GEOMETRY

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INTRODUCTION

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO
For any two angles A and B.
❖ sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
❖ sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
❖ cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
❖ cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
   
❖ sin  + A  = cos A and cos  + A  = − sin A
2  2 

Properties of Triangles
For any triangle ABC with the sides AB = c, BC = a, CA = b, internal angles ABC = B, BCA = C,
CAB = A, circum-radius R, in-radius r, area , and semi-perimeter s = (a + b + c)/2.
sin A sin B sin C
= = = 2R
a b c
A = b cosC + c cosB, b = c cosA + a cosC, c = a cosB + b cosA
b2 + c2 − a 2 c2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
cos A = , cos B = , cos C =
2bc 2ca 2ab
abc
2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c),  = rs, R =
4

AREA AND PERIMETER OF PLANE FIGURES

• Area of square with side a is a2.
• Perimeter of square with side a is 4a.
• Area of rectangle with length  and breadth b is b .

• Perimeter of rectangle with length  and breadth b is 2( + b).

• Area of a parallelogram equals the product of the length of a side and the length of the altitude to that
side (Figure).

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• Area of a triangle equals one-half the product of the length of a side and length of altitude to that side
(Figure).

1
Area = hc
2
3
• Area of equilateral triangle with side a is a2
4
3
• Length of altitude of equilateral triangle with side a is a
2

• Area of a trapezoid equals, one-half the product of the length of its altitude and sum of length of its
bases (See figure).

1
Area = ( a + b ) h or hm
2
• Area of a trapezoid equals the product of length of its altitude and median
• Area of rhombus equals one-half the product of the length of its diagonals i.e., if d1 and d2 are the
1
length of diagonals then its area equals ( d1d 2 ) .
2

REGULAR POLYGONS
• A regular polygon is an equilateral and equiangular polygon.
• Centre of a regular polygon is the common center of its inscribed and circumscribed circles.
• The radius of a regular polygon is a segment joining its center to its any vertex.
• The radius of a regular polygon is also a radius of circumscribed circle.
• An apothem of a regular polygon is a segment from its center perpendicular to one of its sides. An
apothem is also a radius of the inscribed circle.

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360
• Each central angle x measures , where n is number of sides of regular polygon.
n

( n − 2 )180
• Each interior angle i measures
n

360
• Each exterior angle e measures
n
n ( n − 3)
• Number of diagonals =
2
• Relationship of segments in regular polygons with side s circumradius R, inradius r and perimeter p.

S
R
s R
30°

r r
60°
1
S 1
2 Area = pr
Regular hexagon 2
s=R
1 1
r= R 3 = nsr
2 2
1
Area = pr
2

Circumference and Area of Circle

c
(pi) is the ratio of circumference c of any circle to its diameter d, and radius r that is  =
d
Hence, c = d or c = 2r
Area = r2

LENGTH OF AN ARC, AREA OF SECTOR AND A SEGMENT

• A sector of a circle is a part of a circle bounded by two radii and their intercepted arc. Thus the shaded
section of circle O is sector OAB.

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• A segment of a circle is a part of a circle bounded by a chord and its arc. A minor segment of a circle is
the smaller of the two segments thus formed. The shaded section of circle is minor segment ACB.

n
• In a circle of radius r, the length  of an arc of measure n° equal of the circumference of the circle
360

n
= 2 r
360 

n
• In a circle of radius r, the area k of a sector of measure n° equals of the area of the circle or
360
n
k= r 2 .
360 
Area of segment equals area of sector less the area of triangle.

Solved Examples

Example 1: Find the area of equilateral  in which three altitudes of length 3 cm, 2 3 cm,5 3 cm are drawn

from a point inside the 

Solution: Let side of equilateral  be a cm

3
Area of equilateral Δ = a2
4

3 A
a 2 = Area of (OAB + OBC + OCA)
4

4
3
a2 =
1
2
( 5 3 )(a ) + ( 3 )(a ) + (2 3 )a
1
2
1
2
a 5 32 3 a
O
3 5 1 2 3
a 2 = 3a  + + 
4 2 2 2 B a C

a 8
=
4 2
a = 16 cm

3
Area = (16) 2 = 64 3 cm 2
4

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Example 2: A brick of 5 cm is placed against a wheel. The horizontal distance of the face of the brick stopping
the wheel from the point where the wheel touches the ground is 15 cm. Find the radius of wheel.
Solution: By Pythagoras theorem
r2 = (r – 5)2 + 152
r2 – 152 = (r – 5)2
r2 – 225 = r2 + 25 – 10r
–250 = – 10r
r = 25 cm

Example 3: Three circles of radius 1 cm touch one another externally. Find the area of the circle
circumscribing the three circles.
Solution:

2
Circumradius of  with side 2 cm = cm and radius of small circles = 1 cm
3
2
 2   2 
 Radius of required circle  + 1  cm and hence, the area is   + 1  cm 2 .
 3   3 

Example 4: ABCD is a square with side length of a units. Half circles are drawn inside the square with BC and
CD as diameters, respectively. Find the shaded area.
Solution: Draw OM ⊥ CD
ON ⊥ BC
Through O, the center of square
Unshaded area consists of
one small square and two quarter circles.
 1  2 1 a 
2

Required area = a −   a  + 2     
2

  2  4  2  

(6 − )a2
= sq. units
8

Example 5: As shown in the figure, isosceles right triangle ABC with BC = 8 cm. BD is a half circle with the
diameter BC . Find the sum of two shaded area I and II.

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Solution: Join CD Triangle CDB is also an isosceles right triangle with CD = BD
So, I and III have same areas and D is the mid-point of AB
Sum of shaded areas
1
= area of ABC
2
1 1
=   8 2 = 16 cm 2
2 2
CONGRUENCES OF TRIANGLES
Two triangles are called congruent if and only if their shapes and sizes are both same. In geometry,
congruence of triangles is a very important and basic tool in proving the equality relations or inequality
relation of two geometric elements (e.g., two segments, two angles, two sums of sides, two difference
of angles). Two triangles are congruent means they are same in all aspects, so any corresponding
geometric elements are equal also.
Basic Criteria for Congruence of Two Triangles
(1) SAS : Two sides and their included angle of one triangle are equal to those in the other triangle
correspondingly.
(2) AAS : Two angles and one side of a triangle are equal to those in the other triangle
correspondingly.
(3) SSS : Three sides of a triangle are equal to those of the other triangle correspondingly.
(4) ASA : If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts
of another, then the triangles are congruent.
(5) RHS : If the hypotenuse and right angle are congruent to the corresponding parts of another right
triangle the triangles are congruent.

Solved Examples

Example 6: As in the figure given that in ABC, AB = AC, D is on AB and E is on the extension of AC such
that BD = CE. The segment DE intersect BC at G. Prove that DG = GE.

