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1 Introduction To R and Rstudio: 2024-2025 Calculus Iii

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14 views

1 Introduction To R and Rstudio: 2024-2025 Calculus Iii

Uploaded by

tenshi5653
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Université Internationale de Rabat Academic Year 2024–2025

School of Aerospace & Automotive Engineering Calculus III

Practical Session 1
Univariate and Bivariate Descriptive Statistics

1 Introduction to R and RStudio


R is a programming language used extensively for statistical computing and data analysis. It
provides a wide variety of statistical techniques such as linear and nonlinear modeling, time-series
analysis, classification, and more. R is open-source, which makes it accessible to anyone.
RStudio is an integrated development environment (IDE) for R. It enhances the experience of
working with R by offering a user-friendly interface with several useful features. RStudio contains
four main panels:

ˆ Source Panel: This is where the code is written and edited. You can write scripts, functions,
and markdown documents here.

ˆ Console: The console is where R code is executed interactively. You can run single commands
here and immediately see the results.

ˆ Environment/History: The Environment tab shows all the variables, functions, and data
currently loaded into memory. The History tab keeps track of all the commands that have
been executed.

ˆ Plots/Files/Packages/Help/Viewer: This panel provides different functionalities, including


viewing plots, managing files and packages, accessing help documentation, and viewing other
outputs.

You can download R from the official website: https://cran.r-project.org/, and RStudio
from: https://posit.co/download/rstudio-desktop/.

2 Regression Exercise
In this exercise, we will perform simple linear regression using the following data:
Data:

x <- c(12, 15, 13, 10, 10, 14, 16, 18, 16, 14)
y <- c(0.2, 1.2, 1.0, 0.7, 0.3, 1.0, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 0.7)

2.1 Means
We calculate the means of the variables x and y:
n
1X
mean x = xi
n i=1
n
1X
mean y = yi
n i=1
R Code:

1
mean_x <- mean(x)
mean_y <- mean(y)
cat("Mean of x:", mean_x, "\n")
cat("Mean of y:", mean_y, "\n")

2.2 Variances
The variances of x and y are calculated as follows:
n
1 X
Variance of x = (xi − mean x)2
n − 1 i=1
R Code:

var_x <- var(x)


var_y <- var(y)
cat("Variance of x:", (var_x/10)*9, "\n")
cat("Variance of y:", (var_y/10)*9, "\n")

2.3 Covariance
The covariance between x and y is given by:
n
1 X
Cov(x, y) = (xi − mean x)(yi − mean y)
n − 1 i=1
R Code:

cov_xy <- cov(x, y)


cat("Covariance between x and y:", (cov_xy/10)*9, "\n")

2.4 Correlation Coefficient


The correlation coefficient between x and y is computed as:

Cov(x, y)
Correlation(x, y) = p
Var(x) · Var(y)
R Code:

cor_xy <- cor(x, y)


cat("Correlation coefficient between x and y:", cor_xy, "\n")

2.5 Linear Regression


The linear regression model is given by the equation:

y = β0 + β1 x + ϵ
Where β0 is the intercept, and β1 is the slope of the regression line.
R Code:

regression <- lm(y ~ x)


cat("Regression coefficients:\n")
print(summary(regression))

2
2.6 Visualization
We will plot a scatter plot of x vs. y and overlay the regression line.
R Code:

plot(x, y, main = "Linear Regression of y on x",


xlab = "Annual Income (x in 10^4 DH)", ylab = "Savings (y in 10^4 DH)",
pch = 19, col = "blue", cex = 1.5)
abline(regression, col = "red", lwd = 2)
legend("topleft", legend = c("Points", "Regression Line"),
col = c("blue", "red"), pch = c(19, NA), lwd = c(NA, 2))

2.7 Prediction
Finally, we will predict the value of y for x = 11.
R Code:

x_new <- data.frame(x = 11)


y_pred <- predict(regression, newdata = x_new)
cat("The prediction for x = 11 is:", y_pred, "\n")

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