = 1 B = 1 C = 0 2) A = 0 B = 0 C = 0
3) A = 0 B = 1 C = 1 4) A = 1 B = 1 C = 1
19. Input and output wave forms of a logic gate
are given. Identify the gate

i) Fig 1 represent V-I characteristics of solar

cell with A and B represent open circuit
voltage and open circuit current

ii) Fig 2 represent V-I characteristics of LED

with A, B, C are corresponding to Green, Red
and Infra-red colour respectively

iii) Fig 3 represents the V-I characteristics of 1) OR 2) AND

photo diode with I3 > I2 > I1 3) NAND 4) NOR
1) (iii) only correct Assertion-Reason

2) (ii) only correct 1) if both A and R are true and R is correct

explanation of A
3) (i) only correct
2) if both A and R are true but R is not the
4) (i) and (iii) are correct correct explanation of A

16. The following configuration of the gates are 3) if A is true but R is false
equivalent to 4) if both A and R are false

20. Assertion : A pure semiconductor

1) NAND 2) NOT has negative temperature
3) OR 4) NOR coefficient of resistance.
17. The inputs of NAND gates are shorted. This Reason : On raising the temperature,
gate is equivalent to more charge carriers are
released, conductance
1) OR gate 2) AND gate
increases and resistance
3) NOT gate 4) XOR gate decreases.

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I (HOMEWORK)

1. 3 7. 2 13. 1 19. 4 25. 4

2. 2 8. 2 14. 2 20. 4 26. 1
3. 4 9. 3 15. 3 21. 2 27. 1
4. 1 10. 3 16. 3 22. 3 28. 3
5. 1 11. 3 17. 2 23. 4
6. 2 12. 4 18. 1 24. 4

LEVEL II

1. 3 6. 3 11. 3 16. 1
2. 4 7. 4 12. 3 17. 3
3. 1 8. 2 13. 3 18. 1
4. 3 9. 2 14. 3 19. 3
5. 3 10. 1 15. 1 20. 1

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