Solution: From D introduce DF || AE intersecting BC at F as in figure, then

FDG = CEG
DGF = EGC
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Since, BFD = BCA = DBF
 DF = DB = CE
DFG  ECG ( AAS )
Hence DG = GE
Example 7: In ABC, C = 90° DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB. If AB = 2AC and BC = 18 cm. Find
BE.
Solution: Join AE
BED and AED
DE = DE (Common)
EDB = EDA (Each 90°)
BD = AD (Given)
BED  AED [By SAS]
 BE = AE ….(i)
Now, AED and AEC
AE = AE (Common)
EDA = ECA (90°)
 1 
AD = AC  AB = 2AC  2 AB = AC 
 
  AD = AC 

 AED  AEC [By RHS]

 ED = EC …(ii)
B = 30°
and EDB = 90°
 By trigonometry
ED
sin 30  =
BE
(sin 30°)BE = ED
1
ED = BE 
2
BE
= …(iii)
2
 From (ii) and (iii),
1
EC = DE = BE
2
Now, BC = BE + EC
= BE + DE
1
18 = BE + BE
2
3
18 = BE
2
12 = BE
i.e., BE = 12 cm
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Example 8: Given that ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 1 cm, BDC is isosceles with DB = DC and
BDC = 120°. If points M and N are on AB and AC respectively such that MDN = 60°. Find the
perimeter of AMN.
Solution: DBC = DCB = 30

 DC ⊥ AC, DB ⊥ AB
Extending AB to P such that BP = NC
Then, DCN  DBP [By RHS]
 DP = DN
and PDM = 60 = MDN
 PDM  MDN ( SAS )
 PM = MN
 MN = PM = BM + PB = BM + NC
Thus, the perimeter of AMN = AM + MN + AN
= (AM + BM) + (NC + AN)
= AB + AC
= 1 + 1 = 2 cm

SOME IMPORTANT THEOREMS AND RESULTS

(Mid-Point Theorem)
1
(1) For any triangle ABC, if D and E are on AB and AC respectively, then DE || BC and DE = BC if and
2
only if D, E are midpoints of AB and AC respectively.
(2) For a trapezium ABCD with AB || CD; if E, F are the mid points of AD and BC respectively, then
1
EF || AB || CD and EF = ( AB + CD ) .
2
(3) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area
(4) Area of a triangles is equal to half the area of a parallelogram drawn on the same base and between the
same parallels.
(5) Triangles on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area
(6) The median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal areas.
(7) In a triangle ABC, if D is a point on BC which divides it in the ratio of a : b i.e., BD : DC = a : b
Then • ar ( ABD ) : ar ( ACD ) = DB : DC = a : b
• ar ( ABD ) : ar ( ABC ) = BD : BC = a : ( a + b )
• ar ( ACD ) : ar ( ABC ) = DC : BC = b : ( a + b )

(Intercept Theorem)
(8) If there are three or more parallel straight lines and the intercepts made by them on a transversal are
equal then the corresponding intercepts on any other straight line that cuts them are also equal.
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Solved Examples

Example 9: Consider two squares ABCD and BEFG with the side length of 10 cm and 12 cm respectively as
shown below. Find the shaded area.

1
Solution: Area of  AHF = ar (rectangle AEFH)
2

1
=  ( 22  12 )
2
Required area = ar(AHF) – ar(DCA) – ar(rectangle HDCG) – ar(GCF)
1 1 1
= ( 22  12 ) − (10  10 ) − (10  2 ) − (12  2 )
2 2 2
1
=  264 − 100 − 40 − 24 
2
1
= (100 ) = 50 sq. units
2

Example 10: In ABC, a point F divides sides AC in the ratio 1:2. Let E be the point of intersection of sides
BC and AG where G is the midpoint of BF, then point E divides sides BC in which ratio?

Solution: Construction: Draw FH || GE

 E is the mid-point of BH …(i) (By converse of mid-point theorem)
As F divides AC in 1 : 2 ratio
Then, by Intercept Theorem
H divides EC in 1 : 2 ratio
[ FH || AE]

 BE : EC = 1 : 3

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Example 11: ABC is a right triangle ACB = 90°, CD ⊥ AB at D. AF is the angle bisector of CAB and
meets CD at E, and CB at F, respectively. EG || AB and meets CB at G. Prove that CF = GB

Solution: Draw FH ⊥ AB at H
CAF = BAF (given)
AF = AF (common)
And ACF = AHF = 90°
 By AAS
CAF  HAF
FC = FH …(1) (CPCT)
CEF = AED …(2) (Vertically opposite angle)
Now, AED = 90° – EAD
And CFE = 90° – CAF
as EAD = CAF (Given)
 AED = CFE ....(3)
From Equation (2) and (3)
CEF = CFE
 CE = CF ….(4)
from (1) & (4)
 CE = CF = FH ....(5)
as CEG = 90° [EG || AB]
CEG = FHB
And CGE = FBH (Corresponding angles)
 by AAS
CEG  FHB
 CG = FB
CG – FG = FB – FG
 CF = GB

Example 12: ABC is an equilateral triangle. Extending BC to D and extending BA to E such that AE = BD. If
CE = a then Find DE.

Solution: Construction:
Extend CD to F
Such that DF = AB
and Join EF
AE = BD (Given)
AB = DF
 BE = AE + AB = BD + DF = BF and ABC = 60°
 EBF is an equilateral triangle.
EFB = 60°
 EBC  EFD
 DE = CE = a
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Example 13: In the given figure, ABC has BCA = 90° AC = BC, D is a point on AC. E is a point on BC.
CD = CE, CF ⊥ AE and meets AB at F. DG ⊥ AE meets AB at G. Prove that BF = FG

Solution: BH || CF to meet the extension of AC at H

Then CBH = BCF = 90° – AEC = CAE
BCH = 90° = ACE
BC = AC
 BCH  ACE
CH = CE = CD
 BF = FG

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE
Theorem: Perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of a triangle concurrent at a point.

Proof:

Let ABC be a triangle, D, E, F be the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB respectively. Suppose the
perpendicular bisectors of BC and CA meet at O. It is sufficient to prove that OF ⊥ AB. O being a point
on the perpendicular bisector of BC.
 OB = OC
Similarly, OC = OA
 OA = OB = OC
Now in AOF and BOF
AO = BO
AF = BF (F is the mid-point of AB)
OF = OF (common)
 AOF  BOF (by SSS)
 AFO = BFO = 90° and OF ⊥ AB
The point of concurrence O, of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle ABC is known as
the circumcenter of ABC.
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Theorem: Bisectors of the three angles of a triangle meet at a point.
Proof: L Let ABC be a triangle and let the bisectors of the angles B and C meet at I.
To Prove: AI bisects A
Draw IX, IY, IZ perpendicular to BC, CA, AB respectively.
In IXC and IYC
IXC = IYC (Each 90)
ICX = ICY (IC bisects C)
IC = IC (Common)
 IXC  IYC (by AAS)
 By CPCT IX = IY
Similarly, IBX  ΔIBZ
 IX = IZ
 IX = IY = IZ
Hence, bisectors of the three angles of a triangle concurrent at a point is known as the incentre of
triangle.

