COORDINATE GEOMETRY

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INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY:

Coordinate geometry is the combination of algebra and geometry. A systematic study of geometry by
the use of algebra was first carried out by celebrated French philosopher and mathematician René
Descartes. The resulting combination of analysis and geometry is referred as analytical geometry.

Cartesian Co-ordinates System

In 2-dimensional coordinate system, two lines are used; the lines are at right angles, forming a
rectangular coordinate system. The horizontal axis is the x -axis and the vertical axis is y -axis. The
point of intersection O is the origin of the coordinate system. Distances along the x -axis to the right of
the origin are taken as positive, distances to the left as negative. Distances along the y -axis above the
origin are positive; distances below are negative. The position of a point anywhere in the plane can be
specified by two numbers, the coordinates of the point, written as ( x, y ) . The x -coordinate (or
abscissa) is the distance of the point from the y -axis in a direction parallel to the x -axis (i.e.,
horizontally). The y -coordinate (or ordinate) is the distance from the x -axis in a direction parallel to
the y -axis (vertically). The origin O is the point ( 0, 0 ) .

Polar Co-ordinates System

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A coordinate system in which the position of a point is determined by the length of a line segment from
a fixed origin together with the angle that the line segment makes with a fixed line. The origin is called
the pole and the line segment is the radius vector (r). The angle  between the polar axis and the radius
vector is called the vectorial angle. By convention, positive values of  are measured in an
anticlockwise sense, negative values in clockwise sense. The coordinates of the point are then specified
as (r, ).
If (x, y) are cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, then:
x = r cosq, y = r sinq
and
y
r= x 2 + y 2 ,  = tan −1  
x

Distance Formula and its Applications

If A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) are two points, then AB = ( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
2 2

Note:
(i) Three given points A. B and C are collinear, when sum of any two distances out of AB, BC, CA is
equal to the remaining third, otherwise the points will be the vertices of a triangle.
(ii) Let A, B, C and D be the four given points in a plane. Then the quadrilateral will be:
(a) Square if AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD; AC ⊥ BD
(b) Rhombus if AB = BC = CD = DA and AC  BD; AC ⊥ BD
(c) Parallelogram if AB = DC; BC = AD; AC  BD; AC ⊥ BD
(d) Rectangle if AB = CD; BC = DA, AC  BD; AC ⊥ BD

Section Formula
The co-ordinates of a point dividing a line joining the points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n is
given by:
(a) For internal division: P – R – Q  R divides line segment PQ, internally.
 mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1 
( x, y )   , 
 m+n m+n 

(b) For external division: R – P – Q or P – Q – R  R divides line segment PQ, externally.

 mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1 
( x, y )   , 
 m−n m−n 

17
17  1  R lies on the left of P and  1  R lies on the right of Q
15
(c) Harmonic conjugate: If P divides AB internally in the ratio m : n and Q divides AB externally
in the ratio m : n then P and Q are said to be harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB.
2 1 1
Mathematically = + i.e., AP, AB, and AQ are in H.P.
AB AP AQ

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Co-ordinates of Some Particular Points
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and C(x3, y3) are vertices of any triangle ABC, then
Centroid

The centroid is the point of intersection of the medians (line joining the midpoint of sides and opposite
vertices). Centroid divides each median in the ratio of 2 : 1.
 x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 
Co-ordinate of centroid G  , 
 3 3 
Incentre

The incentre is the point of intersection of internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle. Also it is a
centre of the circle touching all the sides of a triangle. Co-ordinates of incentre
 ax + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
I 1 ,  where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC.
 a+b+c a+b+c 
Note
(i) Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio of remaining sides. e.g.,
BD AB c
= =
DC AC b
(ii) Incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio (b + c) : a, (c + a) : b, (a + b) : c.

Circumcentre

It is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. If O is the

circumcentre of any triangle ABC, then OA2 = OB2 = OC2. Also, it is a centre of a circle touching all
the vertices of a triangle.

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Note
(i) If the triangle is right angled, then its circumcentre is the mid-point of hypotenuse.
(ii) Co-ordinates of circumcentre
 x1sin2A + x 2 sin2B + x 3sin2C y1sin2A + y 2sin2B + y 3sin2C 
 , 
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C sin2A + sin2B + sin2C 

Orthocentre

It is the point of intersection of perpendiculars drawn from vertices on the opposite sides of a triangle
and it can be obtained by solving the equation of any two altitudes.
Note
(i) If a triangle is right angled, then orthocentre is the point where right angle is formed.
(ii) Co-ordinates of circumcentre
 x1 tanA + x 2 tanB + x 3 tanC y1tanA + y 2 tanB + y 3 tanC 
 , 
 tanA + tanB + tanC tanA + tanB + tanC 
Remarks
(i) If the triangle is equilateral, then centroid, incentre, orthocentre, circumcentre, coincide.
(ii) Orthocentre, centroid, and circumcentre are always collinear and centroid divides the line
joining orthocentre and circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1
(iii) In an isosceles triangle, centroid, orthocentre, incentre, and circumcentre lie on the same line.

Solved Examples

Example 1
The number of points on x -axis that are at a distance c(c < 3) from the point (2, 3) is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) no point
Solution
Let a point on x-axis is (x1, 0). Then its distance from the point (2, 3)

( x1 − 2 ) + 9 = c or ( x1 − 2 ) = c 2 − 9
2 2
=

 x 1 − 2 =  c 2 − 9 since c < 3  c2 – 9 < 0

 x1 will be imaginary. Ans. (D)

Example 2
The distance between the point P(a cos, a sin) and Q(a cos, a sin), where a > 0 and  > , is:
 − +  −  −
(A) 4asin (B) 2asin (C) 2asin (D) 2acos
2 2 2 2

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Solution
d2 = (a cosa – a cosb)2 + (a sina – a sinb)2
= a2(cos – cos)2 + a2(sin – sin)2