Theorem: Three medians of a triangle meet at a point and the point of concurrence trisects each median.
Proof: In ABC,

Let BY and CZ be two of its medians, and let them intersect at O

Join AO and produce it to meet BC at X.
It is required to show that AX is the remaining median of the triangle.

Construction: Through C draw CK parallel to BY and produce AX to meet CK at K, join BK.

In AKC,
As Y is the mid-point of AC and OY parallel to KC by converse of midpoint theorem, O is the
midpoint of AK.
Similarly, In AKB
OZ is parallel to KB (By mid-point theorem)
 BKCO is a parallelogram.
BC and OK bisect each other at X
 OX = XK
BX = XC
i.e., X is the mid-point of BC
i.e., AX is the median of triangle.
Hence, the three medians meet at the point O.
O is known as centroid of the triangle.

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Corollary: Three medians of a triangle cut one another at a point of trisection, the greater segment in each
being towards the angular point. i.e., centroid divides median in 2 : 1 ratio.
Proof: As above
AO = OK
1
Also, OX = OK
2
1
 OX = OA
2
1
i.e., OX = AX
3
1 1
Similarly, OY = BY and OZ = CZ
3 3

Theorem: Perpendicular drawn from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides are concurrent.
Proof: Let ABC be a triangle.

Construction: Through A, B and C draw XY, YZ and ZX parallel to CB, AC and BA respectively.
Then, BCAY and BCXA are parallelogram
 YA = BC = AX
 A is the mid-point of XY
Similarly, B and C are the mid-point of YZ and XZ
AD, BE and CF are perpendicular drawn to sides XY, YZ and ZX respectively then H is the
circumcenter of XYZ
Now, XY || BC
YZ || CA
ZX || AB
 AD, BE and CF are also perpendicular to BC, CA and AB of ABC respectively
Hence, they are the altitudes of ABC and they meet at the point H also known as the orthocenter of the
triangle.

SIMILAR TRIANGLES
Two triangles are called similar if one can get two congruent triangles after enlarging or compressing
the sides two of them according to an equal ratio ie, two triangles are similar means they have a same
shape but may have different sizes.
Criteria for Similarity of Two Triangles
(1) Each pair of corresponding angles are equal (AAA)
(2) All corresponding sides are proportional (SSS)
(3) Two pairs of corresponding sides are proportional and the included corresponding angles are equal
(SAS)
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Theorem: If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, then it divides the other two sides
proportionally. Also conversely if a straight line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally, then it is
parallel to the third side.
Proof: Let XY be a straight line parallel to BC meeting AB, AC at X, Y respectively.
AX AY
To prove: =
XB YC
AXY and BXY have equal altitudes and hence.

ar ( AXY ) AX
=
ar ( BXY ) XB

as ( AXY ) AY
Similarly, =
as ( CXY ) YC

Also BXY and CXY have the same base XY and are between the same parallels.
Hence, ar(BXY) = ar(CXY)

AX ar ( AXY ) AY
 = =
XB ar ( CXY ) YC

AX AY
Conversely, suppose the straight line XY meets AB, AC at X, Y and =
XB YC
To Prove: XY || BC, we have
ar ( ΔAXY ) AX ar ( ΔAXY ) AY
= and =
ar(BXY) XB ar(CXY) YC

 ar( BXY) = ar ( CXY )

Now, BXY and CXY are two triangles of equal areas on XY and are on the same side of XY Hence,
XY || BC

Important Results of Two Similar Triangle

(1) Internal (or external) bisector of an angle of triangle divides the opposite side internally (or externally)
BD AB
in the ratio of the sides containing the angle i.e., =
DC AC

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(2) For two similar triangles, their corresponding sides, corresponding heights, corresponding medians,
corresponding angle bisectors, corresponding perimeter are all proportional with the same ratio.
(3) For two similar triangles, the ratio of their areas is equal to square of the ratio of their corresponding
sides.
Important Proportional Properties of Segments
When by a, b, c….. we denote the length of segments, the following proportional properties hold which
are the same as in algebra.
a c
(1) =  ad = bc
b d
a c a+b c+d
(2) =  =
b d b d
a c a−b c−d
(3) =  =
b d b d
a c a+b c+d
(4) =  = a − b, c − d  0
b d a−b c−d
a c m
(5) = =  = (b, d, …..n  0)
b d n
a + c + . + m a c m
 = = .... = .
b + d + . + n b d n

Solved Examples

Example 14: In ABC, AD is the median on BC, E is on AD such that BE = AC. The line BE intersects AC at
F. Prove that AF = EF

Solution: From C introduce CG || AD intersecting the extension of BF at G EAF = FCG (Alternate

internal Angles)
And AEF = FGC (Alternate internal Angles)
AFE = GFC EAF ~ GCF (By AAA)
AF EF
=
CF GF
AF CF AF + CF AC
 = = =
EF GF EF + GF EG
By the mid-point theorem,
BE = EG
EG = AC [ BE = AC]
and AF = EF

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Example 15: In the given figure, PQR and P'Q'R' are two congruent equilateral triangles. Denote the lengths
of the sides of hexagon ABCDEF by AB = a1, BC = b1, CD = a2, DE = b2, EF = a3, FA = b3. Prove
that a12 + a 22 + a 32 = b12 + b 22 + b32

Solution Q'AB and PAF

P = Q' = 60°
PAF = Q'AB [VOA]
 Q'AB ~ PAF [By AA]
Similarly other two adjacent triangles are similar.
S1 = ar(Q'AB) S2 = ar(QBC)
S3 = ar(CR'D) S4 = ar(DER)
S5 = ar(FP'E) S6 = ar(PAF)
then S1 + S3 + S5 = S2 + S4 + S6 = A
S2 b12
Now, =
S1 a 12
S4 b 22
=
S1 a 12
S6 b 32
and =
S1 a 12
A b12 + b 22 + b 32
Adding we get =
S1 a12
or (
Aa12 = S1 b12 + b 22 + b 32 )
Similarly, (
A  a 22 = S3 b12 + b 22 + b 32 )
and A  a 32 = S5 (b2
1 + b 22 + b 32 )
On adding these we get
( ) (
A a12 + a 22 + a 32 = b12 + b 22 + b 32 ) (S1 + S3 + S5 )

 a12 + a 22 + a 32 = b12 + b 22 + b32

Example 16: As shown in figure, D, E and F are the points on BC, CA and AB respectively of an acute triangle
ABC. AD, BE and CF meet at P. AP = BP = CP = 6. If PD = x, PE = y, PF = z and xy + yz + zx = 28.
Find the value of xyz.

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Solution: Construction:
Draw PM ⊥ BC at M
AN ⊥ BC at N
1
ar ( PBC ) =  PM  BC
2
1
ar (  ABC ) =  AN  BC
2
ar (  PBC ) PM PD x
 = = = as (PDM ~ ADN)
ar (  ABC ) AN AD x+6

ar (  PAC ) y
Similarly, =
ar (  ABC ) y+6

ar ( PAB ) z
and =
ar ( ABC ) z+6

Adding them together we get

x y z ar ( PBC ) + ar ( PAC ) + ar ( PAB )
+ + = =1
x+6 y+6 z+6 ar ( ABC )

6 6 6
 1− +1− +1− =1
x+6 y+6 z+6

3 3 3
 + + =1
x+6 y+6 z+6

 1 1 1 
 3 + +  =1
x+6 y+6 z+6
 y+6+x+6 1 
 3 + =1
 ( x + 6 )( y + 6 ) z + 6 
 

 x + y + 12 1 
 3 +  =1
 xy + 6x + 6y + 36 z + 6 
 xz + yz + 12z + 6x + 6y + 72 + xy + 6x + 6y + 36 
 3  = 1
 ( xy + 6x + 6y + 36 )( z + 6 )
 

 xz + yz + xy + 12x + 12y + 12z + 108 

 3  =1
 xyz + 6xy + 6xz + 36x + 6yz + 36y + 36z + 216 
 3(xz + yz + xy) + 36(x + y + z) + 324 = xyz + 6(xy + xz + yz) + 36(x + y + z) + 216
324 – 216 = xyz + 3(xy + xz + yz)
108 = xyz + 3(28)
108 – 84 = xyz
xyz = 24

Example 17: A point P is chosen in the interior of ABC so that when lines are drawn through P parallel to the
sides of ABC, the resulting smaller triangles t1, t2 and t3 in figure, have areas 4,9 and 49
respectively. Find the area of ABC.

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Solution: Let MP = p
PN = q
RT = r
AB = c
And Ar(ABC) = s
2 q
= [as small triangles are similar to ABC]
s c
3 p
=
s c
7 r
and =
s c
2 3 7 p+q+r
+ + =
s s s c
c
= =1
c
 s = 12
 s = 144

Example 18: Medians BD and CE of triangle ABC are perpendicular, BD = 8 cm and CE = 12 cm. Find the
area of triangle ABC.
Solution: Let medians meet at point G.

2 2
CG =  CE =  12 = 8 cm
3 3
1
ar ( BCD ) = ( BD )( CG )
2
1
=  8  8 = 32 cm 2
2
ar(ABC) = 2ar(BCD) (as D is the mid-point of AC)
= 64 cm2

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PYTHAGORAS THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Pythagoras Theorem
(1) For a right angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
sides.
(2) (Converse) In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the square of other two sides
then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
(3) In obtuse angled ABC, obtuse angled at B, if AD ⊥ CB then AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC . BD.
(4) In acute angled ABC, if AD ⊥ BC, then AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC . BD (also called cosine rule)
(5) In ABC if AD is the median which bisects the side BC then
(
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2 AD 2 + BD 2 )
2
1 
= 2AD 2 + 2  BC 
2 
is known as Apollonius Theorem.
It is used to find the length of median.

CEVIAN
Definition:
A cevian is a line segment or ray that extends from one vertex of a polygon (usually a triangle) to the opposite
side (or the extension of that side). In the below diagram, AD is cevian.

Special Cevians
• A median is a cevian that divides the opposite side into two congruent lengths.
• An altitude is a cevian that is perpendicular to the opposite side.
• An angle bisector is a cevian that divides the angle cevian came from in half.

CEVA’S THEOREM
Ceva’s theorem is a criterion for the concurrence of cevians in a triangle.

Statement
Let ABC be a triangle and let D, E, F be points on
lines BC, CA, AB respectively. Lines AD, BE, CF are
concurrent if and only if
BD CE AF
  =1
DC EA FB

Trigonometric Form
The trigonometric form of Ceva’s theorem states that cevians AD, BE, CF concur if and only if
sin BAD sin CBE sin ACF
  =1
sin DAC sin EBA sin FCB

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MENELAUS’ THEOREM
Menelaus’ theorem deals with the collinearity of points on each of the three sides (extended when
necessary) of a triangle. If is named after Menelaus of Alexandria.

Statement
If line PQ intersecting AB on ABC, where P is on BC, Q is on the extension of AC, and R on the
intersection of PQ and AB, then
PB QC AR
  =1
CP QA RB

STEWART’S THEOREM
Statement
Given a triangle ABC with sides of length a, b, c and opposite vertices A, B, C respectively. If cevian
Ad is drawn so that BD = m, DC = n and AD = d, we have that b2m + c2n = amn + d2a.

Solved Examples

( )
Example 19: Given the perimeter of a right angled triangle is 2 + 6 cm and the median on the hypotenuse is
1 cm. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution: In a right triangle, median on hypotenuse side is half of the side
 AD = BD = CD = 1
So, AB = 2
Let AC = b and BC = a
then a2 + b2 = 2
i.e., a2 + b2 = 4
Also, a + b = 6
On squaring,
a2 + b2 + 2ab = 6
2ab = 2
ab = 1
1 1
 Area of ABC = ab = cm
2 2

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Example 20: In a square ABCD, P is any point such that PA : PB : PC = 1 : 2 : 3. Find APB in degrees.
Solution: Let PA = 1
PB = 2
PC = 3
If we rotate APB around B by 90° in
clockwise direction, P → Q and A → C
Then, BPQ is an isosceles right triangle.
 PQ2 = 2PB2 = 8
CQ2 = PA2 = 1
 By Pythagoras theorem,
PC2 = 9 = CQ2 + PQ2
CQP = 90°
Hence APB = CQB + 45° = 135°
CIRCLE
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are at the same distance from a fixed point called the
centre.
Some Results on Circles
(1) A diameter divides a circle into two equal parts.
(2) A point is outside, on, or inside a circle according to whether its distance from its centre is greater than,
equal to, or smaller than the radius.
(3) Radii of the same or congruent circles are congruent.
(4) In the same or congruent circles, congruent arcs have same central angles.
(5) In the same or congruent circles, congruent chords have congruent arcs.
(6) Diameter perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its arcs.
(7) Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of circle.
(8) In a circle, equal chords are equidistant from the centre.
(9) Out of the chords, the chord which is farther from centre is the shorter
(10) Given any three non-collinear points A, B, C there exists a unique circle passing through A, B and C
(11) Two circles cannot intersect in more than two points.
(12) The angle subtended at the centre is double the angle subtended at any point on the remaining part of
the circumference for any arc of a circle.
(13) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
(14) Angle in a semicircle is always 90°
(15) If a straight line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points on the same side
of it, then the four points are concyclic.

TANGENTS TO CIRCLE
If a straight line touches the circle in one point then the straight line is called a tangent to a circle & the
point at which a tangent touches the circle is known as the point of contact of the tangent.

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Important Results on Tangent
(1) A tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of contact.
(2) Tangents to a circle from an outside point are congruent.
(3) If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an exterior point then (i) they subtend equal angles at centre
(ii) the angle between them is bisected by straight line joining the point and centre.
(4) If two circle touch one another, then the point of contact lies on the straight line joining the centres.