 + − 2  +  −

= a 2  2sin sin  + a  2cos sin 
 2 2   2 2 
 − 2  −  +
= 4a 2 sin 2 sin + cos 2 
2  2 2 
 −  −
= 4a 2 sin 2  d = 2asin Ans. (C)
2 2
Example 3
Determine the ratio in which y – x + 2 = 0 divides the line joining (3, –1) and (8, 9).
Solution
Suppose the line y – x + 2 = 0 divides the line segment joining A(3, –1) and B(8, 9) in the ratio  : 1 at
 8 + 3 9  − 1 
a point P, then the co-ordinates of the point P are  , 
  +1  +1 
 9 − 1   8 + 3 
But P lies on y – x + 2 = 0 therefore   − ( 8 + 3 )  +2=0
  +1    +1 
Þ 9l – 1 – 8l – 3 + 2l + 2 = 0
2
 3 – 2 = 0 or  =
3
2
So, the required ratio is :1 , i.e., 2 : 3 (internally) since here  is positive.
3

Example 4
5 
If  , 3  is the centroid of a triangle and its two vertices are (0, 1) and (2, 3), then find its third vertex,
3 
circumcentre, circumradius, and orthocentre.
Solution
Let the third vertex of triangle be (x, y), then
5 x+0+2 y +1+ 3
=  x = 3 and 3 =  y=5
3 3 3
So third vertex is (3, 5)
Now three vertices are A(0, 1), B(2, 3) and C(3, 5)
Let circumcentre be P(h, k), then AP = BP = CP = R (circumradius) AP = BP2 = CP2 = R2
h2 + (k – 1)2 = (h – 2)2 + (k – 3)2
from the first two equations, we have
h+k=3 …(ii)
from the first and third equation, we obtain
6h + 8k = 33 …(iii)
On solving, (ii) and (iii), we get
9 15
h = − ,k =
2 2
Substituting these values in (i), we have
5
R= 10
2

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5   9 15 
G  ,3 C − , 
3   2 2
 9
x1 + 9  − 
Let O(x1, y1) be the orthocentre, then  2 = 5
3 3
 15 
y1 + 2  
 x 1 = 14   2  =3
3
 y1 = – 6.

Hence, orthocentre of the triangle is (14, –6).

Example 5
The vertices of a triangle are A(0, –6), B(–6, 0) and C(1, 1), respectively, then co-ordinates of the ex-
centre opposite to vertex A are:
 −3 −3   3  −3 3 
(A)  ,  (B)  −4, −  (C)  ,  (D) (– 4, 6)
 2 2   2  2 2
Solution
a = BC = (−6 − 1) 2 + (0 − 1) 2 = 50 = 5 2

b = CA = (1 − 0) 2 + (1 + 6) 2 = 50 = 5 2

c = AB = (0 + 6) 2 + ( −6 − 0) 2 = 72 = 6 2
co-ordinates of excentre opposite to vertex A will be:
− ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 −5 2  0 + 5 2 ( −6 ) + 6 2 (1)
x= =
−a + b + c −5 2 + 5 2 + 6 2
− 24 2
= = −4
6 2

− ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 −5 2 ( −6 ) + 5 2.0 + 6 2 (1)

y= =
−a + b + c −5 2 + 5 2 + 6 2
36 2
= =6
6 2
Hence co-ordinates of ex-centre are (–4, 6) Ans. (D)

Area of Triangle and Quadrilaterals

Area of Triangle
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are vertices of a triangle, then
x1 y1 1
1
Area of ABC = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

1
=  x1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 2 ) 
2 
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To remember the above formula, take the help of the following method:

1
=
2
1
=  ( x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 ) + ( x 2 y 3 − x 3 y 2 ) + ( x 3 y1 − x1 y 3 ) 
2 
Remarks
(i) If the area of triangle joining three points is zero, then the points are collinear.
P2
(ii) Area of Equilateral triangle: If altitude of any equilateral triangle is P, then its area = . If 'a'
3
 a2 3 
be the side of equilateral triangle, then its area =   . (iii) Area of quadrilateral with given
 4
 
vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3), D(x4, y4),

1
Area of quad. ABCD =
2

Note
Area of a polygon can be obtained by dividing the polygon into disjoined triangles and then adding
their areas.

Solved Examples

Example 6
If the vertices of a triangle are (1, 2), (4, –6), and (3, 5) then its area is:
25
(A) sq. units (B) 12 sq. units (C) 5 sq. units (D) 25 sq. units
2
Solution
1
Δ= 1( −6 − 5 ) + 4 ( 5 − 2 ) + 3 ( 2 + 6 ) 
2
1 25
=  −11 + 12 + 24  = square units Ans. (A)
2 2

Example 7
The point A divides the join of the points (–5, 1) and (3, 5) in the ratio k : 1 and coordinates of points B
and C are (1, 5) and (7, –2), respectively. If the area of ABC be 2 units, then k equals:
31 31
(A) 7,9 (B) 6,7 (C) 7, (D) 9,
9 9
Solution
 3k − 5 5k + 1 
A , 
 k +1 k +1 
Area of ABC = 2 units
1  3k − 5  5k + 1   5k + 1 
  ( 5 + 2 ) + 1  −2 −  + 7 − 5  = ± 2
2  k +1  k + 1   k + 1 
31
 14k – 66 = ±4(k + 1)  k = 7 or Ans. (C)
9

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Example 8
Prove that the co-ordinates of the vertices of an equilateral triangle cannot all be rational.
Solution
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. If possible, let x1, y1, x2, y2, x3,
y3 be all rational.
1
Now area of ABC = x 1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 (y1 − y 2 ) Rational
2
Since ABC is equilateral

 Area of ABC =
4
3
(side ) 2 =
3
4
(AB) 2 =
4
3
( x 1 − x 2 ) + ( y1 − y 2 )
2 2
 = Irrational
From (i) and (ii),
Rational = Irrational
which is a contradiction.
Hence x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3 cannot all be rational.

EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE

Straight Line
Introduction: A relation between x and y that is satisfied by co-ordinates of every point lying on a line
is called equation of the straight line. Here, remember that every one-degree equation in variables x and
y always represents a straight line i.e., ax + b + c = 0; a and b  0 simultaneously.
(a) Equation of a line parallel to x-axis at a distance 'a' is y = a or y = –a.
(b) Equation of x-axis is y = 0.
(c) Equation of a line parallel to y-axis at a distance 'b' is x = b or x = –b.
(d) Equation of y-axis is x = 0.
Slope of Line

If a given line makes an angle  ( 0    1800 ,   90 ) with the positive direction of x-axis, then
slope of this line will be tan  and is usually denoted by the letter m, i.e., m = tan  If A(x1, y1) and
y 2 − y1
B(x2, y2) and x1  x2, then slope of line AB =
x 2 − x1
Remarks
(i) If  = 90°, m does not exist and line is parallel to y-axis.
(ii) If  = 0°, m = 0 and the line is parallel to x-axis.
(iii) Let m1 and m2 be slopes of two given lines (none of them is parallel to y-axis)
(a) If lines are parallel, m1 = m2 and vice-versa.
(b) If lines are perpendicular, m1m2 = –1 and vice-versa

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Conditions for Collinearity of Three Given Points
Three given points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if any one of the following conditions are
satisfied.
x1 y1 1
(a) Area of triangle ABC is zero i.e., x 2 y2 1 =0
x3 y3 1

y 2 − y1 y3 − y 2 y 3 − y1
(b) Slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC. i.e., = =
x 2 − x1 x3 − x2 x 3 − x1
(c) Find the equation of line passing through 2 given points, if the third point satisfies the given
equation of the line, then three points are collinear.

Standard Forms of Equations of a Straight Line

(a) Slope Intercept form: Let m be the slope of a line and c its intercept on y-axis. Then the equation of
this straight line is written as: y = mx + c
If the line passes through origin, its equation is written as y = mx
(b) Point Slope form: If m be the slope of a line and it passes through a point (x1, y1), then its equation is
written as: y – y1 = m(x – x1)
(c) Two point form: Equation of a line passing through two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is written as:
x y 1
( y 2 − y1 )
y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) or x1 y1 1 =0
( x 2 − x1 )
x2 y2 1
(d) Intercept form: If a and b are the intercepts made by a line on the axes of x and y, its equation is
x y
written as: + =1=1
a b

(i) Length of intercept of line between the coordinate axes = a 2 + b 2

1 1
(ii) Area of triangle AOB = OA  OB = ab
2 2
(e) Normal form: If p is the length of perpendicular on a line from the origin, and  the angle which this
perpendicular makes with positive x-axis, then the equation of this line is written as: x cos + y sin = p
(p is always positive) where 0  a < 2.

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(f) Parametric form: To find the equation of a straight line which passes through a given point A(h, k)
and makes a given angle  with the positive direction of the x-axis. P(x, y) is any point on the line
LAL'.

x−h y−k
Let AP = r, then x – h = r cos, y – k = r sin and = = r is the equation of the straight line
cos sin 
LAL'.
Any point P on the line will be of the form (h + r cos, k + r sin), where |r| gives the distance of the
point P from the fixed point (h, k).

(g) General form: We know that a first-degree equation in x and y, ax + by + c = 0 always represents a
straight line. This form is known as general form of straight line.
−a coeff.of x
(i) Slope of this line = =−
b coeff.of y
c c
(ii) Intercept by this line on x-axis = − and intercept by this line on y-axis = −
a b
(iii) To change the general form of a line to normal form, first take c to right hand side and make it
positive, then divide the whole equation by a 2 + b2 .

Equation of Lines Parallel and Perpendicular to a Given Line

(a) Equation of line parallel to line ax + by + c = 0
ax + by + l = 0
(b) Equation of line perpendicular to line ax + by + c = 0
bx – ay + k = 0
Here , k are parameters and their values are obtained with the help of additional information given in
the problem.

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

 m1 − m 2 
(a) If  be the angle between two lines: y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2, then tan =   .
 1 + m1 m 2 
Note
(i) There are two angles formed between two lines but usually the acute angle is taken as the angle
between the lines. So we shall find  from the above formula only by taking positive value of
tan.
(ii) Let m1, m2, m3 are the slopes of three lines L1 = 0; L2 = 0; L3 = 0 where m1 > m2 > m3 then the
interior angles of the ABC found by these formulas are given by,
m1 − m 2 m 2 − m3 m 3 − m1
tanA = ; tanB = and tanC =
1 + m1 m 2 1 + m 2m3 1 + m 3 m1

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(b) If equation of lines are a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, then these lines are:
a1 b1 c1
(i) Parallel  = 
a2 b2 c2
(ii) Perpendicular  a1a 2 + b1b 2 = 0
a1 b1 c1
(iii) Coincident  = =
a2 b2 c2

Solved Examples

Example 9
Prove that every first-degree equation in x, y represents a straight line.
Solution
Let ax + by + c = 0 be a first degree equation in x, y where a, b, c are constants.
Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) be any two points on the curve represented by ax + by + c = 0.
Then ax1 + by1 + c = 0 and ax2 + by2 + c = 0
Let R be any point on the line segment joining P and Q
Suppose R divides PQ in the ratio  : 1. Then, the coordinates of R are
  x 2 + x 1  y 2 + y1 
 , 
  +1  +1 

  x 2 + x1    y 2 + y1 
We have a   + b  + c = 0 + 0 = 0
  + 1    +1 
  x + x1  y 2 + y1 
R  2 ,  lies on the curve represented by ax + by + c = 0. Thus, every point on the
  +1  +1 
line segment joining P and Q lies on ax + by + c = 0.
Hence ax + by + c = 0 represents a straight line.

Example 10
The equation of the lines that passes through the point (3, 4) and the sum of its intercepts on the axes is
14 is:
(A) 4x – 3y = 24, x – y = 7 (B) 4x + 3y = 24, x + y = 7
(C) 4x + 3y + 24 = 0, x + y + 7 = 0 (D) 4x – 3y + 24 = 0, x – y + 7 = 0
Solution
x y
Let the equation of the line be + =1
a b
3 4
This passes through (3, 4), therefore + =
a b
It is given that a + b = 14  b = 14 – a.
Putting b = 14 – a in (ii), we get
3 4
+ =1
a 14 − a
 a2 – 13a + 42 = 0  (a – 7)(a – 6) = 0  a = 7, 6
For a = 7, b = 14 – 7 = 7 and for a = 6, b = 14 – 6 = 8
Putting the values of a and b in (i), we get the equations of the lines
x y x y
+ = 1 and + = 1 or x + y = 7 and 4x + 3y = 24 Ans. (B)
7 7 6 8
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Example 11
Two points A and B move on the positive direction of x-axis and y-axis respectively, such that
OA + OB = K. Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin O on the line AB is
(x + y)(x2 + y2) = K xy.
Solution

Let the equation of ABbe

gowe
x y
+ = 1# ( i )
a b
now, mAB × mOM = –1  ah = bk ...(ii)
from (ii) and (iii),
 from (i)
kK kK
a= and b =
h+k h+k
x (h + k) y(h + k)
+ =1
kK hK
as it passes through ( h, k )
h (h + k) k (h + k)
kK
+
h K
( )
= 1  ( h + k ) h 2 + k 2 = Khk

 locus of (h, k) is (x + y)(x2 + y2) = Kxy.