(5) In any circle the angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact of tangent is equal to
the in alternate segment.

(6) A common tangent to two circles divide the straight line segment joining their centres, externally or
internally in the ratio of their radii.

AR AP r1
= =
BR BQ r2

CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral ABCD is cyclic if there is a circle passing through all the four vertices of the
quadrilateral.
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(1) Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

A + C = 180°
and B + D = 180°
(2) In a cyclic quadrilateral any exterior angle is equal to the interior opposite angle.
i.e., BAD = BCX
(3) If AB and CD are any two chords of a circle meeting at a point P then PA  PB = PC  PD (secant
property)

(4) If P is any point on a chord AB produced of a circle with centre O and radius r then PA  PB = PT 2

Solved Examples

Example 21: In the figure, ABC is inscribed in circle with centre O. ACB = 54° and CBA = 70°. Let D be
the foot of the perpendicular from AD ⊥ BC at D. Connect AO and extend it to meet the circle at E.
What is the measure of the angle DAE in degrees?
Solution: BAC = 180° – 54° – 70° = 56°
ACE = 90°
AEC = ABD = 70° (Angles on same segment)
BAD = 90° – 70° = 20°
EAC = 90° – 70° = 20°
DAE = 56° – 20° – 20° = 16°

Example 22: Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals. If AB = 20, BC = 70 and
CD = 90, then what is the value of DA? [Pre-RMO 2014]

Solution:

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AB2 = AX2 + XB2
CD2 = CX2 + XD2
Adding both we get
AB2 + CD2 = AX2 + XB2 + CX2 + XD2
= (AX2 + XD2) + (XB2 + XC2)
= AD2 + BC2
 20 + 902 = AD2 + 702
2

 202 + 902 – 702 = AD2

i.e., AD2 = 202 + 20 × 160
= 400 + 3200
2
AD = 3600
 AD = 60

Example 23: All the four angle bisectors of quadrilateral ABCD are met to form quadrilateral EFGH. If
HEF + EFG = 197° and DAB > BCD, find the value of A – C.
Solution: HEF + EFG = 197°
Then, m + n = 360° – (197°) = 163°
Now, for the four triangles
x + w + n = 180°
x + z + m = 180°
y + z + F = 180°
w + y + E = 180°
 2x + w + z + 163° = 360°
and 2y + w + z + 197° = 360°
Then 2x – 2y – 34° = 0
 2(x – y) = 34°
i.e., A – C = 34

Example 24: If H is the orthocentre of ABC and AP is a circumdiameter, then PH and BC bisect each other.
If OA' ⊥ BC where O is the circumcentre of ABC then AH = 2OA'.
Solution: BE ⊥ AC (altitude)
And PC ⊥ AC (Angle in semicircle)
 BE || PC
Hence, BH || PC
Similarly, CF || PB
or CH || PB
 BHCP is a parallelogram
We know that diagonals of parallelogram bisects each other and A' is the midpoint of BC
 A' is the point of intersection of diagonals
i.e., A'P = A'H also the mid-point of PH.
Now in APH, O and A' are the mid-points of AP and PH
 By mid-point theorem,
1
OA  = AH
2
i.e., AH = 2OA'
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Example 25: If AD bisects the vertical angle A of ABC meeting the base BC at D then prove that AB.
AC = BD . DC + AD2
Solution: Extend AD to X and join XC
Now in ABD and AXC,
ABD = AXC [Angles on same segment]
BAX = CAX (Given)
 By AA similarity
ABD ~ AXC
AB AD
 =
AX AC
AB . AC = AD . AX …(1)
Now, AD2 = AD . AD = AD(AX – DX)
= AD . AX – AD. DX
 AD2 + AD . DX = AD . AX
AD . AX = AD2 + BD . DC ....(2) [ AD . DX = BD . DC by secant property]

From (1) and (2)

AB  AC = AD 2 + BD  DC

PTOLEMY’S THEOREM
If a quadrilateral is cyclic then the product of the lengths of its diagonals is equal to the sum of the
products of the lengths of the pairs of opposite sides.
Proof:
Construction: Draw AE such that BAE = CAD
ABD = ACD (Angles on same segment)
 ABE ~ ACD (By AA similarity)
BAC = BAE + EAC
= CAD + EAC
= EAD
and BCA = BDA (Angles on same segment)
 AED ~ ABC
AC CD
 = …(1)
AB BE
AC BC
and = …(2)
AD ED
 AC  BE = AB  CD
and AC  ED = AD  BC
AC  BE + AC  ED = AB  CD + AD  BC
AC ( BE + ED ) = AB  CD + AD  BC

AC  BD = AB  CD + AD  BC

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Solved Examples
Example 26: In the figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with AC = AD = CD = 3 cm, AB = 2 cm and BD = 4
cm find the perimeter of quadrilateral ABCD.

Solution: Using Ptolemy's theorem,

AD × BC + AB × DC = AC × BD
 3BC + 3AB = 3BD
Hence, BC + AB = BD = 4 cm
and So, BC + AB + CD + DA = 4 + 3 + 3 = 10 cm

Example 27: In ABC, AB = 7, AC = 8, BC = 9. Point D is on the circumscribed circle of the triangle so that
AD
AD bisects BAC. What is the value of ?
CD
Solution: Let BD = x
BAD = DAC
7x + 8x = 9(AD) (Using Ptolemy's Theorem)
AD 5
=
CD 3

Example 28: Distinct points A and B are on a semicircle with diameter MN and centre C. The point P is on CN
and CBP = 10°. If MA = 40  then find PCB.

Solution:

APC + CAP = 40° (Exterior angle theorem)

APC +  = 40°
APC = 30°
 CAP = CBP (Angle in same segment)
 There is a circle passing through C, A, B and P
Join AB
And ABC = APC (Angles in same segment)
 ABC = 30°
 PAB = 20° ( CAB isosceles)
Hence, x = 20° (Angles in same segment)
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Example 29: O and I are the circumcentre and incentre of ABC respectively. Suppose O lies in the interior of
ABC and I lies on the circle passing through B, O and C. What is the magnitude of BAC
in degrees? [Pre-RMO 2012]
Solution: Extend AI to D on BC
B
 IBD =
2
C
and  ICD =
2
 B C 
  BIC = 180 −  + 
 2 2 
 180 −  A 
= 180 −  
 2 
A
= 90 + …(1)
2
But BIC = BOC [same segment BC]
And BOC = 2A …(2)
From (1) and (2),
A
90 + = 2 A
2
3 A
90 =
2
 A = 60 ie., BAC = 60°

Example 30: In triangle ABC right angled at vertex B, a point O is chosen on the side BC such that circle r
centered at O of radius OB touches the side AC. Let AB = 63 cm and BC = 16 cm and radius of r
m
be of the form where m, n are relatively prime positive integers. Find the value of m + n.
n
[Pre-RMO 2016]
Solution: AD = AB = 63 cm
Now, AC2 = BC2 + AB2
= 162 + 632
= 652
 AC = 65 cm
CD = AC – AD = 65 – 63 = 2 cm
Now, in ODC
r2 + 22 = (16 – r2)
4 = (16 – r2) – r2
4 = (16 – r – r)(16 – r + r)
4 = (16 – 2r)(16)
1 = 4(16 – 2r)
1
= 16 − 2r
4
1
2r = 16 −
4
63
2r =
4
63 m
r= =  m + n = 63 + 8 = 71 cm
8 n
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EXERCISE # 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. ABC is divided into six smaller triangles by lines drawn from the vertices through a common interior
point. The areas of four of these triangles (in cm2) are as indicates in figure. If area of ABC is k cm2,
k
then find the value of .
5

2. A machine shop cutting tool is in the shape of a notched circle as shown. The radius of the circle is
50 cm the length of AB is 6 cm and that of BC is 2 cm. The angle ABC is a right angle. Find the
square of the distance from B to centre of the circle.

3. Triangle ABC has A > B > C. The angle between the altitude and the angle bisector at vertex A is
6° The angle between the altitude and the angle bisector at vertex B is 18°. Compute the degree
measure of angle C.

4. In the given figure, the length of side AB of square ABCD is 50 cm and BE = 1 cm. What is the area
of the inner square EFGH?

5. In a ABC, let I denote the incentre. Let the lines AI, BI and CI intersect the incircle at P, Q and R
respectively. If BAC = 40°, what is the value of QPR in degrees?

6. In a triangle ABC with BCA = 90°, the perpendicular bisector of AB intersects segments AB and AC
at X and Y respectively. If the ratio of the area of quadrilateral BXYC to the area of triangle ABC is
13:18 and BC = 12 cm then what is the length of AC?
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m
7. In the figure, ABCD is a square and area of PQRS is where m and n are co-prime, then find
n
m + n.

8. If ABCDE is a regular pentagon and MNCD is a square, compute the value of mAMN − mEAM in
degrees.

9. Rectangle ABCD is divided into four parts of equal area by five segments as shown in figure, where
XY = YB + BC + CZ = ZW = WD + DA + AX and PQ is parallel to AB. Find the length of AB(in cm)
if BC = 19 cm and PQ = 87 cm.

10. Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle. BD is the altitude to base AC. AF is the median to BC. AF meets
BD at G. Find the number of square cm2 in the area of ABG if BD = 234 cm and AF = 195 cm

11. Triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle and BQ is the angle bisector of angle ABC. Extend BQ to meet
the circle at P. If AB = 10 cm, BC = 12 cm, AC = 11 cm and BP = a 10 cm , then find a.

12. Squares S1 and S2 are inscribed in right triangle ABC as shown in figure below. (S1) = 441 square units
AC + BC
and area (S2) = 440 square units and = k , then find k.
21

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13. If AH, AD and AM are respectively an altitude, an angle bisector, and a median of triangle ABC.
AB = 14 cm, AC = 10 cm and BC = 18 cm. The number of square inches in the area of triangle ADM is
7 k
. Find the value of k.
4

14. Let line AC be perpendicular to line CE connect A to the mid-point D of CE and connect E to the mid-
point B of AC. If AD and EB intersect in point F, BC = CD = 15 cm, find the area of triangle DFE in
square cm.

15. In square ABCD, AC and BD meet at O, the angle bisector of CAB meets BD at F, meets BC at G.
Find the ratio of OF to CG.

16. Let P be an interior point of ABC and extend lines from the vertices through P to the opposite sides.
Let a, b, c and d denote the lengths of the segments indicated in figure. Find the square root of the
product of abc if a + b + c = 43 and d = 3.

17. Let triangle ABC have vertices on a circle. Let AD be an altitude of the triangle and let AK be a
diameter of the circle. If ABC = 80° and BCA = 64°, find DAK.

18. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron with AB = 41 cm, AC = 7 cm, AD = 18 cm, BC = 36 cm, BD = 27 cm and
CD = 13 cm as shown in the figure. Let d be the distance between the mid-points of edges AB and CD.
If d 2 = xyz , then find x + y + z.

19. Rhombus PQRS is inscribed in rectangle ABCD so that the vertices P, Q, R, S are interior points on
sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. It is given that PB = 15 cm, BQ = 20 cm, PA = 30 cm and
m
QS = 40 cm. Let in lowest term denotes the perimeter of ABCD. Find m – n4.
n

20. Let A1, B1, C1, D1 be the mid-points of the sides of a convex quadrilateral ABCD and let A2, B2, C2, D2
be the mid-points of the sides of the quadrilateral A1B1C1D1. If A2B2C2D2 is a rectangle with sides 4 and
6, then what is the product of the lengths of the diagonals of ABCD?
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43
21. Two squares shown share the same centre O and have sides of length 1 cm. The length of AB = cm
99
m
and area of octagon ABCDEFGH is , where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find
n
m+n
.
5

22. In figure, AD, BE and CF are the medians of triangle ABC. Points P, Q and R are the mid-points of
AD, BE and CF respectively. If the area of triangle PQR is 243 square units, what is the area of ABC?

23. In the figure, BD is the angle bisector of B in ABC, point E is on AB and CE intersects BD at P.
AE m
Quadrilateral BCDE is cyclic. If BP = 15 cm and PE = 5 cm and = , where m and n are in lowest
AC n
form then find m + n.

24. Convex quadrilateral ABCD has AB = 9 and CD = 12 diagonal AC and BD intersect at E. AC = 14 and
AED and BEC have equal areas. What is AE?

25. In acute-angled triangle ABC, let D be the foot of the altitude from A and E be the mid-point of BC. Let
F be the mid-point of AC. Suppose BAE = 40°. If DAE = DFE, what is the magnitude of ADF
in degrees?

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26. A small square is constructed inside a square of area 1 square unit by 1
n
dividing each side of the unit square into n equal parts and then
connecting the vertices to the division points closest to the opposite
vertices Find the value of n if the area of the small square is exactly
1
.
2113

27. In rectangle ABCD, AB = 5 cm, BC = 3 cm. Points F and G are on line segment CD so that DF = 1 cm
and GC = 2 cm. Lines AF and BG intersect at E. What is the area of AEB? (Pre-RMO 2012)

28. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. Let P and S be points on AB and AC respectively and let Q and R
be points on BC such that PQRS is a rectangle. If PQ = 3PS and area of PQRS is 28 3 square units.
What is the length of PC? (Pre-RMO 2013)

29. In a triangle ABC, let H, I and O be the orthocenter, incentre and circumcenter, respectively. If the
points B, H, I, C lie on a circle, what is the magnitude of BOC in degrees? (Pre-RMO 2013)

30. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with DAB = BDC = 90°. Let the incircles of triangles ABD
and BCD touch BD at P and Q, respectively with P lying in between B and Q. If AD = 999 and
PQ = 200 then what is the sum of the radii of the incircles of triangles ABD and BDC?
[Pre-RMO 2014]