Example 12
Find the equation of the straight line on which the perpendicular from origin makes an angle 30° with
 50 
positive x-axis and which forms a triangle of area   sq. units with the
 3
co-ordinates axes.
Solution

NOA = 30
Let ON = p > 0, OA = a, OB = b

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ON p 3 p 2p
In ONA, cos30 = =  = or a =
OA a 2 a 3
ON p 1 p
and in ONB, cos60  = =  = or b = 2p
OB b 2 b
1 1  2p  2p 2
Area of OAB = ab =   ( 2p ) =
2 2 3  3

2p 2 50
 =  p 2 = 25 Or p = 5
3 3

 Using x cos + y sin = p, the equation of the line AB is x cos30° + y sin30° = 5 or x 3 + y = 10

Example 13
Equation of a line that passes through point A(2, 3) and makes an angle of 45° with x axis. If this line
meets the line x + y + 1 = 0 at point P, then distance AP is:
(A) 2 3 (B) 3 2 (C) 5 2 (D) 2 5
Solution
Here x1 = 2, y1 = 3 and  = 45°
x−2 y−3
Hence, = =r
cos45 sin 45
from first two parts  x = 2 = y – 3  x – y + 1 = 0
 r r 
Co-ordinate of point P on this line is  2 + ,3 + 
 2 2
If this point is on line x + y + 1 = 0 then
 r   r 
2+  + 3 +  +1= 0
 2  2

 r = −3 2; r = 3 2

Example 14
A variable line is drawn through O, to cut two fixed straight lines L1 and L2 in A1 and A2, respectively.
m+n m n
A point A is taken on the variable line such that = + . Show that the locus of A is a
OA OA1 OA 2
straight line passing through the point of intersection of L1 and L2 where O is being the origin.
Solution
Let the variable line passing through the origin is
x y
= = ri # ( i )
cos sin 
Let the equation of the line L1 is
p1x + q1y = 1 …(ii)
Equation of the line L2 is
P2x + q2y = 1 …(iii)
the variable line intersects the line (ii) at A1 and (iii) at A2.
Let OA1 = r1.

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Then A1 = ( r1cos, r1sin )  A1 lies on L1
1
 r1 = OA1 =
p1cos + q 2 sin 
Similarly,
1
r2 = OA 2 =
p 2 cos + q 2 sin 
Let OA = r
Let co-ordinate of A are ( h, k )  ( h, k )  ( rcos, rsin )
m+n m n m+n m n
Now = +  = +
r OA1 OA 2 r r1 r2

 m + n = m ( p1rcos + q1rsin ) + n ( p 2 rcos + q 2 rsin )

n
 ( p1h + q1k − 1) + ( p 2 h + q 2 k − 1) = 0
m
Therefore, locus of A is
n
( p1 x + q1 y − 1) + ( p 2 x + q 2 y − 1) = 0
m
n
 L1 + L2 = 0 where  = .
m
This is the equation of the line passing through the intersection of L1 and L2.

Example 15
8x – 6y – 9 = 0 in Q and R. Find the equation of the line if PQ.PR = 20.
Solution
x+2 y+3
Let line be = =r
cos sin 
 x = r cos – 2, y = r sin – 3
Now, x2 + 3y2 + 4xy – 8x – 6y – 9 = 0
Taking intersection of (i) with (ii) and considering terms of r2 and constant (as we need PQ.PR = r1 . r2
= product of the roots)

( )
r 2 cos 2  + 3sin 2  + 4sin cos + ( some terms ) r + 80 = 0

80
 r1  r2 = PQ  PR =
cos  + 4sin cos  + 3sin 2 
2

 cos2 + 4 sin cos + 3 sin2 = 4

 sin2 – 4 sin cos + 3 sin2 = 0
 ( PQ . PR = 20)

 tan = 1, tan = 3
hence equation of the line is y + 3 = 1(x + 2)  x – y = 1 and y + 3 = 3(x + 2) Þ 3x – y + 3 = 0.

Example 16
If the line y − 3x + 3 = 0 cuts the parabola y2 = x + 2 at A and B, then find the value of PA  PB
{where P  ( 3, 0) }

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Solution

P( 3,0)

Slope of line y − 3x + 3 = 0 is 3.
If line makes an angle  with x-axis, then tan  = 3
  = 60°
x− 3 y−0  r r 3
 = =r  3 + , 
cos60 sin60  2 2 
be a point on the parabola y2 = x + 2 then
3
4
r2 = 3 +
r
2
(
+ 2  3r 2 − 2r − 4 2 + 3 = 0 )

 PA  PB = r1r2 =
(
−4 2 + 3 ) = 4(2 + 3 )
3 3

Example 17
If x + 4y – 5 = 0 and 4x + ky + 7 = 0 are two perpendicular lines, then k is:
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) –1 (D) –4
Solution
1 4
m1 = − m2 = −
4 k
Two lines are perpendicular if m1m2 = –1
 1  4
  −    −  = −1  k = −1 Ans. (C)
 4  k
Example 18
A line L passes through the points (1, 1) and (0, 2) and another line M that is perpendicular to L passes
through the point (0, –1/2). The area of the triangle formed by these lines with y-axis is:
(A) 25/8 (B) 25/16 (C) 25/4 (D) 25/32
Solution