31. In a triangle ABC, X and Y are points on the segments AB and AC, respectively, such that
AX : XB = 1 : 2 and AY : YC = 2 : 1. If the area of AXY is 10 then what is the area of ABC?
[Pre-RMO 2014]

32. Let XOY be a triangle with XOY = 90°. Let M and N be the mid-points of OX and OY respectively.
Suppose that XN = 19 cm and YM = 22 cm. What is XY? (Pre-RMO 2014)

33. Figure below shows a broken piece of a circular plate made of glass. C is the mid-point of AB and D is
the mid-point of arc AB. Given AB = 24 cm and CD = 6 cm. What is the radius of plate in centimeters?
(Pre-RMO 2015)

34. Circle  touches the circle  internally at P. The centre O of  is outside . Let XY be a diameter of 
which is also tangent to . Assume that PY > PX. Let PY intersect  at Z. If YZ = 2PZ, what is the
magnitude of PYX in degrees? (Pre-RMO 2015)

35. Let AD be an altitude in a right triangle ABC with A = 90° and D on BC. Suppose that the radii of
incircles of ABD and ACD are 33 and 56 respectively. Let r be the radius of incircle of triangle ABC.
Find the value of 3(r + 7). (Pre-RMO 2016)

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EXERCISE # 2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with BC = AC and ACB = 40°. Construct the circle with diameter
BC , and let D and E be the other intersection points of the circle with the sides AC and AB ,
respectively. Let F be the intersection of the diagonals of the quadrilateral BCDE. What is the degree
measure of BFC?
(A) 90 (B) 100 (C) 105 (D) 110

2. All of the triangles in the diagram below are similar to isosceles triangle ABC, in which AB = AC.
Each of the 7 smallest triangles has area 1, and ABC has area 40. What is the area of trapezoid
DBCE?

(A) 24 (B) 22 (C) 20 (D) 18

3. In rectangle ABCD, AB = 20 and BC = 10. Let E be a point on CD such that CBE = 15°. What is
AE ?
20 3
(A) (B) 10 3 (C) 20 (D) 11 3
3

4. The isosceles right triangle ABC has right angle at C and area 12.5. The rays trisecting ACB intersect
AB at D and E. What is the area of CDE?
5 2 5 3 − 75 15 3 15 − 25 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 8 2

5. Let ABC be a scalene triangle. Point P lies on BC so that AP bisects BAC. The line through B
perpendicular to AP intersects the line through A parallel to BC at point D. Suppose BP = 2 and PC =
3. What is AD?
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 11

6. Triangle AMC is isosceles with AM = AC. Medians MV and CU are perpendicular to each other, and
MV = CU = 12. What is the area of AMC?
(A) 48 (B) 72 (C) 96 (D) 144

7. In ABC, AB = 86, and AC = 97. A circle with center A and radius AB intersects BC at points B and
X. Moreover BX and CX have integer lengths. What is BC?
(A) 11 (B) 28 (C) 33 (D) 61

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8. In triangle ABC, medians AD and CE intersect at P, PE = 1.5, PD = 2, and DE = 2.5. What is the area
of AEDC?

(A) 13 (B) 13.5 (C) 14 (D) 14.5

9. Triangle ABC is an isosceles right triangle with AB = AC = 3. Let M be the midpoint of hypotenuse
BC . Points I and E lie on sides AC and AB , respectively, so that AI > AE and AIME is a cyclic
a− b
quadrilateral. Given that triangle EMI has area 2, the length CI can be written as , where a, b,
c
and c are positive integers and b is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is the value of
a + b + c?
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13

10. The y-intercepts, P and Q, of two perpendicular lines intersecting at the point A(6, 8) have a sum of
zero. What is the area of APQ?
(A) 45 (B) 48 (C) 54 (D) 60

11. Triangle AMC is isosceles with AM = AC. Medians MV and CU are perpendicular to each other, and
MV = CU = 12. What is the area of AMC?

(A) 48 (B) 72 (C) 96 (D) 144

12. Triangle ABC has side-lengths AB = 12, BC = 24, and AC = 18. The line through the incenter of
ABC parallel to BC intersects AB at M and AC at N. What is the perimeter of AMN?
(A) 27 (B) 30 (C) 33 (D) 36

13. A rectangular box has a total surface area of 94 square inches. The sum of the lengths of all its edges is
48 inches. What is the sum of the lengths in inches of all of its interior diagonals?
(A) 8 3 (B) 10 2 (C) 16 3 (D) 20 2

14. Triangle ABC has AB = 27, AC = 26, and BC = 25. Let I be the intersection of the internal angle
bisectors of ABC. What is BI?
2
(A) 15 (B) 3 26 (C) 546 (D) 9 3
3

15. Points A = (6, 13) and B = (12, 11) lie on circle  in the plane. Suppose that the tangent lines to  at A
and B intersect at a point on the x-axis. What is the area of ?
83 21 85  43
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 2 8 4

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EXERCISE # 3

(PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. Let ABCD be a trapezium in which AB || CD and AB = 3 CD. Let E be the midpoint of the diagonal
BD. If [ABCD] = n × [CDE], what is the value of n? (Here [Γ] denotes the area of the geometrical
figure Γ.) [IOQM 2020]

2. Let ABCD be a rectangle in which AB + BC + CD = 20 and AE = 9 where E is the mid-point of the

side BC. Find the area of the rectangle. [IOQM 2020]

1
3. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. Let D be a point on the segment BC such that BD = 48 and
61
DC = 61. Let E be a point on AD such that CE is perpendicular to AD and DE = 11. Find AE.
[IOQM 2020]

4. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = 5, AC = 4, BC = 6. The internal angle bisector of C intersects the side
AB at D. Points M and N are taken on sides BC and AC, respectively, such that
p
DM || AC and DN || BC. If (MN)2 = where p and q are relatively prime positive integers then what is
q
the sum of the digits of |p – q|? [IOQM 2020]

5. Given a pair of concentric circles, chords AB, BC, CD, …. of the outer circle are drawn such that they
all touch the inner circle. If ABC = 75◦, how many chords can be drawn before returning to the
starting point? [IOQM 2020]

6. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Let E and F be midpoints of AB and BC respectively. The lines EC and
FD intersect in P and form four triangles APB, BPC, CPD and DPA. If the area of the parallelogram is
100 sq. units, what is the maximum area in sq. units of a triangle among these four triangles?
[IOQM 2020]

7. In triangle ABC, let P and R be the feet of the perpendiculars from A onto the external and internal
bisectors of ABC, respectively; and let Q and S be the feet of the perpendiculars from A onto the
internal and external bisectors of ACB, respectively. If PQ = 7, QR = 6 and RS = 8, what is the area
of triangle ABC? [IOQM 2020]

8. The incircle Γ of a scalene triangle ABC touches BC at D, CA at E and AB at F. Let r A be the radius of
the circle inside ABC which is tangent to Γ and the sides AB and AC. Define r B and rC similarly. If
rA = 16, rB = 25 and rC = 36, determine the radius of Γ. [IOQM 2020]