−1
Equation of the line L is y − 1 = ( x − 1)  y = − x + 2
1
Equation of the line M is y = x – 1/2.
If these lines meet y-axis at P and Q, then PQ = 5/2.
Also x-coordinate of their point of intersection R = 5/4
15 5 25
 Area of the PQR =    = Ans. (B)
2 2 4 16
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Example 19
If the straight line 3x + 4y + 5 – k(x + y + 3) = 0 is parallel to y-axis, then the value of k is:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Solution
A straight line is parallel to y-axis, if its y-coefficient is zero, i.e., 4 – k = 0 i.e., k = 4
Ans. (D)

LOCUS
The locus of a moving point is the path traced out by that point under one or more geometrical
conditions.
(a) Equation of Locus: The equation to a locus is the relation that exists between the coordinates of any
point on the path, and that holds for no other point except those lying on the path.
(b) Procedure for finding the equation of the locus of a point:
(i) If we are finding the equation of the locus of a point P, assign coordinates (h, k) to P.
(ii) Express the given condition as equations in terms of the known quantities to facilitate calculations.
We sometimes include some unknown quantities known as parameters.
(iii) Eliminate the parameters, so that the eliminant contains only h, k, and known quantities.
(iv) Replace h by x, and k by y, in the eliminant. The resulting equation would be the equation of the
locus of P.

Equation of Circle
A circle is the locus of a point that moves in a plane in such a way that its distance from a fixed point
(in the same given plane) remains constant. The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the
constant distance is called the radius of the circle.

Standard Equations of the Circle

Central Form
If (h, k) is the centre and r is the radius of the circle, then its equation is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
Special Cases:
(i) If centre is origin (0, 0) and radius is 'r', then equation of circle is x2 + y2 = r2 and this is called the
standard form.
(ii) If radius of circle is zero then equation of circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = 0. Such circle is called zero
circle or point circle.
(iii) When circle touches x-axis, then equation of the circle is
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = k2

(iv) When circle touches y-axis, then equation of circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = h2.
y

C (h, k)
h
x
O Touching y-axis

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(v) When circle touches both the axes (x-axis and y-axis), then equation of circle is
(x – h)2 + (y – h)2 = h2

(vi) When circle passes through the origin and centre of the circle is (h, k), then radius h2 + k2 = r
and intercept cut on x-axis OP = 2h, and intercept cut on y-axis is OQ = 2k and equation of circle is
(x − h) 2 + (y − k) 2 = h 2 + k 2
Or
x + y – 2hx – 2ky = 0
2 2

Note
Centre of the circle may exist in any quadrant hence for general cases use ± sign before h and k.

General Equation of Circle

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. Where g, f, c are constants and centre is (–g, –f)
 coefficient of x coefficient of y 
i.e.,  − ,− 
 2 2 

and radius r = g 2 + f 2 − c

NOTE:
(i) If ( g 2 + f 2 − c )  0 , then r is real and positive and the circle is a real circle.

(ii) If ( g 2 + f 2 − c ) = 0 , then radius r = 0 and circle is a point circle.

(iii) If ( g 2 + f 2 − c )  0 , then r is imaginary and then circle is also an imaginary circle with real centre.

(iv) x2+ y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 has three constants and to get the equation of the circle at least three
conditions should be known  A unique circle passes through three non-collinear points.
(v) The general second degree in x and y, ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle if:
• coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 or a = b  0
• coefficient of xy = 0 or h = 0
• (g 2
)
+ f 2 − c  0 (for a real circle)

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Intercepts Cut by the Circle on Axes
The intercepts cut by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on:
(i) x-axis = 2 g 2 − c

(ii) y-axis = 2 f 2 − c
Note
(i) If the circle cuts the x-axis two distinct points, then g2 – c > 0
(ii) If the circle cuts the y-axis at two distinct points, then f2 – c > 0
(iii) If circle touches x-axis then g2 = c.
(iv) If circle touches y-axis then f2 = c.
(v) Circle lies completely above or below the x-axis, then g2 < c
(vi) Circle lies completely to the right or left to the y-axis, then f2 < c. (vii) Intercept cut by a line on the
circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or length of chord of the circle = 2 a 2 − P 2 , where a is the radius and
P is the length of perpendicular from the centre of the chord.

Equation of Circle in Diameter Form

If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are the end points of the diameter of the circle and P(x, y) is the point other
than A and B on the circle then from geometry, we know the APB = 90 .

 (slope of PA) × (slope of PB) = –1

 y − y1   y − y 2 
    = −1
 x − x1   x − x 2 
 (x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2) = 0
Note
This will be the circle of least radius passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

Equation of Circle in Parametric Forms

(i) The parametric equation of the circle x2 + y2 = r2 are x = r cos, y = r sin;   [0, 2) and (r cos,
r sin) are called the parametric co-ordinates.
(ii) The parametric equation of the circle (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 is x = h + r cos, y = k + r sin where 
is parameter.
(iii) The parametric equation of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
x = −g + g 2 + f 2 − ccos , y = −f + g 2 + f 2 − csin where  is parameter.
Note
Equation of a straight line joining two point  and  on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
+ +  −
x cos +  sin = a cos
2 2 2
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Position of a Point w.r.t Circle
(a) Let the circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and the point is (x1, y1) then:
Point (x1, y1) lies outside the circle or on the circle or inside the circle according as

C
A
(x1, y1) P Q

 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c , =,  0 Or S1 > , =, < 0

(b) The greatest and the least distance of a point A from a circle with centre C and radius r is
AC + r and |AC – r|, respectively.

Power of a Point w.r.t. Circle

Theorem: The power of point P(x1, y1) w.r.t. the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is S1 where
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Note
If P outside, inside, or on the circle then power of point is positive, negative, or zero, respectively.
If from a point P(x1, y1), inside or outside the circle, a secant be drawn intersecting then circle in two
points A and B, then PA  PB = constant. The product PA  PB is called power of point P(x1, y1) w.r.t.
the circle S  x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 , i.e., for number of secants

PA  PB = PA1  PB1 = PA 2  PB2 =  = PT 2 = S1

Direct and Transverse Common Tangents

Let two circles having centre C1 and C2 and radii, r1 and r2 and C1C2 is the distance between their
centres, then:
Both Circles will Touch
(i) Externally if C1C2 = r1 + r2 i.e., the distance between their centres is equal to sum of their radii
and point P and T divides C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 (internally and externally, respectively). In
this case, there are three common tangents.

(ii) Internally if C1C2 = |r1 – r2| i.e., the distance between their centres is equal to difference
between their radii and point P divides C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 externally and in this case there
will be only one common tangent.

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The Circles will Intersect
when |r1 – r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2 in this case there are two common tangents.

The Circles will not Intersect

(i) One circle will lie inside the other circle if C1C2 < |r1 – r2|. In this case, there will be no
common tangent.

(ii) When circles are apart from each other, then C1C2 > r1 + r2 and in this case there will be four
common tangents or indirect or internal common tangents and these lines meet line C1C2 on T1
and T1 divides the line C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 internally and lines AB and CD are called direct
or external common tangents. These lines meet C1C2 produced on T2. Thus, T2 divides C1C2
externally in the ratio r1 : r2.

Note

( C1C 2 ) − ( r1 − r2 )
2 2
Length of direct common tangent =

( C1C2 ) − ( r1 + r2 )
2 2
Length of transverse common tangent =

Solved Examples

Example 22
Find the centre and the radius of the circles
(a) 3x2 + 3y2 – 8x – 10y + 3 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 + 2x sin + 2y cos – 8 = 0
(c) 2x2 + xy + 2y2 + ( – 4)x + 6y – 5 = 0, for some .

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Solution
(a) We rewrite the given equation is
8 10
x 2 + y2 − x− y +1= 0
3 3
4 5
 g = − ,f = − ,c = 1
3 3
4 5 16 25 32 4 2
Hence, the centre is  ,  and the radius is + −1 = = units
3 3 9 9 9 3
(b) x2 + y2 + 2x sin + 2y cos – 8 = 0. Centre of this circle is (– sin, cos)
Radius = sin 2  + cos 2  + 8 = 1 + 8 = 3 units
(c) 2x2 + xy + 2y2 + ( – 4)x + 6y – 5 = 0
We rewrite the equation as
 −4 5
x2 + xy + y 2 +   x + 3y − = 0 …(i)
2  2  2

Since, there is no term of xy in the equation of circle  =0 =0
2
5
So, equation (i) reduces to x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 3y − =0
2
 3
 centre is  1, − 
 2

9 5 23
Radius = 1 + + = units.
4 2 2
Example 23
If the lines 3x – 4y + 4 = 0 and 6x – 8y – 7 = 0 are tangents to a circle, then the radius of the circle is:
(A) 3/2 (B) ¾ (C) 1/10 (D) 1/20
Solution
The diameter of the circle is perpendicular distance between the parallel lines (tangents)
7 4+7/2 3
3x – 4y + 4 = 0 and 3x − 4y − = 0 and so it is equal to = .
2 9 + 16 2
3
Hence, radius is . Ans. (B)
4

Example 24
If y = 2x + m is a diameter to the circle x2 + y2 + 3x + 4y – 1 = 0, then find m.
Solution
Centre of circle = (–3/2, –2). This lies on diameter y = 2x + m.
Þ –2 = (–3/2) × 2 + m Þ m = 1

Example 25
The equation of a circle that passes through the point (1, –2) and (4, –3) and whose centre lies on the
line 3x + 4y = 7 is
(A) 15 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 94x + 18y − 55 = 0 (B) 15 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 94x + 18y + 55 = 0

(C) 15 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 94x − 18y + 55 = 0 (D) None of these

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Solution
Let the circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Hence, substituting the points, (1, –2) and (4, –3) in equation (i)
5 + 2g – 4f + c = 0
25 + 8g –6f + c = 0 …(iii)
centre (–g, –f) lies on line 3x + 4y = 7
Hence –3g – 4f = 7
Solving for g, f, c, we get
− 47 9 55
Here g = ,f = ,c =
15 15 15
Hence, the equation is 15(x2 + y2) – 94x + 18y + 55 = 0 Ans. (B)

Example 26
A circle has radius equal to 3 units and its centre lies on the line y = x – 1. Find the equation of the
circle if it passes through (7, 3).
Solution
Let the centre of the circle be (, ). It lies on the line y = x – 1
  =  – 1.
Hence, the centre is (,  – 1).
 the equation of the circle is (x – )2 + (y –  + 1)2 = 9
It passes through (7, 3)
 (7 – )2 + (4 – )2 = 9
 22 – 22a + 56 = 0
 2 – 11 + 28 = 0
 ( – 4)( – 7) = 0
  = 4, 7
Hence, the required equations are
x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 16 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 14x – 12y + 76 = 0. Ans.

Example 27
Let L1 be a straight line through the origin and L2 be the straight line x + y = 1. If the intercepts made
by the circle x2 + y2 – x + 3y = 0 on L1 and L2 are equal, then which of the following equations can
represent L1?
(A) x+ y = 0 (B) x – y = 0 (C) x + 7y = 0 (D) x – 7y = 0
Solution
Let L1 be y = mx
1 3
Lines L1 and L2 will be at equal distances from centre of the circle centre of the circle is  , − 
2 2
1 3 1 3
m+ − −1
2 2 2 2 (m + 3) 2
 =  =8
1 + m2 2 (1 + m )
2

 7m2 – 6m – 1 = 0
 (m – 1)(7m + 1) = 0
1
 1, m = −
7
 x, 7y + x = 0 Ans. (B, C)

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Example 28
If p(2, 8) is an interior point of a circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – p = 0 that neither touches nor intersects the
axes, then set for p is:
(A) p < –1 (B) p < – 4 (C) p > 96 (D) 
Solution
For internal point p(2, 8), 4 + 64 – 4 + 32 – p < 0  p> 96
And x intercept = 2 1 + p , therefore 1 + p < 0

 p < –1 and y intercept = 2 4 + p  p  −4 Ans. (D)

Example 29
Prove that the circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c2 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c2 = 0 touch each other, if
1 1 1
2
+ 2
= ,
a b c2
Solution
Given circles are
x2 + y2 + 2ax + c2 = 0 …(i)
2 2 2
x + y + 2by + c = 0 …(ii)
Let C1 and C2 be the centre of circle (i) and (ii), respectively, r1 and r1 be their radii, then
C1 = ( −a,0 ) ,C 2 = ( 0, −b ) , r = a 2 − c 2 r2 = b 2 − c 2
Here we find the two circle touch other internally or externally.
for touch, C1C 2 = r1  r2
or

(a 2
+ b 2 =∣ ) (a 2
− c2  ) (b 2
− c2 )
On squaring
a 2 + b2 = a 2 − c2 + b2 − c2  2 (a 2
− c2 ) (b 2
− c2 )
c2 =  a 2 b2 − c2 a 2 + b2 + c4 ( )
or
Again squaring,
or
c2 = a 2 b2 − c2 a 2 + b2 + c4( )
(
c2 a 2 + b2 = a 2 b2 )
or
1 1 1
2
+ 2
=
a b c2

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EXERCISE # 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Coordinates of the vertices of a triangle ABC are (12, 8), (–2, 6), and (6, 0) then the correct statement is:
(A) triangle is right but not isosceles
(B) triangle is isosceles but not right
(C) triangle is obtuse
(D) the product of the abscissa of the centroid, orthocenter and circumcenter is 160.