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9. A light source at the point (0; 16) in the coordinate plane casts light in all directions.
A disc (a circle along with its interior) of radius 2 with center at (6; 10) casts a shadow on the X axis.
The length of the shadow can be written in the form m n where m, n are positive integers and n is
square-free. Find m + n. [IOQM 2020]

10. Three parallel lines L1, L2, L3 are drawn in the plane such that the perpendicular distance between L1
and L2 is 3 and the perpendicular distance between L2 and L3 is also 3. A square ABCD is constructed
such that A lies on L1, B lies on L3 and C lies on L2. Find the area of the square. [IOQM 2021]

11. Consider the set T of all triangles whose sides are distinct prime numbers which are also in arithmetic
progression. Let   T be the triangle with the least perimeter. If a° is the largest angle of  and if L is
a
its perimeter, determine the value of . [IOQM 2021]
L

12. In parallelogram ABCD the longer side is twice the shorter side. Let XYZW be the quadrilateral formed
by the internal bisectors of the angles of ABCD. If the area of XYZW is 10, find the area of ABCD.
[IOQM 2021]

13. A triangle ABC with AC = 20 is inscribed in a circle . A tangent t to  is drawn through B. The
distance of t from A is 25 and that from C is 16. If S denotes the area of the triangle ABC, find the
largest integer not exceeding S/20. [IOQM 2022]

AP 61
14. In a parallelogram ABCD, the point P on a segment AB is taken such that = and a point Q
AB 2022
AQ 61 AC
on the segment AD is taken such that = . If PQ intersects AC at T, find to the nearest
AD 2065 AT
integer. [IOQM 2022]

15. In a trapezoid ABCD, the internal bisector of angle A intersects the base BC (or its extension) at the
point E. Inscribed in the triangle ABE is a circle touching the side AB at M and side BE at the point P.
Find the angle DAE in degrees, if AB : MP = 2. [IOQM 2022]

16. Let AB be a diameter of a circle  and let C be a point on , different from A and B. The perpendicular
from C intersects AB at D and  at E( C). The circle with centre at C and radius CD intersects  at P
and Q. If the perimeter of the triangle PEQ is 24, find the length of the side PQ. [IOQM 2022]

17. Given ABC with B = 60° and C = 30°, let P, Q, R be points on sides BA, AC, CB respectively
such that BPQR is an isosceles trapezium with PQ || BR and BP = QR. Find the maximum possible
2[ABC]
value of where [S] denotes the area of any polygon S. [IOQM 2022]
[BPQR ]

18. Let ABC be a triangle let D be a point on the segment BC such that AD = BC. Suppose
CAD = x°, ABC = y° and ACB = z° and x, y, z are in an arithmetic progression in that order
where the first term and the common difference are positive integers. Find the largest possible value of
ABC in degrees. [IOQM 2022]

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19. In a triangle ABC, the median AD divides BAC in the ratio 1 : 2. Extend AD to E such that EB is
perpendicular AB. Given that BE = 3, BA = 4, find the integer nearest to BC2. [IOQM 2022]

20. In a triangle ABC, let E be the midpoint of AC and F be the midpoint of AB. The medians BE and CF
intersect at G. Let Y and Z be the midpoints of BE and CF respectively. If the area of triangle ABC is
480, find the area of triangle GYZ. [IOQM 2023]

21. Let X be the set of all even positive integers n such that the measure of the angle of some regular
polygon is n degrees. Find the number of elements in X. [IOQM 2023]

22. Let ABC be a triangle in the xy plane, where B is at the origin (0, 0). Let BC be produced to D such
that BC : CD = 1 : 1 , CA be produced to E such that CA : AE = 1 : 2 and AB be produced to F such
that AB : BF = 1 : 3 . Let G(32; 24) be the centroid of the triangle ABC and K be the centroid of the
triangle DEF. Find the length GK. [IOQM 2023]

23. Let ABCD be a unit square. Suppose M and N are points on BC and CD respectively such that the
perimeter of triangle MCN is 2. Let O be the circumcentre of triangle MAN, and P be the circumcentre
 OP  m
of triangle MON. If  = for some relatively prime positive integers m and n, find the value of
 OA  n
m + n. [IOQM 2023]

24. In the coordinate plane, a point is called a lattice point if both of its coordinates are integers. Let A be
the point (12, 84). Find the number of right angled triangles ABC in the coordinate plane where B and
C are lattice points, having a right angle at the vertex A and whose incenter is at the origin (0; 0).
[IOQM 2023]

25. Given a triangle ABC with ACB = 120◦. The point L is marked on the side AB so that CL is the
bisector of ACB. The points N and K are marked on the sides AC and BC, respectively, so that
CN + CK = CL. Prove that the triangle KLN is equilateral. IOQM 2023 KV]

26. The diagonals AC and BD of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD meet at P. The point Q is chosen on the
segment BC so that PQ is perpendicular to AC. Prove that the line joining the centres of the
circumcircles of triangles APD and BQD is parallel to AD. [IOQM 2023 KV]

27. Let  be a semicircle with AB as the bounding diameter and let CD be a variable chord of the
semicircle of constant length such that C; D lie in the interior of the arc AB. Let E be a point on the
diameter AB such that CE and DE are equally inclined to the line AB. Prove that
(a) the measure of CED is a constant;
(b) the circumcircle of triangle CED passes through a fixed point [IOQM 2023 non-KV]

28. Let Ω1; Ω2 be two intersecting circles with centres O1; O2 respectively. Let l be a line that intersects Ω1
at points A; C and Ω2 at points B; D such that A, B, C, D are collinear in that order. Let the
perpendicular bisector of segment AB intersect Ω1 at points P; Q; and the perpendicular bisector of
segment CD intersect Ω2 at points R; S such that P; R are on the same side of l. Prove that the
midpoints of PR, QS and O1O2 are collinear. [IOQM 2023 non-KV]

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Answer Key

EXERCISE # 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. 63 2. 26 cm2 3. 44° 4. 36 cm2 5. 55°
6. 36 units 7. 67 8. 36° 9. 193 cm 10. 8112 cm2
1
11. 4 12. 22 13. 11 14. 75 sq. cm 15.
2

16. 21 17. 16° 18. 11 19. 47 20. 208

21. 37 22. 3888 sq. units 23. 4 24. 6 units 25. 40°
25
26. 33 27. sq.unit 28. 14 units 29. 120° 30. 799
2
31. 45 32. 26 units 33. 15 cm 34. 15° 35. 216

EXERCISE # 2

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (D)

8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (A)
15. (C)

EXERCISE # 3

(PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. (08) 2. (19) 3. (25) 4. (02) 5. (24) 6. (40) 7. (84)
8. (74) 9. (21) 10. (45) 11. (08) 12. (40) 13. (10) 14. (67)
15. (60) 16. (08) 17. (Bonus) 18. (59) 19. (29) 20. (10) 21. (16)
22. (40) 23. (03) 24. (18)

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PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 38