2. Find the value of x1 if the distance between the points (x1, 2) and (3, 4) be 8 .
(A) 3  2 15 (B) 3  15 (C) 2  3 15 (D) 2  15

3. If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are the vertices of a parallelogram PQRS, then:
(A) a = 2, b = 4 (B) a = 3, b = 4 (C) a = 2, b = 3 (D) a = 3, b = 5

4. The four points whose co-ordinates are (2, 1), (1, 4), (4, 5), (5, 2) form:
(A) a rectangle that is not a square (B) a trapezium that is not a parallelogram
(C) a square (D) a rhombus that is not a square

5. The length of a line segment AB is 10 units. If the coordinates of one extremity are (2, –3) and the
abscissa of the other extremity is 10, then the sum of all possible values of the ordinate of the other
extremity is:
(A) 3 (B) – 4 (C) 12 (D) – 6

6. If A and B are the points (–3, 4) and (2, 1), then the co-ordinates of the point C on AB produced such
that AC = 2BC are:
 1 5
(A) (2, 4) (B) (3, 7) (C) (7, –2) (D)  − , 
 2 2

7. The orthocenter of the triangle ABC is 'B' and the circumcenter is 'S' (a, b). If A is the origin then the
co-ordinates of C are:

(A) (2a, 2b) (C) ( a 2 + b2 , 0 ) a b

(B)  , 
2 2
(D) none

8. A particle begins at the origin and moves successively in the following manner as shown, 1 unit to the
right, 1/2 unit up, 1/4 unit to the right, 1/8 unit down, 1/16 unit to the right etc.

The length of each move is half the length of the previous move and movement continues in the 'zigzag'
manner infinitely. The co-ordinates of the point to which the 'zigzag' converges is –
(A) (4/3, 2/3) (B) (4/3, 2/5) (C) (3/2, 2/3) (D) (2, 2/5)

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9. The medians of a triangle meet at (0, –3) and its two vertices are at (–1, 4) and (5, 2). Then the third
vertex is at:
(A) (4, 15) (B) (–4, –15) (C) (–4, 15) (D) (4, –15)

10. If the two vertices of a triangle are (7, 2) and (1, 6) and its centroid is (4, 6) then the coordinate of the
third vertex are (a, b). The value of (a + b), is:
(A) 13 (B) 14 (C) 15 (D) 16

 1 2  11 4 
11. If in triangle ABC, A  (1, 10), circumcentre   − ,  and orthocentre   ,  then the co-
 3 3  3 3
ordinates of mid-point of side opposite to A is:
(A) (1, –11/3) (B) (1, 5) (C) (1, –3) (D) (1, 6)

12. Suppose ABC is a triangle with 3 acute angles A, B and C. The point whose coordinates are
(cosB – sinA, sinB – cosA) can be in the:
(A) first and 2nd quadrant (B) second the 3rd quadrant
th
(C) third and 4 quadrant (D) second quadrant only

13. Consider the points P(2, –4); Q(4, –2); and R(7, 1). The points P, Q, R:
(A) form an equilateral triangle
(B) form a right-angled triangle
(C) form an isosceles triangle that is not equilateral
(D) are collinear.

14. A triangle has two of its vertices at (0, 1) and (2, 2) in the cartesian plane. Its third vertex lies on the x-
axis. If the area of the triangle is 2 square units, then the sum of the possible abscissae of the third
vertex is:
(A) – 4 (B) 0 (C) 5 (D) 6

15. A point P(x, y) moves so that the sum of the distance from P to the coordinate axes is equal to the
distance from P to the point A(1, 1). The equation of the locus of P in the first quadrant is:
(A) (x + 1)(y + 1) = 1 (B) (x + 1)(y + 1) = 2
(C) (x – 1)(y – 1) = 1 (D) (x – 1)(y – 1) = 2

16. Let A(2, –3) and B(–2, 1) be vertices of a ABC. If the centroid of ABC moves on the line
2x + 3y = 1, then the locus of the vertex C is:
(A) 2x + 3y = 9 (B) 2x – 3y = 7 (C) 3x + 2y = 5 (D) 3x – 2y = 3

17. A stick of length 10 units rests against the floor and a wall of a room. If the stick begins to slide on the
floor, then the locus of its middle point is:
(A) x2 + y2 = 2.5 (B) x2 + y2 = 25 (C) x2 + y2 = 100 (D) none

18. Given the points A(0, 4) and B(0, – 4), the equation of the locus of the point P such that |AP – BP| = 6
is:
(A) 9x2 – 7y2 + 63 = 0
(B) 9x2 – 7y2 – 63 = 0
(C) 7x2 – 9y2 + 63 = 0
(D) 7x2 – 9y2 – 63 = 0
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19. A line passes through (2, 2) and cuts a triangle of area 9 square units from the first quadrant. The sum
of all possible values for the slope of such a line, is:
(A) –2.5 (B) –2 (C) –1.5 (D) –1

20. The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the lines x + 3y = 4 and 6x – 2y = 7. Then PQRS
must be a:
(A) rectangle (B) square
(C) cyclic quadrilateral (D) rhombus

21. A and B are any two points on the positive x and y axis, respectively, satisfying 2(OA) + 3(OB) = 10. If
P is the middle point of AB then the locus of P is:
(A) 2x + 3y = 5 (B) 2x + 3y = 10 (C) 3x + 2y = 5 (D) 3x + 2y = 10

22. The co-ordinates of the orthocentre of the triangle bounded by the lines, 4x – 7y + 10 = 0; x + y = 5,
and 7x + 4y = 15 is:
(A) (2, 1) (B) (–1, 2) (C) (1, 2) (D) (1, –2)

23. If the x intercept of the line y = mx + 2 is greater than 1/2, then the gradient of the line lies in the
interval:
(A) (–1, 0) (B) (–1/4, 0) (C) (–, – 4) (D) (– 4, 0)

24. The greatest slope along the graph represented by the equation 4x2 – y2 + 2y –1 = 0 is:
(A) –3 (B) –2 (C) 2 (D) 3

25. The extremities of the base of an isosceles triangle ABC are the points A(2, 0) and B(0, 1). If the
equation of the side AC is x = 2 then the slope of the side BC is:
3 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3
4 3 2

26. Number of lines that can be drawn through the point (4, –5) so that its distance from (–2, 3) will be
equal to 12 is equal to:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

27. Two mutually perpendicular straight lines through the origin from an isosceles triangle with the line
2x + y = 5. Then the area of the triangle is:
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 5/2 (D) 1

28. Point 'P' lies on the line  ( x, y )∣ 3x + 5y = 15 . If 'P' is also equidistant from the coordinate axes, then
P can be located in which of the four quadrants?
(A) I only (B) II only (C) I or II only (D) IV only

29. The area of the parallelogram formed by the lines 3x + 4y = 7a; 3x + 4y = 7b; 4x + 3y = 7c and
4x + 3y = 7d is:
( a − b )( c − d )
(A) (B) ( a − b )( c − d )
7
( a − b )( c − d )
(C) (D) 7 ( a − b )( c − d )
49

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30. If x1, y1 are the roots of x2 + 8x – 20 = 0, x2, y2 are the roots of 4x2 + 32x – 57 = 0 and x3, y3 are the
roots of 9x2 + 72x – 112 = 0, then the points, (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) :
(A) are collinear
(B) form an equilateral triangle
(C) form a right-angled isosceles triangle
(D) are concyclic

31. If the lines 3x – 4y – 7 = 0 and 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 are two diameters of a circle of area 49 square units,
the equation of the circle is:
(A) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 62 = 0 (B) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y – 62 = 0
(C) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y – 47 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 47 = 0

32. Let C be the circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3 units. The equation of the locus of the mid-points of
2
the chords of the circle C that subtend an angle of at its centre is:
3
27 9 3
(A) x2 + y2 = 1 (B) x 2 + y 2 = (C) x 2 + y 2 = (D) x 2 + y 2 =
4 4 2

33. The point diametrically opposite to the point (1, 0) on the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y – 3 = 0 is:
(A) (3, – 4) (B) (–3, 4) (C) (–3, – 4) (D) (3, 4)

34. Three distinct points A, B and C are given in the 2-dimensional coordinate plane such that the ratio of
1
the distance of any one of them from the point (1, 0) to the distance from the point (–1, 0) is equal to .
3
Then, the circumcentre of the triangle ABC is at the point:
5  5  5 
(A)  , 0  (B)  , 0  (C) (0, 0) (D)  , 0 
2  3  4 

35. For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii of the inscribed and the circumscribed circles. A false
statement among the following is:
r 1
(A) There is a regular polygon with =
R 2
r 1
(B) There is a regular polygon with =
R 2
r 2
(C) There is a regular polygon with =
R 3
r 3
(D) There is a regular polygon with =
R 2

36. The circle x2 + y2 = 4x + 8y + 5 intersects the line 3x – 4y = m at two distinct points if:
(A) –85 < m < –35 (B) –35 < m < 15 (C) 15 < m < 65 (D) 35 < m < 85

37. The equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 0) and (0, 1) and having the smallest radius is:
(A) x2 + y2 + x + y – 2 = 0
(B) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y + 1 = 0
(C) x2 + y2 – x – y = 0
(D) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y – 7 = 0

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38. The length of the diameter of the circle that touches the x-axis at the point (1, 0) and passes through the
point (2, 3) is:
(A) 5/3 (B) 10/3 (C) 3/5 (D) 6/5

39. If the circle x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + (25 – a2) = 0 touches the axis of x, then a equals:
(A) ±4 (B) ±3 (C) 0 (D) ±2

40. If one of the diameters of the circle, given by the equation, x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0, is a chord of a
circle S, whose centre is at (–3, 2), then the radius of S is:
(A) 10 (B) 5 2 (C) 5 3 (D) 5

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EXERCISE # 2

(PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. Let S be the circle in XY-plane that touches the X-axis at point A, the Y-axis at point B and the unit
circle x2 + y2 = 1 at point C externally. If O denotes the origin, then the angle OCA equals
[KVPY-2017]
5  3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 2 4 4

2. Let A1, A2, A3 be regions in the XY-plane defined by A1 = ( x, y ) : x 2 + 2y 2  1

A2 = ( x, y ) : x 3
+ 2 2 | y |3  1
A a = {( x, y ) : max( x , 2 y  1} Then, [KVPY-2017]
(A) A1  A 2  A 3 (B) A 3  A1  A 2 (C) A 2  A 3  A1 (D) A 3  A 2  A1

3. Let x0y0 be fixed real numbers such that x 02 + y 02  1 . If x, y are arbitrary real numbers such that
x 2 + y 2  1 , then the minimum value of ( x − x 0 ) + ( y − y 0 ) is
2 2
[KVPY-2018]

( )
2
( x0 + y 0 − 1) ( x0 )
2 2
(A) x 02 + y 02 − 1 (B) x 02 + y 02 − 1 (C) (D) + y0 −1

4. Let R denote the circular region in the xy-plane bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 36. The lines x = 4 and
y = 3 divide R into four regions Ri, i = 1, 2, 3. If Ri denotes the area of the region Ri and if
R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 , determine R1 − R 2 − R 3 + R 4 .
[PRE-RMO 2019]

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Answer Key

EXERCISE # 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. A
8. B 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A
15. B 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. D 21. A
22. C 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. C
29. D 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. C 34. D 35. C
36. B 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. C

EXERCISE # 2

(PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. 48

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